Manifest Destiny & Its Manifest Destiny & Its Legacy (17)Legacy (17)

1841-18481841-1848““Our Manifest Destiny (is) to overspread the continent Our Manifest Destiny (is) to overspread the continent allotted by providence for the free development of our allotted by providence for the free development of our

yearly multiplying millionsyearly multiplying millions””John Louis OJohn Louis O’’Sullivan 1845Sullivan 1845

BackgroundBackgroundTerritorial Expansion (remember Manifest Destiny) dominated Territorial Expansion (remember Manifest Destiny) dominated American diplomacy & politics in the 1840’s.American diplomacy & politics in the 1840’s.Settlers swarmed into Oregon territory (still in dispute Settlers swarmed into Oregon territory (still in dispute between American & Great Britain).between American & Great Britain).Americans eager to annex the Republic of Texas into the US Americans eager to annex the Republic of Texas into the US sparked tension with Mexico.sparked tension with Mexico.Some Americans were eager to get California from Mexico= Some Americans were eager to get California from Mexico= caused war with Mexico.caused war with Mexico.After America won the Mexican-American War & vast new After America won the Mexican-American War & vast new territories in the west, it raised many questions about the territories in the west, it raised many questions about the status of slavery in the new territories & leads to the Civil War status of slavery in the new territories & leads to the Civil War in the 1860’s.in the 1860’s.

The John Tyler PresidencyThe John Tyler Presidency1840- Whigs 1840- Whigs William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison (Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe) & (Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe) & John TylerJohn Tyler (former Dem. Added to bring in states rights votes)were elected (former Dem. Added to bring in states rights votes)were elected President & VP.President & VP.11STST Election which featured the Election which featured the Liberty PartyLiberty Party (abolitionist party). (abolitionist party).Harrison chosen as party candidate because he was a war hero & because Harrison chosen as party candidate because he was a war hero & because Henry Clay (Whig Senator)Henry Clay (Whig Senator) & & Daniel Webster (Sec. of State) Daniel Webster (Sec. of State) (the real (the real party leaders) believed he could be DIRECTED by them.party leaders) believed he could be DIRECTED by them.Harrison contracted pneumonia & died 4 weeks into his presidency.Harrison contracted pneumonia & died 4 weeks into his presidency.

John Tyler John Tyler became president (former Jacksonian Democrat who had became president (former Jacksonian Democrat who had switched to the Whig Party because he disliked Jackson’s dictator like switched to the Whig Party because he disliked Jackson’s dictator like tactics (use if veto).tactics (use if veto).

Tyler will be president for 204 weeks; 1Tyler will be president for 204 weeks; 1stst VP to ascend to the presidency in VP to ascend to the presidency in US History. US History. Tyler was Tyler was OpposedOpposed to most of the Whig Platform: pro-bank, pro-protective to most of the Whig Platform: pro-bank, pro-protective tariffs, pro-internal improvements.tariffs, pro-internal improvements.

John Tyler: A President without a PartyJohn Tyler: A President without a PartyAfter Harrison died, Henry Clay made known the Whig priorities:After Harrison died, Henry Clay made known the Whig priorities: Financial ReformFinancial Reform

Passed a law to end the Independent Treasury Passed a law to end the Independent Treasury (Tyler actually signed this)(Tyler actually signed this)

Re-charter the Bank of the USRe-charter the Bank of the US- Tyler vetoed= Democrats were happy- Tyler vetoed= Democrats were happy

*Whigs were furious- talked about impeaching Tyler, kicked him out of the *Whigs were furious- talked about impeaching Tyler, kicked him out of the Democratic caucus, his entire cabinet resigned (except Webster) –John Democratic caucus, his entire cabinet resigned (except Webster) –John Calhoun became Sec. of State after 1842.Calhoun became Sec. of State after 1842.

Pass new TariffsPass new Tariffs- Tyler liked the additional revenue a tariff would create but - Tyler liked the additional revenue a tariff would create but did not like this tariff because it also provided for distribution of revenue did not like this tariff because it also provided for distribution of revenue among all the states of western lands.among all the states of western lands.Tyler vetoed the proposed TariffTyler vetoed the proposed Tariff•SO…Clay took out the revenue scheme from sale of land & lowered the SO…Clay took out the revenue scheme from sale of land & lowered the tariff= Tyler signed the tariff= Tyler signed the Tariff of 1842Tariff of 1842..

