Manifest Destiny, Civil War, and Reconstruction

James Polk (D) – ◦ John O’Sullivan – Manifest Destiny

“right…to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and self government”

◦ 1840s – 1 million square miles, Atlantic to Pacific, 300,000 people moved west

Three Land Acquisitions1. Texas – 1824 – Colonization Act, 1830 – Outlawed

Slavery, Santa Anna, 1836 – Texans Declare Independence, 1845 – Texas Admitted as State

2. Oregon – Oregon Trail, 1846 – Proposed Split at 49 parallel, ‘54-40 or fight’, Treaty with the British

3. Mexican Cession – Admission of Texas, Border with Mexico, California (Bear Flag Republic), General Zachary Taylor and the Slidell Mission, 1846 – US Declares War, “American Blood on American Soil”, 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - $15 Million

Arguments For Expansion Arguments Against Manifest Destiny –

Democracy, Liberty, Self-Government, Christianity

Avoid Foreign Wars – Texas and Britain

Expand Trade – Markets and Resources◦ Ports in Oregon and CA◦ Natural Resources –

Lumber, Fish, California Gold Rush – 1849

◦ Commodore Matthew Perry – 1854 – Japan – Access to Pacific

Racism – Mexicans and Natives – Racial Purity

Slave Power Conspiracy Stability in the Union –

Tension over expansion of slavery

Unconstitutional and Unjustified – War against freedom and independence, American Soil?

New lands acquired during the era of Manifest Destiny led to increasing battles over the expansion of slavery to these territories and an increase in sectional rivalries. Compromises brokered over these issues during the 1850s served to intensify the conflicts between the sections and often ended in violence.

Compromise of 1850◦ California Gold Rush – Statehood? – 15:15 Balance of

Power◦ Compromise: California admitted as free state,

Popular Sovereignty for New Mexico and Utah Territories, Fugitive Slave Law

Fugitive Slave Law vs. Personal Liberty Laws◦ Slave Catchers and Northern Defiance

Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe◦ Sentimental Novel

and Abolitionist Movement

Transcontinental Railroad: Eastern Terminus Stephen Douglas Compromise: Created two new territories – Kansas

and Nebraska, Each would be given popular sovereignty

1. Bleeding Kansas - Pro-Slavers v. Free-Soilers - John Brown and the Pottawatomie Massacre

2. Bleeding Sumner - - Charles Sumner, Andrew Butler, and Preston Brooks

3. Birth of the Republican Party – Party Realignment - Anti-Nebraska Democrats and Whigs, Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers

- Free Soil and Free Labor – Slave Power Conspiracy- Economic Nationalism

Dred Scott v. SanfordDecision: - Slaves could not sue because not citizens- Slaves are property – 5th Amendment’s Due Process- Missouri Compromise UnconstitutionalResult:John Brown’s Raid – --

- Harper’s Ferry Virginia- - Tried, Convicted , and Executed

for Treason

"Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done." -John Brown, statement at his sentencing on Nov. 2, 1859

The Election of 1860

Electoral Vote Popular VoteLincoln 180 (59%) 1,866,452 (40%)Douglas 39 (13%) 1,375,157 (29%)Breckenridge 72 (24%) 847,953 (18%)Bell 12 (4%) 590,631 (13%)

Secession of the Southern StatesSouth Carolina – 12/20/60Crittenden CompromiseFebruary 1861 – SC,GA,FL,AL,MI,LA,TX – Confederate States of America – Jefferson DavisLincoln’s Inauguration – March 1861- Secession not legal- Preserve the Union- Fort Sumter, SCVA, AR, TN, NC Join the ConfederacyBorder States – MO, KY, WV, MD, DE

Rank the top three most important factors in causing the secession of the Southern States. Justify your response with historical evidence.

1. National and Regional Identity2. Political Realignment3. Differing Political Values4. Actions taken by Abolitionists5. Arguments over Economic Policies6. Debates about interpretations of the Constitution7. Environmental Factors8. Migration to the West

A. Briefly explain why ONE of the following options most clearly marks the beginning of the sectional crisis that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.

◦ Northwest Ordinance (1787)◦ Missouri Compromise (1820)◦ Acquisition of Mexican Territory (1848)

B. Provide an example of an event or development to support your explanation.

C. Briefly explain why one of the other options is not as useful to mark the beginning of the sectional crisis.

Use the image and your knowledge of United States history to answer parts A,B, and C.

A. Explain the point of view reflected in the image regarding ONE of the following: Migration Technology American Indians

B. Explain how ONE element of the image expresses the point of view your identified in part A.

C. Explain how the point of view you identified in Part A helped to shape ONE specific United States government action between 1845 and 1900.

