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Transcript of DATA COMMUNICATION Lecture. Overview of Lecture 27 Frequency Ranges Microwave Communication ...
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DATA DATA COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
Lecture
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Overview of Lecture 27
Frequency RangesMicrowave CommunicationSatellite CommunicationCellular Telephony
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Frequency Ranges
The type of propagation used in radio transmission depends upon the frequency of the signal
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Very Low Frequency (VLF)
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Contd…
• VLF waves are propagated as surface waves through air
• Do not suffer much attenuation in TX but are susceptible to high levels of atmospheric noise I.e. electricity and heat
• Used for Long-range radio navigation and Submarine Communication
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Low Frequency (LF)
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Also propagated as surface waves Used for Long-range radio and for
navigational locators Attenuation is greater
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Middle Frequency (MF)
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– The distance they cover is limited by the angle needed to get the signal reflect
– Used for AM Radio
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High Frequency (HF)
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– Used for International Broadcasting, Military Communication, Telephone, Telegraph and Fax
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Very High Frequency (VHF)
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–Most VHF waves use line-of-sight propagation
–Used for VHF Television, FM Radio, Aircraft AM Radio
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Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
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– Always use line-of-sight propagation– Used for UHF Television, Mobile
Telephone, Cellular Radio, Paging, Microwave Links
– Note that microwave communication begins at 1GHz in UHF and continues into SHF and EHF band
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Super High Frequency (SHF)
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– SHF waves are TX using mostly line-of-sight and some Space propagation
– Used for Terrestrial and Satellite Microwave and Radar Communication
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Extremely High Frequency (EHF)
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–Used for Radar , Satellite and Experimental Communication
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Terrestrial Microwave
Microwaves do not follow the curvature of earth
Line-of-sight transmission
Height allows the signal to travel farther
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Terrestrial Microwave
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Satellite Communication
Line-of-sight microwave communication using satellite
Satellite acts as a very tall antenna
and a repeater
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Satellite Communication
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Geosynchronous Satellites
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Satellite Frequency Bands
Each satellite sends and receives over two bands
–Uplink: From the earth to the satellite
–Downlink: From the satellite to the earth
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Satellite Frequency Bands
Band Downlink UplinkC 3.7-4.2 GHz 5.925-6.425
GHz
Ku 11.7-12.2 GH 14-14.5 GHz
Ka 17.7-21 GHz 27.5-31 GHz
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Cellular Telephony
Each service area is divided into small ranges called cells
Each cell office is controlled by a switching office called MTSO
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Cellular Telephony
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Operations of Cellular Telephony
Transmitting– Mobile phone sends the number to the
closest cell office
– Cell office MTSO Telephone office
– MTSO assigns an unused voice channel
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Operations of Cellular Telephony
Receiving– Telephone office sends the signal to
MTSO
– MTSO sends queries to each cell (paging)
– If mobile phone is found and available, assigns a channel
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Operations of Cellular Telephony
Handoff–MTSO monitors the signal level
every few seconds
– If the strength diminishes, MTSO seeks a new cell and changes the channel carrying the call