•The Country climbed its way out of the depression which had been present The Country climbed its way out of the depression which had been present since 1837 (Panic of 1837).since 1837 (Panic of 1837).

Tension with BritainTension with BritainIn the 1800’s tension with Britain came to a head periodically and had to be In the 1800’s tension with Britain came to a head periodically and had to be dealt with by treaty or war.dealt with by treaty or war.

American Anti-British attitudes in the US were the result of several factorsAmerican Anti-British attitudes in the US were the result of several factors::Memories of & history of the American Revolution & the War of 1812.Memories of & history of the American Revolution & the War of 1812. The Pro-British party (the Federalists) had died out.The Pro-British party (the Federalists) had died out.British travelers to America & writers of travel books depicted Americans as British travelers to America & writers of travel books depicted Americans as crude, rude, barbaric.crude, rude, barbaric.British magazines attacked American traitsBritish magazines attacked American traitsAmerica had no copyright laws—British authors like Charles Dickens America had no copyright laws—British authors like Charles Dickens criticized us.criticized us.Americans & investors had borrowed money from British bankers to pay for Americans & investors had borrowed money from British bankers to pay for infrastructure building in the US = RESENTMENT.infrastructure building in the US = RESENTMENT.

The Caroline Incident The Caroline Incident (1837)- US citizens attempted to support a Canadian (1837)- US citizens attempted to support a Canadian insurrection against Britain. An American ship (The Caroline) carrying insurrection against Britain. An American ship (The Caroline) carrying supplies to the Canadian rebels was attacked off NY by the British navy= supplies to the Canadian rebels was attacked off NY by the British navy= Americans were angered.Americans were angered.

Tensions with BritainTensions with BritainThe Creole Incident The Creole Incident (1841): British officials in the Bahamas (1841): British officials in the Bahamas offered refuge to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled & offered refuge to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled & captured an American ship (the Creole).captured an American ship (the Creole).American southerners worried that an Anti-slave Britain would American southerners worried that an Anti-slave Britain would make the Caribbean a refuge for all escaped American slaves.make the Caribbean a refuge for all escaped American slaves.

The Maine-Aroostook War The Maine-Aroostook War (1838-1842)- Never really a war…(1838-1842)- Never really a war…more an international incident. more an international incident. A dispute between Britain & US over the Maine Boundary.A dispute between Britain & US over the Maine Boundary.British wanted to build a road westward from HALIFAX to British wanted to build a road westward from HALIFAX to QUEBEC –through disputed American territory claimed by QUEBEC –through disputed American territory claimed by Maine.Maine.Canadian & American lumberjacks entered the disputed area Canadian & American lumberjacks entered the disputed area (Aroostook VALLEY) & Fights flared up…militias called up..but (Aroostook VALLEY) & Fights flared up…militias called up..but no war.no war.

The Webster-Ashburton TreatyThe Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842, 1842

Britain sent a non-professional diploma (Britain sent a non-professional diploma (Lord AshburtonLord Ashburton)t to )t to the US to negotiate with the US to negotiate with Sec. of State Daniel Webster Sec. of State Daniel Webster about about Aroostook issues.Aroostook issues.Both Ashburton & Webster came to a compromise over the Both Ashburton & Webster came to a compromise over the disputed Maine territory.disputed Maine territory.America would keep 7,000 square miles of the disputed America would keep 7,000 square miles of the disputed 12,000 square mile area.12,000 square mile area.Britain got less land but, received the Halifax-Quebec route Britain got less land but, received the Halifax-Quebec route for their proposed road.for their proposed road.The Caroline incident was also patched up too.The Caroline incident was also patched up too.Unknown to the British…by moving the US-Canadian Unknown to the British…by moving the US-Canadian boundary further west…the US was granted an IRON ORE boundary further west…the US was granted an IRON ORE RICH AREA TO BE KNOWN AS RICH AREA TO BE KNOWN AS THE MESABI IRON ORE THE MESABI IRON ORE RANGERANGE= US will have iron ore for industrial growth.= US will have iron ore for industrial growth.

