Manifest Destiny Chapter 15. 15.1 Intro Manifest Destiny: ‘obvious fate’ John O’Sullivan wrote...
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Transcript of Manifest Destiny Chapter 15. 15.1 Intro Manifest Destiny: ‘obvious fate’ John O’Sullivan wrote...
15.1 IntroManifest Destiny:
‘obvious fate’
John O’Sullivan wrote in a newspaper in 1845:
“manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent.”
Video Clip:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2eI-ujEeos
15.2: Louisiana Purchase America’s first
opportunity to expand was past the Mississippi River
By 1800: thousands of farmers were settling new land
To get their crops to markets, they would float them down the Mississippi River to New Orleans
Once the crops got to New Orleans: ships to Europe or the East Coast
15.2: LouisianaAcross the
Mississippi River was an area that was unexplored and huge!
Louisiana Territory: N-S: Canada down to
Texas! E-W: Mississippi River-
Rocky Mtns
1st claimed by: France
2nd: Spain after the French and Indian War
3rd: Napoleon convinced Spain to return it to France(1800)
15.2: LouisianaNapoleon: French
Plans for the land: settle it with thousands of French farmers
Farmers would raise food for the slaves who were French, working in the Caribbean.
This alarmed American farmers!
New Orleans, a port city, was part of Louisiana(French rule) 2nd largest in the world https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UjmqXkramM
If Napoleon closes the port to American goods, farmers would have no way to get their crops to the market!
15.2: “A Noble Bargain”President: Jefferson
1803: sent James Monroe to France
Offer to buy New Orleans for $7.5 million!
Napoleon had changed his mind
A few years earlier: slave revolt in modern day Haiti French Caribbean colony Former slaves defeated the
French French were trying to take
the colony back Result: Napoleon no longer
needed Louisiana
Haitian Revolution: (12 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5A_o-nU5s2U
15.2: “A Noble Bargain” France and Britain were
on the brink of war
Napoleon knew he might lose Louisiana to the British
Rather than lose it, he decided to sell it
Napoleon's offer to sell Louisiana stunned Jefferson
Instead of just getting a city, he would be getting an area of land the size of what the United States was at that time.
April 30, 1803: Monroe signed a treaty for $15 million!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMh8RCqJf9U
15.2: Purchase DebateTo most Americans:
Louisiana Purchase looked like the greatest deal in history
Doubled the country’s size 2-3 cents per acre!
Not all approved: Worried that such a large
country would be impossible to govern
Politicians in the East thought they would lose power
Convinced Louisiana would be carved into new states and would out vote the eastern states in Congress
15.2: Purchase DebateSome said that the
Constitution did not state anything about purchasing foreign territory
Some said it was unconstitutional!
Late 1803: Senate voted to ratify the Louisiana Purchase treaty.
Frontier farmers said: “You have secured to us
the free navigation of the Mississippi. You have procured an immense and fertile country; all this done without war and bloodshed.”
15.3: FloridaAfter getting
Louisiana, Jefferson wanted more land!!!
Florida: colonized by Spain in the late 1500s
1800s: diverse population:Seminole IndiansSpanish ColonistsEnglish TradersRun Away Slaves
15.3: Florida1804: Jefferson sent
two diplomats to Spain to buy Florida
Spain’s answer: no deal!
Many wanted the US to take over Florida
Slave owners in Georgia were upset Their slaves would run
over the border to Florida
Seminole Indians would welcome the run away slaves
Seminole Indians raid their land
Spanish government could do nothing to stop the raids on farms in Georgia
15.3: Andrew Jackson Invades Florida
1818: President Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to Georgia
He had orders to end the raids by the Seminole Indians and ex slaves
Jackson was told he could chase them back into Florida
He did not have permission to invade the Spanish Colony
Jackson marched into Florida with 1,700 troops.
15.3: Andrew Jackson Invades Florida
Jackson, over a few weeks:had captured
nearly every military post in the colony
arrested, tried and executed 2 British subjects for stirring up Indian attacks
Replaced the Spanish governor with an American
Later Jackson said: Sorry I didn’t execute
the Spanish governor.