The Union The Confederacy

22 mil:9 mil Military CollegesDraft – Riots (NY) Military Draft - RiotsHabeas Corpus War of Attrition

Income Taxes, Tariffs, Money Taxes? Western Lands, Bonds, Inflation – 9000%Bank + Greenbacks- 80%

New Weapons Supplies Britain and FranceBlockade FarmlandsRailroads- 70%Factories – 80%Preserve the Union Support Defend Land and

Liberty – Way of Life

Emancipation Proclamation:◦ All Slaves in rebel areas – January 1, 1863◦ Does not include Border States, TN, and LA◦ Lincoln’s View – Legal (No Secession, Rebellion and

Commander in Chief)◦ Davis’ View – no authority

Purpose – WIN THE WAR (Preserve the Union)1. Weaken the Confederacy (Laborers)2. Keep Europe Out (Europeans are abolitionists)3. Maintain Border State Loyalty4. Give the Union a cause and help recruitment (Black Americans – 200,000 – Massachusetts 54th)

1865 – 13th Amendment

July 1861 – First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) Anaconda Plan:

1. Blockade of Confederate Ports2. Take control of Mississippi River3. Utilize resources and population – take head on4. Capture Richmond

Until 1863, the Confederacy had many major wins and the Union seemed in jeopardy of losing the war.

Turning Point: July 4, 1863◦ Battle of Gettysburg◦ Battle of Vicksburg

William T. Sherman◦ ‘War is all Hell’ – Sherman Bowties, Sherman stacks◦ Atlanta, The March to the Sea, Savannah, Charleston

Ulysses S. Grant – Wilderness Campaign Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse – April 9,

1865 Results of the War:

◦ 618,000 Dead (258,000 in Confederacy)◦ Southern land is destroyed◦ 4 million freedmen (13th Amendment)◦ Southerners lost $3 Billion in property◦ Divided Country

Challenges to Reconstruction:◦ How should the Southern States be readmitted?◦ What should be done with Confederate leaders and soldiers?◦ What rights should the freedmen have? What assistance should

they be given?◦ All of this must be done without Lincoln - 4/15

“With malice towards none, and charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, lest us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” – Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865

Lincoln and Johnson’s Plans:◦ Reunite the nation as quickly as possible◦ Pardon for all confederates who took iron clad oath◦ States returned to the union as soon as that happened and they

wrote a new constitution banning slavery and secession, and ratified the 13th Amendment

All the southern states had completed this by December of 1865 and were ready to resume participation in the Union

Why did this plan fail?1. Election of ex-confederates to congress by southern

states - 6 Cabinet Members, 4 Generals, 50 congressman/senators, Vice President

2. Black codes - Curfews, Labor Contracts, Vagrancy, Unemployment

3. Election of Radical republicans to Congress- Distrust of Andrew Johnson and Southern Intentions

All Southern states are thrown back out and Radical Republicans will take over reconstruction plans

In what ways were the black codes similar to the rules that regulated behavior during slavery?

Who was in charge of executing these laws? What were the punishments for violating these codes?

What impression did these codes give Northerners? Why were northerners outraged?

14th Amendment – Citizenship and Equal Protection of the LawMilitary Reconstruction Acts

- Five Military Districts – Northern Occupation- Military Commander in each district- registered voters- all adult males that did not participate in rebellion- write constitution that voided secession and banned slavery, ratify 13th and 14th Amendments, disenfranchise all who supported the confederacy

Johnson v. Radical Republicans- Commander in Chief, Execute the Law, Vetoes- Tenure of Office Act- Secretary of War – Edwin Stanton- Johnson’s Impeachment – Acquitted May 1868

Election of 1868 – Ulysses S. Grant

With radical republicans in control, Congress went about enacting the republican program.

1. Increase and Protect Civil Rights of Freedmen- 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments- Freedman’s Bureau- Land Redistribution – 20%- Civil Rights Act and Ku Klux Klan Acts

2. Nationalize the Economy – Support Industrial Growth- National Banking System, Tariffs- Internal Improvements - Transcontinental Railroad(1867) and Land Grants- Homestead Act and Seward’s Folly – Resources, Markets

3. Rebuild the South- Carpetbaggers – Southern Industry and Transportation- Universal Public Education

Compromise of 1877–Rutherford B. Hayes (R) v. Samuel Tilden(D)- Hayes wins presidency and in return the government agrees to remove all troops from the South and end reconstruction- Northerners growing tired of reconstruction

Redeemers – return to ‘home rule’ in the South, end of carpetbagger governments- ‘New South’ – Economic Development vs. Agrarian Economy- Limit economic and political opportunities of Freedmen:- Debt Peonage - Sharecropping and Tenant Farming – Crop Lien System- Jim Crow Laws – Plessy v. Ferguson- Voting Restrictions – Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, ‘Understanding Tests’, Grandfather Clauses- KKK, White League, Lynchings – Approx 180/yr. in 1890s

a. Briefly explain the point of view expressed through the image about ONE of the following.

- Voting Rights- Reconstruction - Civil Liberties

b. Briefly explain ONE government action taken during reconstruction to accomplish the goals of those who would have supported that point of view.

c. Briefly explain ONE way in which the historical change you explained in part b was challenged in the time period between 1866 and 1896.