The Webster AshBurton Treaty (1842)

Texas, The Lone Star RepublicTexas, The Lone Star Republic

Texas had claimed its independence from Mexico in 1836. Mexico Texas had claimed its independence from Mexico in 1836. Mexico refused to recognize Texas independence. Mexico threatened war refused to recognize Texas independence. Mexico threatened war if America tried to annex Texas.if America tried to annex Texas.Texas had to keep & maintain a costly militia—Mexico tried (sort Texas had to keep & maintain a costly militia—Mexico tried (sort of..) a few times to retake Texas but failed.of..) a few times to retake Texas but failed.Texas began to negotiate with Britain & France for a possible Texas began to negotiate with Britain & France for a possible alliance (Britain wants an independent Texas—to keep American alliance (Britain wants an independent Texas—to keep American growth contained).growth contained).France & Britain hoped to one day establish a foothold in North France & Britain hoped to one day establish a foothold in North America again (Dangerous for the US!)America again (Dangerous for the US!)British abolitionists hoped to influence Texas to end slavery= British abolitionists hoped to influence Texas to end slavery= worried American southerners.worried American southerners.British merchants saw Texas as Free trade zone (free of high British merchants saw Texas as Free trade zone (free of high American tariffs & cotton fields to be exploited).American tariffs & cotton fields to be exploited).

Oregon FeverOregon FeverOregon territory was a huge wilderness; extending west of the Rockies to Oregon territory was a huge wilderness; extending west of the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean, and north of California to the line of 54-40—present day the Pacific Ocean, and north of California to the line of 54-40—present day southern tip of Alaska panhandle.southern tip of Alaska panhandle.Claimed at one time by Spain, Russia, Britain, & US.Claimed at one time by Spain, Russia, Britain, & US.Spain gave up its claim (Adams-Onis Treaty-1819); Russia gave up their Spain gave up its claim (Adams-Onis Treaty-1819); Russia gave up their claims in treaties with the US (1824 & 1825).claims in treaties with the US (1824 & 1825).Britain had long standing claims to Oregon (Hudson Bay Co. had traded Britain had long standing claims to Oregon (Hudson Bay Co. had traded with Pacific Indians for a long time); US claims came from 1792 “discovery” with Pacific Indians for a long time); US claims came from 1792 “discovery” of the Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray & due to the Lewis & Clark of the Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray & due to the Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804)Expedition (1804)1830’s-American missionaries & settlers had settled the Willamette Valley.1830’s-American missionaries & settlers had settled the Willamette Valley.British settlers also occupied the area; Americans & British lived peacefully British settlers also occupied the area; Americans & British lived peacefully side by side. (side by side. (Convention 1818Convention 1818))America had tried to get Oregon to the 49America had tried to get Oregon to the 49 thth parallel in negotiations but the parallel in negotiations but the British would not give in. British would not give in. 1840’s—”Oregon Fever”—Americans flooded into Oregon (1840’s—”Oregon Fever”—Americans flooded into Oregon (OregonOregon TrailTrail--2,000 mile trail)—the British were not settling there in big numbers.2,000 mile trail)—the British were not settling there in big numbers.

The Election of 1844The Election of 1844Texas & Oregon became a leading issues in the Texas & Oregon became a leading issues in the ElectionElection. Some Americans . Some Americans opposed annexation of Texas, some Southerners cried “Texas, or Disunion”.opposed annexation of Texas, some Southerners cried “Texas, or Disunion”.The election took place as the country debated whether we would be a The election took place as the country debated whether we would be a republic with slavery & debates over the Gag Rule.republic with slavery & debates over the Gag Rule.

The DemocratsThe Democrats

Candidate –Candidate – James K. Polk James K. Polk (“Dark horse”(“Dark horse”) got the party nomination.) got the party nomination.