***Spain demanded that Jackson be called back to Washington and be punished for his illegal invasion.
Jackson video: 45 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaxY0iksrtQ
15.3:Govern or Get Out!Fearing war,
President Monroe asked his cabinet for advice
Most agreed that he should apologize to Spain and remove Jackson
Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams
Convinced Monroe to send a blunt message to Spain, instead of apologizing.
Either govern Florida properly or get out!
15.3:Govern or Get Out!Spain feared war, so
they got out!
1819: Spanish government agreed to give Florida to the US
In exchange, US agreed to pay off $5 million in settlers claims against Spain
US also agreed to honor Spain’s longtime claim to Texas
Not a lot of Americans were happy that Spain would now get to own Texas
“Texas was worth 10 Florida's!”
Senate ratified the Florida treaty 2 days after it was signed
15.4: Americans Comes to Texas
Moses Austin: banker and businessman Dreamed of starting an
American colony in Spanish Texas
1821: Spanish officials granted Austin a lot of land
Moses died that year, so his son Stephen took over his father’s dream!
Stephen arrived in Texas, just as Mexico declared its independence from Spain
Texas is now part of Mexico!!!
15.4: Americans Comes to Texas
Mexican officials agreed to let Austin to start his colony
Under some conditions: had to choose only
moral and hardworking settlers
Had to promise to become Mexican citizens and to join the Catholic church.
Austin agreed to the terms
1827: he had attracted 297 families
Soon known as the “Old Three Hundred”
15.4: Rising Tensions Austin’s colony was
becoming a huge success
Many people were flocking to Texas
1830: 25,000 Americans in Texas Only 4,000 Tejanos
Texans of Mexican decent
Tensions began to rise between these two groups
Americans had some complaints: Many were slaveholders
MX outlawed it in 1829 Used to governing
themselvesResented taking orders
from Mexican officials Unhappy that all official
documents had to be in SpanishMost of them were
unwilling to learn Spanish
15.4: Rising Tensions Tejano complaints:
Unhappy American settlers had come to Texas illegally
Many of the new immigrants showed little respect for Mexican culture
Had no intention on becoming citizens
Mexican government: Closed Texas to further
American immigration Sent troops to Texas to
assert their authority and enforce immigration laws
15.4: Texans Rebel Some called for a
revolution
Stephen Austin: Others asked the
Mexican government to reopen Texas immigrations and make it a separate Mexican state
Then, Texans could run their own affairs!
1833: Austin traveled to Mexico Presented the Texans
demand to the new head of the Mexican government
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Dictator in charge of
Mexico
15.4: Texans Rebel Santa Anna didn’t want
to bargain with Austin
Threw him in jail for promoting a rebellion
1835: Austin was released from jail Texans rose up on
revolt
Santa Anna was determined to crush the rebels He marched north with
about 6,000 troops
The Alamo Late Feb 1836: most of
Santa Anna’s army reached San Antonio, TX
Town was defended by about 180 Texan volunteers and Tejanos
The Alamo Alamo: old mission
Texans took it over
Texans watched as Santa Anna raised a black flag “Expect no mercy” Santa Anna wanted the
Texans to surrender
Texans answer: cannon shot!
Santa Anna’s troops began surrounding the Alamo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dxGZhv4u8Y
2:47
The AlamoSanta Anna’s troops
began surrounding the Alamo
Texans were outnumbered 10 to 1!
William Travis and James Bowie were co commanders for the Texans
Travis sent messengers to towns in Texas Pleaded for
reinforcements Vowed to NOT
abandon the Alamo
Reinforcements never came
The Alamo 12 days: Mexicans
pounded the Alamo with cannonballs
March 6: Santa Anna gave orders to storm the fort
Texans tried to get Santa Anna and his troops to retreat with constant rifle fire
90 minute battle!
By the end of the day, every one of the Alamo’s defenders was dead
Santa Anna’s orders: execute everyone on the spot who is still alive!
Texas Wins Its Independence
Sam Houston: commander of the Texan Revolutionary Army Santa Anna and his army
were pushing on thru Texas
Houston decided to lure Santa Anna and his army deeper into TexasHe was hoping to
make it harder for him to get supplies
Texas Wins Its Independence
April: Santa Anna caught up with Houston near the San Jacinto River
Santa Anna expected the Texans to attack at dawn, so he kept his troops up all night long An attack didn’t happen! The weary troops relaxed Santa Anna even went to
his tent to take a nap!
