K 2-BAHAN KULIAH Respiratori Sistem

7/31/2019 K 2-BAHAN KULIAH Respiratori Sistem

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Includes : - the lung

- a system of tube

Divided into 2 principal regions :

- conducting portion :

nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea,

bronchi, bronchioles & terminal bronchioles

- rerspiratory portion :

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli(alveoli : the greater part of the lung)


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The main divisions of therespiratory tract. The natural

proportions of these structureshave been altered for clarity; therespiratory bronchiole, forexample, is in reality a shorttransitional structure.


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RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

CiliatedPseudostratifiedColumnar Epithelium

5 types of cell :

1. ciliated columnarepithelium

2. mucous goblet cells

3. brush cells4. basal cells

5. small granule cells

Photomicrograph illustrating the main components of therespiratory epithelium. Pararosanilinetoluidine blue (PT)stain. High magnification.


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NASAL CAVITY

Consists of : - vestibule (external)- nasal fossae (internal)

VESTIBULE Is the most anterior and dilated portion of nasal

cavity

Numerous sebaceous & sweat glands, vibrisae

Within the vestibule keratinized (-)respiratory epithelium before entering the nasalfossae


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NASAL FOSSAE

Conchae :

- superior : specialized

olfactory epithelium- middle respiratory

- inferior epithelium

The olfactory epitheliumolfactory chemoreceptorlocated

Ciliated PseudostratifiedColumnar Epithelium

3 types of cells :

1. supporting cells2. basal cells

3. olfactory cellsOlfactory mucosa showing the 3 cell types (supporting,olfactory, and basal) and a Bowmans gland.


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PARANASAL SINUSES

Closed cavities in the : frontal, maxillary,ethmoid, sphenoid bones

Lined with a thinner respiratory epithelium, fewgoblet cells

Communicate with nasal cavity through smallopenings

Mucous product drain in to the nasal

passages by ciliated epithelial cells


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NASOPHARYNX

First part of the pharynx

Lined with respiratory epithelium


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LARYNX

Connects the pharynx to the trachea

The larger cartilge : hyaline cartilage

The smaller cartilage : elastic cartilage

Cartilage participate in producing sounds forphonation

Below the epiglottis : - false vocal sound

- true vocal sound


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TRACHEA

Mucosa :- Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

with goblet cells

- Lamina propria Sub mucosa : loose connective tissue

Hyaline cartilage : 16-20 C-shaped rings

Smooth muscle fibers

Adventisia (fibrosa)


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Section of trachea showing therespiratory epithelium with gobletcells and columnar ciliated cells. Alsoshown are serous glands in thelamina propria and hyaline cartilage.The mucous fluid produced by thegoblet cells and by the glands formsa layer that permits the ciliarymovement to propel foreign particles

out of the respiratory system. PTstain. Medium magnification.


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Light photomicrograph of the trachea in a monkey (270).

There are numerous cilia (Ci) as well as goblet cells (GC) inthe epithelium. Also observe the mucous glands (MG) in thesubepithelial connective tissue and the hyaline C-ring (HC)in the adventitia. L, lumen; PC, perichondrium.


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BRONCHIAL TREE

TRACHEA

BRONKUS PRIMER BRONKUS PRIMER

ka : 3 CAB. BRONKUS ki : 2 CAB.BRONKUS

BRONKIOLUS

BRONCHIOLUS TERMINALIS

BRONCHIOLUS RESPIRATORIUS

DUCTUS ALVEOLARIS

ALVEOLUS ALVEOLUS


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BRONCHUS 5 mm

Mucosa : similar to the mucosa of the trachea(Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium)

The bronchial cartilage are more irregular shape

Larger bronchi : cartilage rings completely encirclethe lumen

Smaller bronchi : cartilage rings are replaced with

isolated plates or islands of hyaline cartilage

Lamina propria : smooth muscle layer, rich inelastic fiber, abundance of mucous & serous gland

ducts bronchial lumen


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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

