July | August 2013, Grain & Feed Milling Technology - full edition

7/27/2019 July | August 2013, Grain & Feed Milling Technology - full edition

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GRAIN &

FEEDMILLINGTECHNOLOGY

Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers

accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by

any means without prior permission of the copyright owner.

volume: 124 number 4 issn no: 1466-3872

July - August 2013

Published by

Perendale Publishers Ltd

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United Kingdom

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Publisher

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Associate Editor

Alice Neal

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Tom Blacker

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More Information

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News:Bhler expands rice processing footprint in Thailand 4

Dinnissen launches four new innovations 5

Guttridge unveils new bulk materials handling website 6

Glasgow Caledonian and R-Biopharm Rhne study mycotoxins in stored cereals 6

GFMT Conferences in 2014 7

Kerry Agribusiness gets retrofit bag former 8

Bayer launches product guide 8

NEW! Associations 10

Features:Aflatoxins in Europe: a new risk in maize production? 12

Pig feed pelletizing technology 16

Improving poultry health and production efficiency with probiotics 20

FOCUS CATTLE 24

Sweeping changes to OSHAs sweep auger enforcement 30

Exploring the challenge of single versus multi-enzyme dosing comparisons 34Managing mill maintenance: Maintenance programmes 38

Turkish millingindustry review, part 2 40

Commodities:Raw material outlook, by John Buckley 44

iNdustryeveNts 58Animal Farming Ukraine 59

IAOM Mideast & Africa District Conference & Expo 59

Livestock Asia 2013 59

thegFmtiNterviewNick Everington - Chief executive, Royal Association of 60

British Dairy Farmers

iNdustryFaces 64Federation of Animal Science Societies Award

Alltech Strengthens mycotoxin management team

New chairman of GLOBALG.A.P

Northumbrian feed company appoints animal feed specialist

Viterra Donates $75,000 to support flood relief efforts in Alberta

THEGlobal

Miller


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For those of you who dont know me, let me introducemyself. My names Alice and I am the associateeditor of Grain and Feed Milling Technology.I have worked for the magazine for just over a yearbut until now have been a little hesitant about stickingmy head over the parapet and making my faceknown in the industry. My background is in journal-ism, rather than milling so until I joined GFMT inMay 2012, I had no knowledge of the industry.

However, a year is a long time, and although I amby no means an expert, I have become fascinated withboth the food and feed milling strains of this niche title.In a year, we have covered subjects as diverse as flourstandardisation, pest control in stored grains in transit and

how the extrusion process can help eliminate Salmonellain pet food. A year ago, these topics meant nothing to me,

today they are what I talk about all day and night (and alsoas my long-suffering friends will testify).

My favourite part of the job is without doubt, gettingout and meeting the industry experts face-to-face.

One such occasion was the Nottingham FeedConference held in June. Now in its 45th year, theconference is a fantastic platform to keep abreast ofcurrent issues in the feed industry and is a great educationalopportunity for industry old hands and newcomers alike.

The first day tackled ruminants, in particular dairy cowfeeds. Working for a milling magazine, it is easy to forget

that not all animal feed is produced in a mill. This pointwas hammered home in the first paper by Liam Sinclairand Sandy Mackenzie of Harper Adams University, UK.Liam delivered a talk on mineral nutrition in dairy cowsand the tricky issues of supply and requirement.

Current recommendations on mineral feedings weredetermined when cows lactated less so underfeedingcould be an issue.

Conversely, minerals come in many forms includingfeeds, forage, boluses and licks so farmers should alsobe aware of oversupply. Mineral over supply can lead toreduced mineral absorption due to antagonistic effects athigh inclusion.

Following on from this, Nottingham Universitys own

Nigel Kendall spoke about the over supply of copper andselenium in cows. Both these elements can cause death ordepress productivity if fed in excess quantities so mineralsare an important consideration for feed millers.

