MANIFEST DESTINY AND ITS LEGACY

“Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions”- John L. O’Sullivan, 1845

ELECTION OF 1836WHIGS VS. WHIGS

Four Whig candidates, including William Henry Harrison

One Democratic – Martin van Buren

1. Who won? 2. Why? Refused to act during

Panic of 1837 Against government

interference

MANIFEST DESTINY: A CARICATURE

The spirit of Manifest Destiny swept the nation in the 1840s, and threatened to sweep it to extremes. This cartoon from 1848 lampoons proslavery Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass as a veritable war machine, bent on the conquest of territory ranging from New Mexico to Cuba and even Peru.3. What generalization can we make about Cass from this cartoon?

WESTWARD THE COURSE OF EMPIRE TAKES ITS WAY

This romantic tribute to the spirit of Manifest Destiny was commissioned by Congress in 1860 and may still be seen in the Capitol.4. Describe the “American characters” you see in this painting.

THE LAND OF LIBERTY, 1847

This British cartoon reflected the contemptuous view of American culture, politics, and diplomacy that was common in early-nineteenth-century Britain.5. Who is the main character representing?

MAINE BOUNDARY SETTLEMENT, 1842

WHERE IS AROOSTOCK?

6. When does Maine gain statehood from Massachusetts? (1820)

Surveyors attempt to establish northern boundary, not made clear after Am. Rev.

Agreement not accepted by US

CAPTURE OF THE CAROLINE, 1837

7. Uprising in Canada against whose rule was supported by Americans?

Caroline used to transport munitions.

British force from Canada captured Caroline, towed into river and set on fire.

One American killed

AMERICANS RESPOND

Maine vs. New Brunswick for productive timber lands

Americans organize raids against Canada

8. President Van Buren sends what general to restore order at border?

Later Alexander McLeod, Canadian, bragged about killing Amos Durfee

Arrested and tried for murder

Britain demanded release

Old Fuss and Feathers

AROOSTOOK WAR FIGHTING SONG(TUNE: AULD LANG SYNE)

We are marching on to Madawask,To fight the trespassers;We'll teach the British how to walkAnd come off conquerors.

We'll have our land, right good and clear,For all the English say;They shall not cut another log,Nor stay another day.

They need not think to have our land,We Yankees can fight well;We've whipped them twice most manfully,As every child can tell.

And if the tyrants say one word,A third time we will show,How high the Yankee spirit runs,And what our guns can do.

They better much all stay at home,And mind their business there;The way we treated them before,Made all the nations stare.

Onward! My lads so brave and trueOur country's right demandsWith justice, and with glory fight,For these Aroostook lands!

Bangor, Feb. 21, 1839

“AROOSTOOK WAR”1838-1839

Van Buren arranges truce and begins negotiations

9. What was the name of the treaty which ended this conflict in 1842? Daniel Webster, Secy of

State Baron Ashburton, England

US acquired 7/12 of the territory and right to carry timber down St. John’s River

England kept Quebec Highlands

JOHN TYLER“HIS ACCIDENCY” 10. Who became president

in the Election of 1840? Dies after one month. First time Constitution

used to replace acting president.

Tyler had himself sworn in, seizing the moment.

Veto of two bills to recreate Bank of US led to House resolution for impeachment. Defeated

Cabinet resigned, exc. Webster

“DARK HORSE” POLKSTRONG SUPPORT FOR MANIFEST DESTINY

Democrats divided Polk suggested on

ninth ballot as compromise

Goals Lower tariff Restore independent

treasury Acquire California Settle Oregon dispute Bring Texas into US

Laid cornerstone of Washington Monument

Telegraph used to announce Polk’s nomination as president.

ST. LOUIS IN 1846, BY HENRY LEWIS

Thousands of pioneers like these pulling away from St. Louis said farewell to civilization as they left the Mississippi River and headed across the untracked plains to Oregon in the 1840s.11. What are the methods of transportation shown in this painting?

CALIFORNIA INDIANS DANCING AT THE MISSION IN SAN JOSÉ, BY SYKES,1806

MISSION SAN GABRIEL, FOUNDED IN 1771

SPANISH MISSIONS AND PRESIDIOS

12. Why did the Mexican government establish the system of missions in these locations?

THE OREGON CONTROVERSY, 1846

• Spanish claim ended with Louisiana Purchase

• 13. 1824 treaty with Czar Alexander of ___________ set Russian claims above 54’ 40”

• 14. Oregon Treaty of 1846 with Britain established which parallel as boundary?