Polk had been former Speaker of the House 4 years; Governor of Tenn. (2 Polk had been former Speaker of the House 4 years; Governor of Tenn. (2 terms)—supported as the party nominee by Andrew Jackson.terms)—supported as the party nominee by Andrew Jackson.A Pro-Expansion Platform (Manifest Destiny)- spread our uplifting & A Pro-Expansion Platform (Manifest Destiny)- spread our uplifting & democratic institutions over the entire continent (“empire & liberty”)democratic institutions over the entire continent (“empire & liberty”)GoalsGoals: Annex Texas & lay claim to Oregon “: Annex Texas & lay claim to Oregon “Fifty-four forty or FightFifty-four forty or Fight””Free-Soil northerners wanted to get Oregon (free territory) & pro-slavery Free-Soil northerners wanted to get Oregon (free territory) & pro-slavery southerners wanted to get Texas.southerners wanted to get Texas.

The Election of 1844 The Election of 1844 (Continued)(Continued)

The WhigsThe Whigs

Candidate- Candidate- Henry ClayHenry ClayRan on a Nationalistic PlatformRan on a Nationalistic Platform– Non-Annexation of Texas or Oregon– Non-Annexation of Texas or OregonSlogans: “Clay, Union, and Liberty!”Slogans: “Clay, Union, and Liberty!”Attacked Polk- “Polk, Slavery, and Texas”; Attacked Polk- “Polk, Slavery, and Texas”; spread rumor that a group of spread rumor that a group of Tenn. slaves with Polk’s brand on them were seen going to market.Tenn. slaves with Polk’s brand on them were seen going to market.Clay & the Texas issue: Clay tried to play both sides of the issue: wrote Clay & the Texas issue: Clay tried to play both sides of the issue: wrote letters which indicated that he personally favored annexing Texas, he also letters which indicated that he personally favored annexing Texas, he also favored postponing annexation.favored postponing annexation.Alienated Southerners who wanted to expand; northerners could not trust Alienated Southerners who wanted to expand; northerners could not trust him.him.

The Liberty PartyThe Liberty Party

Candidate- Candidate- James Birney James Birney (former slave owner)-(former slave owner)-Platform-opposition to slavery & federal government support for itPlatform-opposition to slavery & federal government support for itAppealed to political abolitionists like Frederick Douglas.Appealed to political abolitionists like Frederick Douglas.

Election of 1844 Election of 1844 OutcomeOutcome

The Annexation of TexasThe Annexation of TexasOutgoing President Outgoing President John Tyler John Tyler wanted to get credit for annexing Texas & wanted to get credit for annexing Texas & he believed the American people had chosen to add Texas in the election. he believed the American people had chosen to add Texas in the election. Tyler feared he could not get Tyler feared he could not get the 2/3 vote the 2/3 vote in both houses of Congress to in both houses of Congress to annex Texas (because many Northerners opposed it). annex Texas (because many Northerners opposed it). Tyler arranged an Tyler arranged an annexation by annexation by joint resolutionjoint resolution ( requires ( requires a simple a simple 50% majority 50% majority vote by both houses).vote by both houses).1945—Texas was officially invited to become the 281945—Texas was officially invited to become the 28thth State State..

The Mexican ResponseThe Mexican ResponseCharged America with stealing TexasCharged America with stealing TexasOver the 9 years since Texas had become independent, Mexico had lost Over the 9 years since Texas had become independent, Mexico had lost much control there & the Commanche Indian were now a power to be dealt much control there & the Commanche Indian were now a power to be dealt with.with.By 1845-Texas had become a danger spot—threat to USBy 1845-Texas had become a danger spot—threat to US

James K. Polk Takes OfficeJames K. Polk Takes OfficePolk called “Young Hickory”; 5 foot 8 inches tall, lean, white-Polk called “Young Hickory”; 5 foot 8 inches tall, lean, white-haired—hard driven (died at an early age).haired—hard driven (died at an early age).Did not delegate authority—oversaw everything himself.Did not delegate authority—oversaw everything himself.