After lunch, John Allen of Kite Consulting gave a veryinteresting presentation on global feed and milk pricesand how they interact. The short term outlook for the

UK is higher dairy pricesand reduced feed prices.However, John said thatnothing is certain so makingsweeping statements about

the future is not necessarilyuseful.

The final session of the first day was led by TheunVellinga of Wageningen Livestock Research who spokeon calculating the carbon footprint of animal feeds. This isa subject I have never really considered before so it wasa surprise to learn that the contributions of feed to the

total emissions of livestock products is about 35 percentfor ruminants and 70 percent for monogastrics.

Judith Nelson of The Agricultural IndustriesConfederation (AIC) got day two underway with a paperon legislation affecting the animal feed industry. Hot

topics included the increasing importance of traceability,marketing and labeling issues and the use of additives inlivestock feeds in the EU.

Taking to the stage for the final session, conferenceorganiser, Julian Wiseman, spoke about the nutritionalquality of soya products for non-ruminants. He was keen

to stress that the method of feed production is crucialto final feed quality. It is not enough to merely name themethod, attention must be paid to the machine set up andcrucially, temperature, Wiseman argues.

This point summed up the whole conference for me.Feed production is not confined to the mill. It takes placein laboratories, formulation suites, and on the farm itself.Each part of this chain needs to consider the role it playsand how its actions interact with other stages and thefinished product.

I hope GFMT can play its own part in making this

happen.Thanks must go to the team at Nottingham for a

fantastic event and for making me feel so welcome.Hopefully, I will meet many more of you over the

coming months but until then, I hope you enjoy this issueof the magazine.

Alice Neal

Guest

-EDITORSOBSERV

ATIONS Guest editor - Alice Neal - GFMT

My favourite part of the job is withoutdoubt, getting out and meeting the

industry experts face-to-face.

Alice NealAssociate editor, GFMT

Alice talks about thehighlights in this issue

From your smart phone, simplydownload the Aurasma lightapp, and then subscribe to ourchannel athttp://auras.ma/s/1shRr

Point your phone at the imagebelow and watch it come to life!

Grain&feed miinG echnooG2 | July - august 2013

NEWS

If you have a news story

that you would like to see in

our pages please send your

releases to:

[email protected]

DAILY UPDATES

For more industry news, try

our daily news service - The

Global Miller. Find it at:

www.gfmt.blogspot.com


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After a decade, we replaced our TapcoHeavy-Duty buckets with the Xtreme-Duty

ones . If the new ones perform half as

well as the originals, who knows

how long theyll last maybe

20 years or more!Jamie Mattson

Operations Manager

JAMES VALLEY GRAIN, LLCOakes, North Dakota, U.S.A.

*Grain Journal, Country Journal Publishing Co., Inc., Decatur, Illinois, U.S.A.The color blue, when used in connection with elevator buckets, is a U.S. registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc. 2013 Tapco Inc. All rights reserved.

Jon Hansen

Plant Operator

JAMES VALLEYGRAIN, LLC.

ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS

St. Louis, Missouri U.S.A.

Tel.: +1 314 739 9191 +1 800 AT TAPCO (+1 800 288 2726) Fax: +1 314 739 5880 www.tapcoinc.com

Why 10 Years is Just a Drop in the Bucket When itComes to the Performance of Tapco Buckets

When James Valley Grain installed Tapco buckets in their new

facility in 2001, nobody expected them to last this long. A lot

of commodities of different density

variations like wheat, corn and soy-

beans have run through the original7.05-million-bushel

terminal, which added

extra wear on the

buckets. Through the

years, the volume of

material has gone way up, too.

We went from five million bushels the first year to around

30 million the last four years, Jamie Mattson, Operations

Manager, James Valley Grain, says. In fact, I just looked it up and

calculated that the original Tapco buckets handled 169,297,881

bushels and most of those buckets were the originals.