FORT VANCOUVER, OREGON COUNTRY, CA. 1846Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia River near its confluence with the Willamette River, was the economic hub of the Oregon Country during the early years of settlement. Founded as a Hudson’s Bay Company fur-trading outpost, the fort was handed over to the Americans when Britain ceded the Oregon Country to the United States in 1846.15. What 4 countries originally claimed Oregon Territory?

PUNDT AND KOENIG’S GENERAL STORE, OMAHA CITY, NEBRASKA, 1858

Settlers bound for Colorado and California stopped here for provisions before venturing farther west across the open plains.16. What are five supplies a homesteader would take west?

THE LANDOWNER AND HIS FOREMAN, BY JULIO MICHARD, 1839

This California ranchero’s way of life was soon to be extinguished when California became part of the United States in 1848 and thousands of American gold-seekers rushed into the state the following year.17. Who discovered gold in California in 1848?

TEXAS REVOLUTION

18. In 1835 – Texas declared independence from ______?

Catholic restrictions No slavery American roots

REMEMBER THE ALAMO!

Spanish mission February 1836, 187 Texans Commanded by Colonel

William Barrett Travis 4000 Mexican troops led by

General Antonio López de Santa Anna

Mexican artillery punched holes in The Alamo’s thick walls on March 6.

19. Hand-to-hand fighting followed, all the Texans, including ___________ and ____________, were killed.

BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO

Last battle of the Texan war of independence

20. Texan commander General __________made a surprise attack on the Mexican army near the mouth of the San Jacinto River.

Houston's outnumbered army of 800 defeated the Mexican force of about 1300 men in less than 20 minutes.

Nearly all of Santa Anna's men were either killed or captured.

LONE STAR REPUBLIC Santa Anna signed a treaty that granted Texans

their independence and ended the war. Houston became the first president of the Republic

of Texas. 21. What name was given to the independent

nation of Texas?

ELECTION BRINGS POLK TO PRESIDENCY

22. The last act of Polk's predecessor, ___________, had been to annex the Republic of Texas in 1845.

Polk wanted to lay claim to California, New Mexico, and land near the disputed southern border of Texas.

Mexico, however, was not so eager to let go of these territories.

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR1846 - 1848

California settlers revolt Led by John C. Fremont 23. Establish what independent nation? One month later US naval forces arrive and ordered US flag

raised 24. Gen. ____________, commander Army of the West, sent to

California to drive out Mexicans Mexico was not defeated until troops under General Scott

invaded Mexico City

AMERICAN BLOOD ON AMERICAN? SOIL

25. Gen. ___________was ordered to the Río Grande River to enforce the border

Mexico held that the boundary was the Nueces River

Considered Taylor’s advance a threat

Mexico sent troops across the Río Grande.

Congress responded by declaring war on Mexico on May 13, 1846.

MAJOR CAMPAIGNS OF THE MEXICAN WAR

26. Who were 3 generals who led troops for the US during this war?27. Who was the primary general who led the Mexican army?

WAR NEWS FROM MEXICO, BY RICHARD CATON WOODVILLE

The newfangled telegraph kept the nation closely informed of events in far-off Mexico.

28. What do you see in this painting which depicts the contradictions of American life at this time?

AFTER 5 DAY SIEGE, SCOTT’S TROOPS STORM CASTLE WITH PICKAXES AND

CROWBARS.SIX CADETS FROM NATIONAL MILITARY ACADEMY DIE IN

FIGHTING.

Battle of Chapultepec Castle

STORMING THE FORTRESS OF CHAPULTEPEC, MEXICO, 1847

The American success at Chapultepec contributed heavily to the final victory over Mexico. One American commander lined up several Irish American deserters on a gallows facing the castle and melodramatically dropped the trapdoors beneath them just as the United States flag was raised over the captured battlement. 29. According to legend, the flag was raised by First Lieutenant George Pickett, later immortalized as the leader of “Pickett’s charge” in what war?

TEXAS RANGERS

Formed at start of Texas Revolution to protect Anglo-Americans from attacks by Comanche and Apache

Also acted as scouts for U.S. troops.

TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO

30. Signed in ______ Mexico gave up

claims to Texas United States

received Mexican Cession

Became states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming

Also paid Mexico $15 million and agreed to settle all legal claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico.

RISE OF US AS GLOBAL MILITARY POWER

First war fought outside US borders