Polk developed a Four Point PlanPolk developed a Four Point Plan::

1.1.Lower the TariffLower the Tariff: Sec. of Treasury Robert Walker proposed a : Sec. of Treasury Robert Walker proposed a bill that reduced average tariff rates of the Tariff of 1842 from bill that reduced average tariff rates of the Tariff of 1842 from 32% to 25%= 32% to 25%= The Walker Tariff of 1846The Walker Tariff of 1846Supported by southernersSupported by southernersOpposed by New England states & middle states-because it Opposed by New England states & middle states-because it would RUIN American manufacturing.would RUIN American manufacturing.

22. Restore the independent Treasury. Restore the independent Treasury—accomplished!—accomplished!

3. 3. Acquisition of CaliforniaAcquisition of California

4. 4. Settle the Oregon Dispute with BritainSettle the Oregon Dispute with Britain

Oregon dispute

•Treaty with Great Treaty with Great Britain in 1846 on Britain in 1846 on OregonOregon

•President Polk President Polk campaign slogan was campaign slogan was 54,40 or fight…54,40 or fight…

•Polk Compromised Polk Compromised with the British and with the British and divided the Oregon divided the Oregon Country at the 49Country at the 49thth parallelparallel

•Some Americans Some Americans were not satisfied- were not satisfied- northwestern states northwestern states joined anti-slavery joined anti-slavery forces in condemning forces in condemning the Treaty-Why was the Treaty-Why was the US willing to risk the US willing to risk war with Mexico for war with Mexico for Texas—yet NOT Texas—yet NOT demand ALL of demand ALL of Oregon??Oregon??

Picture/M.Destiny

•American American belief that belief that U.S. would U.S. would control the control the

continent from continent from the Atlantic to the Atlantic to

the Pacific.the Pacific.

KEY EVENTSKEY EVENTS•Texas

statehood•Oregon territory

•Mexican War•Mexican Cession

•American American belief that belief that U.S. would U.S. would control the control the

continent from continent from the Atlantic to the Atlantic to

the Pacific.the Pacific.

KEY EVENTSKEY EVENTS•Texas

statehood•Oregon territory

•Mexican War•Mexican Cession

                                                                        

Picture/M.Destiny

KEY EVENTSKEY EVENTS

•Pioneers TrekWest

•California trail

•Oregon trail•Mormon’s

trail•Gold

discovered•Gold Rush

KEY EVENTSKEY EVENTS

•Pioneers TrekWest

•California trail

•Oregon trail•Mormon’s

trail•Gold

discovered•Gold Rush

                                                                        

Trails

Polk’s Claim on CaliforniaMany Americans saw great possibility in the possession of California. (Manifest Destiny!)• California had fertile valleys & a spacious bay at San Francisco ( a harbor that would provide a gateway to Pacific). Population: 13,000 Spanish Mexicans, 75,000 Indians (long subdued by Spanish Friars), fewer than 1000 foreigners (mostly Americans).•Polk hoped to buy California from Mexico.

Problems in Negotiating with Mexico: 1.the US had claims against Mexico for $3 million in damages to American citizens- Mexico had defaulted on payments 2. Texas- Mexico threatened war if the US acquired Texas-Mexico recalled its ambassador from the US.3. Boundary Dispute- Texans claimed the southern boundary with Mexico was the Rio Grande River- Mexico claimed that it was the Nueces River.

America Goes to WarAmerica Goes to War The John Slidell Mission-1845The John Slidell Mission-1845• Polk assigned Polk assigned John Slidell John Slidell as ambassador to Mexico; with instructions to as ambassador to Mexico; with instructions to

offer a max. of $25 million for California & territory to the eastoffer a max. of $25 million for California & territory to the east• 2 Mexican presidents refused to meet with him.2 Mexican presidents refused to meet with him.

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) On Jan. 13, 1846 President Polk ordered On Jan. 13, 1846 President Polk ordered Gen. Zachary TaylorGen. Zachary Taylor & 4,000 US & 4,000 US

troops to march from the troops to march from the Nueces River Nueces River to the to the RioRio Grande RiverGrande River—into —into territory claimed by Mexico (invasion??)territory claimed by Mexico (invasion??)

• Polk heard no news of armed conflict & prepared to go to Congress to ask Polk heard no news of armed conflict & prepared to go to Congress to ask for declaration of war.for declaration of war.