Anticipating even more volume, the plant recently decided to

upgrade to Tapco CC-XD (Xtreme Duty) buckets made with35-50% more resin thoughout not just at critical wear points.

Ten years is a long time for buckets to endure, especially

running as hard as we do, Mattson says. Honestly, when we

took them off, it was pretty incredible how well they wore. If the

new ones perform half as well as the originals, who knows how

long theyll last maybe 20 years or more!

Extend the longevity of your loadout legs with Tapco buckets.

Find out why 75% of design engineers, contractors and bucket

elevator manufacturers* trust Tapco to keep business moving.

STYLECC-HD(HEAVYDUTY)

STYLECC-XD(XTREMEDUTY)


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NewsJuly - August 2013NEWS

Hello MillersRecently, The Global Miller has been on a journey. Over the past few

weeks, artists ranging from Muddy Waters to The Beach Boys have

featured on the blogs new Friday musical feature, showcasing songs that

reflect our passion for all things grain, feed and milling related.

Muddy Waters - What's the matter with the mill?

This song has a strong connection to the field of milling. Dealing with the

subject of a broken down mill, Whats the matter with the mill, by blues

Americana legend Muddy Waters focuses around the prevailing fear that all

millers face.

http://bit.ly/1b7kU8j

John Fahey - S ligo River Blues

Sligo River blues takes inspiration from Sligo creek, a free-f lowing tributary

of the Anacostia River in Maryland, USA. The creek powered Sligo Mill,

which, before its demolition in the 1920s, distilled whiskey and milled grain

for local farmers.

The Creek served as the inspiration and title for the song and popularised

the area amongst folk artists.

http://bit.ly/1bVXXmu

Bently Boys - Down on Penny's farm

This song, recorded in 1929 lyricises the history of sharecropping, which

emerged in the southern United States following the Civil War. Underthe sharecropping system, farm owners assigned a plot of land to the

sharecropper, who worked and lived on the land. The owner would provide

seeds and tools and collected a share of the harvested crop. Sharecroppers

were also permitted to plant their own produce for food.

http://bit.ly/136Aqs4

Robert Johnson - Malted Milk

This song relates to the grain and feed field in an unusual and interesting

way. Malting, the process of drying germinated cereal grains, is a prevalent

theme in this song with Johnson telling of how he drinks malted milk to

drive his blues away.

http://bit.ly/18uO4Kf

The Beach Boys - Cabin Essence

Although not strictly related to the milling industry, this song does have

an interesting history. When asked about the lyrics of the song, Van Dyke

Parks, writer of Cabin Essence said, I dont know. I have no idea what

those words mean. I was perhaps thinking of Van Goghs wheat field or an

idealised agrarian environment.

http://bit.ly/19d41HK

http://gfmt.blogspot.com

THE GLOBAL MILLER

A blog dedicated to professionals - including nutritionists - in the transportation,

storage and milling of grains, feedstuffs, rice and cereals, globally.

This month we have added our pictures from Cereals Event 2013 to our

Facebook page - take a look at:

http: //www.facebook.com/GrainFeedMillingTechnology

Grain&feed miinG echnooG

Bhler expands rice processingfootprint in Thailand withmajor contract with SiamIndica

The Bhler Group, Switzerland, has announced

a further strengthening of its commitment to

the Thai rice industry with the announcement

of a prestigious high value agreement with Siam

Indica Co. Limited, the largest rice exporter in

Thailand. The substantial investment by Siam Indica

will see Bhler Thailand supply rice processing

equipment totalling over 100 machines including 22

optical sorters.

This new project markedly strengthens our industryreferences and reinforces our leading role in the riceprocessing industry. The agreement with Siam India Co.Limited demonstrates our commitment to help ourcustomers develop state of the art processing solutions.It also shows we are confident about the growth of therice processing market in South East Asia, said MarkLedson, territory manager for South East Asia, BuhlerThailand.Khun Sorawit Chansakulporn, director of productionengineering, Siam Indicas, said, We believe these

upgrades will enhance our name in the internationalmarket and would like to recognise this in our futurebranding. We expect this will be the start of long lastingcooperation with Bhler to support the further develop-ment of our new projects and contribute to the growthof our company.


