Lecture 4 Communication Elements
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Transcript of Lecture 4 Communication Elements
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ELEMEN KOMUNIKASI
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Take place in acontext that hasat least four
dimensions :i) Physical
- Thetangibleorconcreteenvironment
in which communication take place
eg. theroom, hallway, parketc.- Influencing yourcontents message.
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ii) Social-psychological
- Thestatusrelationships among theparticipant
- Therolesand the games that people
play
- Thecultural rolesof thesociety inwhich peoplearecommunicating.
- Thefriendlinessorunfriendliness,
formality orinformality, seriousness
orhumorousness of thesituation.
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iii) Temporal (ortime)
- The timeof day as well the time inhistory in which thecommunication
takes place.
eg. morning people.
- Messageson racial, sexual orreligiousattitudesand values would
be differently framed and responded
to in different times in history.
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iii) Cultural
- Includethe beliefs, values, and waysof behaving that areshared by a group
of peopleand passed down from one
generation to the next.
- Affect every interaction and influencewhat yousay and how yousay it.
- Intercultural isso difficult and crucial
tocommunication.
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- These dimension ofcontext interact
with oneanother.
eg. Arriving late foran appointment(temporal) might violatea
cultural rule, which might lead to
changes in thesocial
psychological context, which inturn might lead tochanges in the
physical context eg. choosing a
less intimaterestaurant foryour
lunch meeting.
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Sources - Receivers
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Messages
Noise
Source-
Encoder
Source-
Encoder
Receiver-
Decoder
Receiver-
Decoder
Channels
EffectEffect
COMMUNICATION CONTEXT
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Each person involved in communication is
both asource (speaker) and areceiver(listener).
Sending messages when youspeak, write,
gestureorsmile.
Receiving message when you listening,reading, smelling and soon.
Yourereceiving yourown messages you
hearyourself, feel yourown movements, see
many yourown gestures.
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Yourereceiving theotherpersons messages
visually, aurally, touch orsmell.
Source-ReceiverEncoding- Decoding
Encoding
- Theart ofproducing messageseg. speaking orwriting, putting your ideas
intosound wavesor intoacomputer
program.
- Speakerorwriter encoder.
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Decoding
- Theart ofreceiving messageseg. listening orreading, translating sound
wavesorwordson ascreen into ideas you
take them out ofcode.
- Listenersorreaders decoders.
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Messages& Channels
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Communication messages take many forms :
i) sensory organsii) verbal
- oral
- written eg. Using e-mail,
iii) nonverbal- eg. shake hands, smile,
the way you walk.
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Communication channel is the medium through
which the message passes. Rarely take placeonechannel; you may use
more than one different channel simultaneously.
eg. In face-to-face interaction :
i) speak & listen (vocal channel)ii) gesture & receivesignals (visual channel)
iiii) touch another(tactilechannel)
iv) emit and detect odors (olfactory channel)
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Two typesof messages :
i) Feedback messages- Throughout the listening process, a
listenergivesaspeaker feedback.
- Tells thespeakers what effect heorshe
is having on the listeners.- eg. a frown, smileetc.
- Thespeakermay adjust the messages
by strenghtening, deemphasizing, or
changing thecontent of messages.
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Cntd...Feedback messages
- The feedback you get from listening to
yourself.
eg. you hearwhat yousay.
- Five important of feedback dimensions :
i) Positive-Negative
ii) Person-Focused-Message-Focused
iii) Immediate-Delayed
iv) Low-Monitored-High-Monitored
v) Supportive-Critical
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ii) Feedforward messages
- Information you provide beforesendingyourprimary messages; it reveals
something about the messages tocome.
- Includesuch prefaceorthe tableof
contents in a book, theopening paragraphofachapter, movie previews, magazine
covers, and introductionsof publicspeech.
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CntdFeedforward messages
- Has fourmajorfunctions :i) toopen thechannelsofcommunication
ii) to preview future messages
iii) toaltercast
iv) to disclaim
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Noise
& Effect
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Noisepreventsareceiver from getting the
message which asource issending. Thereare4 typesof noises :
i) physical external interference
ii) physiological - physical barriers within the
speakeror listeneriiii) psychological - cognitiveormental
interference
iv) semantic diff erent meanings by speakeror
listener
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Communication always hassomeeffect on one
ormore persons involved in thecommunication.
eg.i) intellectual orcognitiveeffects
gaining knowledge, learn how toanalyze,
synthesize, orevaluatesomething.
ii) affectiveeffectsacquireorchange yourattitudes, beliefs,
emotionsorfeeling.
iii) psychomotoreffects
learn new bodily movements