• April 25, 1846- news arrived that Mexican troops had crossed the Rio April 25, 1846- news arrived that Mexican troops had crossed the Rio Grande River & attacked US troops (16 American casualties)Grande River & attacked US troops (16 American casualties)

• Polk asked Congress to declare war; …Polk asked Congress to declare war; …despite despite ““ all our efforts to avoid a all our efforts to avoid a clash, hostilities had been FORCED upon the country by the clash, hostilities had been FORCED upon the country by the shedding of shedding of American blood upon the American soilAmerican blood upon the American soil””. .

• Congress overwhelmingly voted to go to war; even antislavery Whigs Congress overwhelmingly voted to go to war; even antislavery Whigs supported itsupported it

The Wilmot Proviso, 1846The Wilmot Proviso, 1846Shortly after the shooting started in the war, President Polk requested $2 Shortly after the shooting started in the war, President Polk requested $2 million from Congress to help negotiate a peace settlement with Mexico. million from Congress to help negotiate a peace settlement with Mexico.

The Wilmot ProvisoThe Wilmot ProvisoIntroduced by Introduced by David Wilmot David Wilmot (Dem. From Penn.(Dem. From Penn.) who opposed the ) who opposed the extension of slavery to the western territories.extension of slavery to the western territories.Supported by a group of Democrat Senators from NY (Supported by a group of Democrat Senators from NY (The BarnburnersThe Barnburners) ) opposed to slavery.opposed to slavery.Wilmot proposed that slavery should not exist in any territory which we win Wilmot proposed that slavery should not exist in any territory which we win from Mexico.from Mexico.The proposal was fiercely debated…in the House & SenateThe proposal was fiercely debated…in the House & SenateTwice the Proviso passed the House (1846 & 1847) but, Southerners Twice the Proviso passed the House (1846 & 1847) but, Southerners blocked passage in the Senate (where they had a slight majority).blocked passage in the Senate (where they had a slight majority).The Proviso NEVER PASSED BUT SYMBOLIZED THE BURNING ISSUE The Proviso NEVER PASSED BUT SYMBOLIZED THE BURNING ISSUE OF SLAVERY AND ITS EXTENSION WEATWARD!OF SLAVERY AND ITS EXTENSION WEATWARD!***Most divisive issue between the North & South before the Civil War.***Most divisive issue between the North & South before the Civil War.

Lincoln’s “Spot Resolutions”, 1847Lincoln’s “Spot Resolutions”, 1847

Dec. 1847--Abraham Lincoln Dec. 1847--Abraham Lincoln (Whig Congressman from Illinois): (Whig Congressman from Illinois): introduced certain resolutions (introduced certain resolutions (The Spot ResolutionsThe Spot Resolutions) in the House of ) in the House of Representatives requesting information from the president as to which Representatives requesting information from the president as to which “SPOT” on “American” soil where American blood had been shed.“SPOT” on “American” soil where American blood had been shed.Many in the Whig Party, like Lincoln were opposed to the expansion of Many in the Whig Party, like Lincoln were opposed to the expansion of slavery to any new territories. slavery to any new territories. Lincoln’s persistence earned him the name “Spotty Lincoln”.Lincoln’s persistence earned him the name “Spotty Lincoln”.His resolutions were neither debated nor adopted by the House.His resolutions were neither debated nor adopted by the House.Many extreme antislavery Whigs in the north (Many extreme antislavery Whigs in the north (CONSCIENCE WHIGSCONSCIENCE WHIGS) ) called President Polk a LIAR!!—OPPOSED THE WARcalled President Polk a LIAR!!—OPPOSED THE WARDuring the war, the Conscience Whigs (who gained control of the House in During the war, the Conscience Whigs (who gained control of the House in 1847) threatened to cut off money & supplies to US troops.1847) threatened to cut off money & supplies to US troops.July 1846-July 1846-Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau (American Transcendentalist writer) (American Transcendentalist writer) refused to pay 6 years back poll taxes because he was opposed to the refused to pay 6 years back poll taxes because he was opposed to the Mexican-American War & slavery (example of Civil Disobedience).Mexican-American War & slavery (example of Civil Disobedience).