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Di n n i s s e n P r o c e s s

T e c h n o l o g y , t h e

Ne the r l and s , h a s

already established itself as

a frontrunner in high-quality

applications in the bulk handling

and solids processing field. With

over sixty five years experience,

the company is now a global

player in the feed,

food, pharma and

chemical sector,

of fer ing ta i lor-

made solut ions

in the world of

powders, particles

and granules -

all of which are

developed, tested

a n d p r o d u c e d

in-house.

2013 marks the

beg inn ing o f a

fundamental rise in the field of

process and system integration

for Dinnissen, with the recent

announcement of four new

innovations scheduled to launch

this autumn.

Specialised processtechnology for LeanSix Sigma companiesCompan i e s work i ng i n

accordance with Lean Six Sigma

(a set of tools and techniques

used in process improvement)

are constantly searching for

more efficient, economical and

customer-focused production

solutions.

Dinnissens Lean Mixing

Concept provides savings

in every subset of business

development including costs

for transport and storage

systems, energy, labour and

space. The multifunctionalmixers and vacuum coaters

utilise innovative and simplified

g r av i t y - ba sed t r an spor t

technology.

For companies interested in

purchasing one or more of these

machines, Dinnissen offers a

specialised development plan

that provides the opportunity

to measure the results.

All of Dinnissens tailor-made

machines undergo a factory

acceptance test (FAT) at its

D-Innocenter. Here, products

submitted by clients are tested

in combination

with Dinnissens

existing process

technology.

Following

production,

mechanical tests

are carried out in

order to determine

optimum technical

functionalities

before delivery.

After delivery andinstallation, test

runs are conducted

under a range of conditions

using desired raw materials and

ingredients.

Residue-freeemptying of bagsimproves hygiene andprevents ingredientlossUp to 1 percent of production

ingredients are lost when

delivered to companies in bags

of between 10 kg and 90 kg, due

to residues left behind when

the bags are emptied.

In response to this, Dinnissen

has developed a new emptying

system. Using vibration, air pulse

and suction-based technology,

the system removes up to 99.9

percent of bag contents. The

bag emptier not only prevents

contamination within the

production process, but also stops

ingredients from being dispersed.The system is particularly well

suited for processing expensive

and contamination-sensitive

ingredients.

The system automatically cleans

the outside surface of the bag using

pulsed air and brushes

before opening

the bag, thereby

preventing surface

dirt and contaminants

from entering the production

process. The bag is placed and held

in the bag emptier and completely

cut open, eliminating the possibility

of contamination with the packaging

materials. A sophisticated vacuum

suction system also ensures that

no particles escape from the bag

emptier.

For moisture-sensitive powders,

particles or granulates, specially

conditioned dry air can be

used to prevent clumping and

degradation. After the bag has

been completely emptied, it is

automatically disposed of.

Lean Mixing processwith innovativetransport of powders,granules andgranulatesDinnissens Lean Mixing concept

offers a total and integrated

solution for mixing powders,

granules and granulates ,

including a highly effective

system for transporting raw

ingredients as well as finished

products. This new concept

allows for a totally integrated

mixing and transport process.

Lean Mixing works by lifting

ingredients on specially designed

bags. Once the bags are

hoisted, they are transported

via an automatic route guidance

system to an unloading position

on the transfer station. The

process operator then attaches

the bags to the discharging

stations, connecting them

to FeederValves special ly

developed by Dinnissen.With hold capacities ranging

from 6 kg per hour to as

much as 50 tons per hour,

these cost-efficient and fully

integrated dosage valves ensure

that ingredients are properly

weighed when leaving the

bag or entering the production

process.