CARTILAGE

MUSCULARIS

ADIPOSE TISSUE


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Hyaline cartilage


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BRONCHIOLES

5 mm Mucosa : - cartilage & glands (-)

- scattered goblet cells

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES


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TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium CiliatedSimple Cuboidal Epithelium

Clara cells :

- (-) cilia

- (+) secretory granules in their apex

- secrete proteinprotect the bronchiolar lining

against oxidative pollutants and inflamation

- lamina propria : smooth muscle, elastic fiber


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Clara cells in the epithelium of a terminalbronchiole. These cells show secretorygranules and a bulging apical cytoplasm. PTstain. High magnification.


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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

Transition between conducting and respiratory

Mucosa : identical to the terminal bronchioles,except their walls are interrupted by numeroussacklike alveoli proceeding distally alveoli

Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium & Clara cells

Smooth muscle and elastic fiber


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Section of a terminal bronchiole with a small portion of a respiratory bronchiole continuous with an alveolarduct and many alveoli. PT stain. Low magnification.


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ALVEOLAR DUCTS

Proceeding distally the number of alveolar

openings

alveolar ducts Alveolar duct & alveoli lined with squamous cells

Lamina propria : smooth muscle disappears at thedistal ends of alveolar ducts

Alveolar ducts

atria that communicate with alveolarsacs

Elastic fiber : - enable the alveoli to expand

- contract passively with expiration

Reticular fibers :- prevent overdistention

- prevent damage to the delicate capillaries andthin alveolar septa


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Transition of a terminal bronchiole into an alveolar duct (arrow). Note theClara cells (arrowheads). PT stain. Medium magnification.


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ALVEOLUS

Sacklike evaginations of the respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks

Resemble small pockets that are open on one sidesimilar to the honeycombs of a beehive

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air & blood

Each wall lies between 2 alveoli interalveolarseptum

An interalveolar septum consists of 2 thin squamousepithelial layers :

- type I cells = squamous alveolar cells

- type II cells = surfactant cells


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TYPE I CELLS

Line the alveolar surface Cells are so thin (25nm)

Desmosomal & occluding junctions preventleackage of tissue fluid into alveolar air space

To provide a barrier minimal thickness that isreadily permeable to gases


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TYPE II CELLS

Interspersed among the type I cells Desmosomal and occluding junctions

Divided by mitosisreplace type I & II pupolation

Exhibit a characteristic vesicular or foamycytoplasm, by presence of lamellar bodies

Lamellar bodies pulmomary surfactant alveolarsurface tension

Without surfactant alveoli collaps (expiration)

Surfactant appears in the last week of gestation


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Secretion of surfactant by a type II cell. Surfactant is a protein-lipid complex synthesized in the roughendoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and stored in the lamellar bodies. It is continuously secreted bymeans of exocytosis (arrows) and forms an overlying monomolecular film of lipid covering an underlyingaqueous hypophase. Occluding junctions around the margins of the epithelial cells prevent leakage of tissuefluid into the alveolar lumen.


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LUNG MACROPHAGE

= alveolar macrophage = dust cells Found in the anterior of the interalveolar septum,

often seen on the surface of the alveolus

The alveolar macrophage never passed through

the epithelial liningthat scavenge the outersurface of the epithelium carried to the pharynx swallowed


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ALVEOLAR PORES

To connect neighboring alveoli

Equalize air pressure in the alveoli

Promote the collateral circulation of air when abronchiole is obstructed


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BLOOD AND LYMPH CIRCULATIONBlood and lymphcirculation in a pulmonary

lobule. Both vessels and

bronchi are enlarged out

of proportion in this

drawing. In the

interlobular septum, only

one vein (on the left) andone lymphatic vessel (on

the right) are shown,

although both actually

coexist in both regions. At

the lower left, an

enlargement of the pleurashows its mesothelial

lining. (Modified and

reproduced, with

permission, from Ham AW:

Histology, 6th ed.

Lippincott, 1969.)


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K 2-BAHAN KULIAH Respiratori Sistem

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