The Mexican-American War, 1846-The Mexican-American War, 1846-18481848

Polk hoped to fight a war on a limited scale---then pull out when he had Polk hoped to fight a war on a limited scale---then pull out when he had captured his prize.captured his prize.Exiled former Mexican dictator (Exiled former Mexican dictator (Santa AnnaSanta Anna) from Cuba announced that if ) from Cuba announced that if the American navy blockading Mexico would let him return to Mexico, he the American navy blockading Mexico would let him return to Mexico, he sell his country—sell his country—Polk agreedPolk agreed..Santa Anna double crossed the US & returned to Mexico to rally his nation Santa Anna double crossed the US & returned to Mexico to rally his nation against the US.against the US.

American Operations in the Southwest & California were very successful.American Operations in the Southwest & California were very successful. Gen. Stephen Kearney-Gen. Stephen Kearney- (1846) led 1,700 US troops over the Santa Fe (1846) led 1,700 US troops over the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe & captured the Mexican outpost easily.Trail to Santa Fe & captured the Mexican outpost easily. Captain John C. Fremont-Captain John C. Fremont- ( (explorer) with several dozen men, US naval explorer) with several dozen men, US naval officers, and locals overthrew Mexican rule in California= Bear Flag officers, and locals overthrew Mexican rule in California= Bear Flag Republic established.Republic established.

Conquering MexicoConquering MexicoGeneral Zachary TaylorGeneral Zachary Taylor (“Old Rough & Ready”) fought his way across the (“Old Rough & Ready”) fought his way across the Rio Grande into Mexico against Mexican troops.Rio Grande into Mexico against Mexican troops.

Battle of Buena Vista Battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 1847)(Feb. 1847)Taylor’s weakened force of 5,000 men attacked 20,000 Mexican troops led Taylor’s weakened force of 5,000 men attacked 20,000 Mexican troops led by Santa Anna himself.by Santa Anna himself.Outnumbered American troops repulsed the Mexicans.Outnumbered American troops repulsed the Mexicans.Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor becomes an overnight becomes an overnight hero in the US hero in the US ; The “Hero of ; The “Hero of Buena Vista”—some even proposed he would be president one day!Buena Vista”—some even proposed he would be president one day!

His next Goal—Crush Mexico CityHis next Goal—Crush Mexico CityTaylor was a good leader with modest forces but had trouble winning in the Taylor was a good leader with modest forces but had trouble winning in the deserts of northern Mexico.deserts of northern Mexico.Command of the main US force which would take Mexico went to Command of the main US force which would take Mexico went to GenGen. . Winfield Scott Winfield Scott (Most distinguished American General from the Revolution (Most distinguished American General from the Revolution to the Civil War)to the Civil War)Former hero from War of 1812; “Old Fuss & Feathers’). Had inadequate Former hero from War of 1812; “Old Fuss & Feathers’). Had inadequate troops in Mexican campaign (expiring enlistments, more numerous enemy, troops in Mexican campaign (expiring enlistments, more numerous enemy, mountain terrain, disease, political criticism at home).mountain terrain, disease, political criticism at home).Battled his way to MEXICO CITY SEPT. 1847.Battled his way to MEXICO CITY SEPT. 1847.

The Fall of MexicoThe Fall of MexicoPresident Polk was anxious to end the shooting once he had gained his President Polk was anxious to end the shooting once he had gained his territorial goals.territorial goals.So Polk sent the Chief Clerk of the State Department (Nicholas P. Trist)So Polk sent the Chief Clerk of the State Department (Nicholas P. Trist)Trist & Scott arranged an Trist & Scott arranged an armisticearmistice (cease fire) with Santa Anna for a (cease fire) with Santa Anna for a payment of $10,000. payment of $10,000. Santa Anna pocketed the money & built up the defenses of Mexico CitySanta Anna pocketed the money & built up the defenses of Mexico CityPolk demanded Trist come back to the US…Trist refused…Trist stayed & Polk demanded Trist come back to the US…Trist refused…Trist stayed & worked out a treaty to end the War.worked out a treaty to end the War.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Feb. 1848)(Feb. 1848)Confirmed American title to TexasConfirmed American title to TexasMexico gave a vast territory to the US (From Texas Westward to Oregon Mexico gave a vast territory to the US (From Texas Westward to Oregon and the pacific ocean including California)---500,000 square milesand the pacific ocean including California)---500,000 square milesUS agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume $3,250,000 of US agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume $3,250,000 of claims of Americans against Mexico.claims of Americans against Mexico.Next the Senate had to debate & vote on the TreatyNext the Senate had to debate & vote on the TreatyMany expansionists wanted ALL OF MEXICO—John C. Calhoun (SC) Many expansionists wanted ALL OF MEXICO—John C. Calhoun (SC) Convinced pro-slavery southerners not to push the issueConvinced pro-slavery southerners not to push the issueThe Senate approved the Treaty 38-14The Senate approved the Treaty 38-14