The Lean Mixing Concept also

integrates the well-known

double-shaft Pegasus Mixer,

which gently suspends powders,

granules and granulates in the air

while mixing. After the mixing

process, the finished product

goes through an automatic metal

and sieve check, after which it

is transported further via an

automated bag filling system.

Furthermore, as the transport

process is extremely gentle,materials suffer less breakage,

resulting in a higher-quality end

product.

Automated containertipper for residue-free emptyingChemical, pharmaceutical,

recycling, and petrochemical

industries often process hazardous

substances in drums and octabins.

Due to the toxic properties of the

contents, the process of emptying

these containers is both arduous

and dangerous.

In light of this, Dinnissen has

developed an automated

container tipper that enables

containers to be emptied

inside a closed housing system.

By automatically tipping the

container, the innovative

automation empties the contents

safely and efficiently, without

leaving any residue behind. This

process also applies to containers

with an inner lining or those thatcontain chunky, sticky, or finely

dispersed particulate materials.

Dinnissens four innovations

will be showcased various

tradeshows throughout the

autumn.

Dinnissen launches four new innovations

NEWS IN BRIEFIran is approaching Kazakhstanand other Caspian Sea suppliersfor fresh wheat deals after buyingover 1 million tonnes in June and

July. It is believed Iran will need5 million tonnes of imports thissummer.

Cargill, CHS and ConAgra havechosen Denver, Colorado, tobecome the headquarters for anew flour-milling venture. The

new partnership will create aflour superpower that wouldbecome the largest miller in NorthAmerica, with some US$4 billion ayear in sales.

The Canadian federal government

recently announced a CAD$15

million investment in canola

research which will help drive the

industry to new heights, says PattiMiller, Canola Council of Canada

(CCC) president.

Lev Tolstoy Feed Mill, one of the

largest facilities in this sector

in the Lipetsk region, Russia,

recently opened a new grain

receiving centre at the facility.Commissioning of the new

receiving centre will speed up

grain receiving considerably

from 65 tonnes per hour to 150

tonnes per hour.

News July - August 2013 NEWS

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Clear and intuitive with a

strong focus on the needs

of specific industries,

the new Guttridge Ltd website

showcases the extensive range

of equipment and services that

the company

offers for all

a spec t s o f

bulk materials

handling. The

new site also

features the

latest company

news,

customer

testimonials and all the company

brochures in an easily accessible

format for download.

Guttridge recognises that every

industry has very different needs

for materials

handling. The

company

o f f e r s a

broad range

of stainless

and mild steel

conveyors,

elevators and

ancillaries to

meet individual requirements,

and has the expertise and

experience necessary to ensure

a well-engineered successful

handling solution for every

application. The new website

del ivers easi ly accessible

information, categorised by

product and market sector.

Significantly enhanced industry-

specific pages highlight Guttridge

capabilities that address the

critical issues facing key sectors.

A re freshed case study

k n o w l e d g e b a s e a n d

customer testimonials section

demonstrate the breadth of

applications that Guttridge has

successfully tackled and highlight

the benefits delivered to specific

customers . Test imon ia l s

from delighted customers

include feedback from: a

leading UK coffee roasting and

packaging company; a pet food

manufacturer; and a stainless

steel fabrication company that

has worked in partnership

with Guttridge to deliver on a

number of successful projects.

Visit the site at www.guttridge.

co.uk

The potential prevalence

of deadly moulds in

stored foods is being

invest igated by Glasgow

Caledonian University, backed

by R-Biopharm Rhne, the

manufacturer of diagnostic

test kits.

Professor Kofi Aidoo, of the

food bioscience division of the

department of life sciences

at the university, is leading

a specialist team collecting

samples from foods such as

cereals, nuts, pulses, spices and

dried fruits.

Professor Aidoo and his

researchers are looking for

evidence of mycotoxins, which

can have a devastating impact

on the human body.