Texas Wins Its Independence
Later on in the afternoon: Houston and his troops staged a surprise attack
Yelling: “Remember the Alamo”
Santa Anna fled, but he was captured the next day
In exchange for his(Santa Anna) freedom, he ordered all remaining troops out of Texas
Texans had won their independence!
To Annex Texas or Not?Texas is now an
independent country: Lone Star Republic Single star on its flag
Most Texans were Americans and they wanted to become part of the United States
To Annex Texas or Not?Texas remained
independent for 10 years
People in the US were divided over whether to annex Texas or notAnnex: to add
territory to a country
Southerners: eager to add another slave state
Northerners: opposed slavery and wanted to keep Texas out!
Others: feared that it would lead to a war with Mexico
To Annex Texas or Not?James Polk is now
president Strong believer in
Manifest Destiny
Congress voted to annex Texas 1845: Texas became
the 28th state
15.5: Oregon Country Oregon Country: Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific Ocean
North: Russian Alaska
South: Spanish California and New Mexico
1819: Oregon was claimed by 4 nations: Russia Spain Great Britain US
15.5: Oregon Country Spain was the first
country to drop out US signed a treaty to
purchase FloridaSpain had to give up
its claim to Oregon
1825: Russia drops out Agreed to limit its claim
to the territory that lays north of the 54 40’ parallel of latitude
Today that line marks the southern border of Alaska!
Britain and the US are left Joint occupation of
Oregon
Discovering Oregon America’s claim to
Oregon was based on the Lewis and Clark Expedition(1804-1806) Two explorers who went
to the Oregon Coast They thought many
people would follow, but the route was really hard
If time: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mc9tG9aD3P4 (45 min)
Discovering Oregon 1824: fur trapper
Jedediah Smith found a better way to get there He found a passage
through the Rocky Mountains: South Pass
South Pass: low and flat enough for wagons to use in crossing the Rockies
Oregon Fever First settlers in Oregon
were missionaries Few Native Americans
were converted
Fertile soil and towering forests attracted more settlers
1843: 1,000 pioneers packed their belongings into covered wagons and headed for Oregon
1844: nearly twice as many people made the long journey
All of Oregon or Half?President Polk didn’t
want Oregon enough to risk starting a war with Britain Agreed to a
compromise treaty that divided Oregon in half at the 49th parallel
The line is currently the western border between the US and Canada
15.6: War with Mexico President Polk wanted to
expand the US as far as he could! Wanted California and
New MexicoFirst colonized by
Spain, but then became Mexican territories
Polk was hoping these territories would soon become for sale due to Mexico declaring its independence in 1821
Polk sent a representative to Mexico to try and buy the territories
MX officials refused to even see him!
War Breaks Out in Texas Congress had voted to
annex Texas Relations between US
and MX turned bad MX: annexation of Texas
was an act of war!
Texas and MX couldn’t decide on a border
Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its border on the south and west
MX: wanted the border to be at the Nueces River 150 miles NE of the Rio
Grande
War Breaks Out in Texas April 25, 1846: MX
soldiers fired on American troops who were patrolling the Rio Grande River
16 Americans were killed/wounded
Congress declared war on Mexico
The Fall of New Mexico and California
Americans took control of New Mexico without firing a single shot
John C. Fremont launched a rebellion against Mexican rule in California Americans arrested and
jailed General Mariano Guadalupe VallejoMexican commander
for Northern California
Americans raised a flag showing a grizzly bear sketched in blackberry juice Known as the Bear Flag
Republic With in weeks, all of
California was under American control!
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Early 1848: MX and America signed the Treaty of Guadalupe
MX: agreed to give up Texas and a region called the Mexican Cession Present day states:
Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and California
Parts of: Colorado, Wyoming
MX gave up half of all its territory US paid MX $15 million Also promised to protect
80,000 -100,000 Mexicans living in Texas and in the Mexican Cession
Some people didn’t want all this land: “It is not worth a dollar.” Senate voted 38-14 to
take the land!