*(Treaty of Guadalupe *(Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)Hidalgo)

•Land ceded by Mexico to US Land ceded by Mexico to US Also called the “Mexican Also called the “Mexican

Cession”Cession”•Rio Grande River boundary Rio Grande River boundary

between U.S. and Mexicobetween U.S. and Mexico•U.S. paid Mexico $15 millionU.S. paid Mexico $15 million

*(Treaty of Guadalupe *(Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)Hidalgo)

•Land ceded by Mexico to US Land ceded by Mexico to US Also called the “Mexican Also called the “Mexican

Cession”Cession”•Rio Grande River boundary Rio Grande River boundary

between U.S. and Mexicobetween U.S. and Mexico•U.S. paid Mexico $15 millionU.S. paid Mexico $15 million

The Profit & Loss of the WarThe Profit & Loss of the War

Costs & Effects of the WarCosts & Effects of the War The Mexican-American War was a small war in comparison The Mexican-American War was a small war in comparison

to other warsto other wars Cost- 13,000 US Lives- most by diseaseCost- 13,000 US Lives- most by disease• US expanded by about 1/3 – even greater than Louisiana US expanded by about 1/3 – even greater than Louisiana

PurchasePurchase• Mexican war- was a training ground for US soldiers for the Mexican war- was a training ground for US soldiers for the

upcoming Civil War (Capt. Robert E. Lee / Lt. Ulysses S. upcoming Civil War (Capt. Robert E. Lee / Lt. Ulysses S. Grant)Grant)

• Most officers trained at West Point (1802)Most officers trained at West Point (1802)• US navy successful blockade on Mexican ports.US navy successful blockade on Mexican ports.• Marines (1798) played key role in Mexico CityMarines (1798) played key role in Mexico City• Military had no major mistakes & no major defeats= new Military had no major mistakes & no major defeats= new

respect from countries around the world. respect from countries around the world.

Profit & Loss in MexicoProfit & Loss in Mexico

A Turning Point in the Relationship of the US & Latin A Turning Point in the Relationship of the US & Latin AmericaAmerica•Mexicans will not forget that US stole about ½ of their country.Mexicans will not forget that US stole about ½ of their country.• US/Latin American relations injured- US seen as US/Latin American relations injured- US seen as ““Colossus of the NorthColossus of the North”” a meddling giant a meddling giant

The Status of SlaveryThe Status of Slavery•** ** Most ImportantMost Important: the war raised the slavery issue.: the war raised the slavery issue.• Abolitionists claimed that the war had been provoked by the southern Abolitionists claimed that the war had been provoked by the southern ““slaveocracyslaveocracy”” to expand slavery. to expand slavery.• Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau refused to pay taxes to support the war on the refused to pay taxes to support the war on the grounds that it was a war for slavery (grounds that it was a war for slavery (civil disobediencecivil disobedience))• Most of the US volunteers in the war were from the South & West (mainly Most of the US volunteers in the war were from the South & West (mainly because of proximity).because of proximity). •Ralph Waldo Emerson: Ralph Waldo Emerson: ““ Mexico will poison usMexico will poison us””•John C. Calhoun: MJohn C. Calhoun: Mexico is the forbidden fruit…the penalty of eating it exico is the forbidden fruit…the penalty of eating it would be to subject our political institutions to political deathwould be to subject our political institutions to political death””. .

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