Ochratoxin, found in cereals,

dried fruit, coffee, wine and

spices, causes kidney cancer.

Aflotoxin, one of the most

virulent toxins, causes liver

cancer. Fumonisin, derived from

a common grain mould, causes

throat cancer.

Prof Aidoo said, "Mycotoxins

are a world-wide problem,

especially in warmer regions

where conditions are right for

the organisms to grow. So food

that we import [to the UK],

foods that are not produced

locally, are prone to growth of

these fungi and production of

the toxins.

"There are particular foods

which are more likely to contain

the toxins, but normally it is the

way they are stored which will

encourage or discourage these

toxigenic fungi to grow."

Prof Aidoo said that there were

issues with shops which kept

products imported from areas

where adequate food safety

checks may be lacking and that

sampling of the product for

analysis could be problematic.

For instance, a sample from

one part of a consignment

could be clear while a sample

from another part of the same

consignment could be affected.

The Glasgow Caledonian

University team analyse samples

using test kits from R-Biopharm

Rhne.

The company, based in Glasgow,

was founded 25 years ago to

make mycotoxin kits, which

test for poisons created by

moulds. R-Biopharm Rhne's

biggest sel l ing product is

immunoaffinity columns, which

use antibodies to bind and

measure elements in samples

and operate at high levels of

sensitivity.

Simon Bevis, managing director,

R-Biopharm Rhne said, "Our

test kits detect parts per billion

and work is going on towards

parts per trillion. To put this

in perspective, identifying

seven parts per billion is akin

to picking out seven particular

people from the ent ire

population of the world."

Prof Aidoo's research started

when he obtained funding from

the Scottish Funding Council to

look at food shops in the west

of Scotland. He said, "The

problem with produce that

comes in from warmer parts of

the world is that the toxins may

already have been pre-formed.

"When you test the sample it

may not have the toxin, but if

the toxigenic fungus is present

and the sample is kept in certain

conditions, such as a warm area

with high humidity, the toxin

may be produced."

Prof Aidoo's team looked at

produce which originated in

warm countries and found

that some of the products

contained the toxins. He

said environmental health

authorities have an immediate

concern about food safety.

However, Prof Aidoo also notes

that further resources are

needed to continue to obtain

samples in order to assemble

meaningful data.

Glasgow Caledonian and R-Biopharm Rhne study mycotoxins in stored cereals

Guttridge unveils new bulk materials handling website

NewsJuly - August 2013



9/68

www.internationalm

illing.com

I

t seems a long

time ago since

I sat down to

write the last

column for this

magazine! Since

I last put pen to

paper, there has

been a deluge

of interested

companies

registering and

renewing for the

IMD 2013-14. These recent couple of

months have been very good and the

last in particular has been the busiest by

far. There is new advertising, equipmentguides and more from some inspiring

companies in all parts of the world.

New and familiar companies are just

as excited as we are for the new edition.

Also, the website has gone through one

of its largest overhauls for years. Lots

of improvements have already been

made and more are to be implemented

soon. Access the homepage at www.

internationalmilling.com to see how the

new look site is shaping up.

One of the biggest changes has been

the updated platforms and social

media. Twitter and Scribd are built in

to the website itself to deliver a greater

experience. Our online presence

matters to us for the listed companies

benefit. As the internet continues to

grow in importance to more of us

around the world, we intend to not

just be there but to be the primary

directory for the milling industries.

Approaching the new publication at its

22nd year is a great position to be in

and we hope you are excited as we are.

Tom Blacker

News July - August 2013NEWS

Grain&feed miinG echnooG July - august 2013 | 7

Over recent months GFMT has been

invited to organise and manage three

key international conferences that

run alongside key established exhibitions.

GFMT recognises that many of the milling

industry's key decision makers and senior

operation managers will visit leading exhibitions

each year to not only meet with colleagues

and view the latest in milling equipment and

services on offer, but to glean knowledge and

detailed information concerning some of the

latest changes taking place in their respective

milling sectors.

That's why we see genuine synergy between

publishing technical features for the industry at

large on the one hand and organising targeted

events, such as meetings and conferences, that

provide an exchange of information and views

on the other. In fact, we would like to give the

opportunity to some of our feature writers

and authors to present their findings and viewson an international speaker platform as well.

We also meet many experts in their fields

of operation in our everyday work who

would make, and often do make, valuable

contributions at conferences. Our role is to

bring together the presenters with the most

interesting information on a given topic. That

is what we are planning to do with each of

the events we have undertaken and are listed

here.

2ND GLOBAL MILLINGCONFERENCE

Bangalore, India - April 23-24, 2014

Meeting the food and feed security needs of 9

billion people by 2050 will again form the basis of

this two-day annual event that has moved from

Chennai in Southern India (where the inaugural

sessions were held in February this year), to

Bangalore, a more accessible centre for millers

from throughout the country. Hosted jointly

by GFMT and Assocom-India, this event looks

at bringing to India international participants

as either speakers or delegates to review the

Indian milling industry - flour, rice, feed and

grains - from a milling processing point-of-view.

India with its one-billion-plus population will bea major user of milled products and a leading

country in total milled grains in the decades

ahead and will lead the region in technological

advancements. Milling in India will benefit from

the adoption of modern milling practices and

processes which this conference aims to

highlight.

The 2nd Global Milling Conference will be

hosted in the same week and city as the VIV/

Ildex India Exhibition event (which takes place at

the Bangalore International Exhibition Centre

(BIEC), 10th Mile, Tumkur Road, Madavara

Post, Dasanapura Hobli, Bangalore 562 123).

Delegates will be able to attend both events

during the one visit to Bangalore. Registering

for the 2nd Global Milling Conference takes

place here: http://assocom-india.com/gmc/

registration.php

CROPTECH-FEEDTECHBangalore, India - April 23, 2014

The third CropTech-FeedTech also takes

place in India during the VIV/Ildex Exhibition

in Bangalore in mid-April 2014. This is another

in a series of two-hour meetings where key

feed industry companies talk openly about the

development of new equipment and products

that support ongoing efficiencies being gained

in feed manufacturing. Six specialists will

'debate' the impact of digital technology in

the development and uses of equipment and

products now finding their way onto the factory

floor and into bins in feedmills. Attending

the event is free-of-charge and makes your

visit to Bangalore in April well worthwhile!

You can keep track of CropTech-FeedTech

developments here: http://www.linkedin.com/

groups?gid=4941124&trk=myg_ugrp_ovr

THE GRAPAS CONFERENCE

Bangkok, Thailand - April 8-9, 2014Perendale Publishers has been engaged for a

second year by Victam International to host

its GRAPAS Conference - a one-day milling

conference - during the co-located FIAAP,

Victam and GRAPAS Asia Exhibitions in

Bangkok, Thailand. Next year's programme

will be separated into four categories so that

delegates can choose their times to attend

more precisely, thereby maximising their time

at the convention centre.

The Programme

Date: April 8, 2014 - Time: 10:00-12:00

and 13:00-15:00

Structure: Four one-hour 'focus sessions'

with two speakers each session

Session titles: Rice Milling; Flour Milling;

Noodle/Pasta Milling; Grain Handling

Languages: Simultaneous translation into

Thai (as per Victam Asia

Registration: Conference attendance free

to delegates registering in advance

and now for something completely different

THE GRAPAS AWARDBangkok, Thailand - April 8, 2014

What do CPM Europe and Foss have incommon? They are both winners of the

GRAPAS Innovation Award, awarded

during the Victam International and

Victam Asia events in Koln, Germany and

Bangkok, Thailand respectively. It's time

to begin thinking about the 2014 GRAPAS

Award for Innovation. Yes, the GRAPAS

Exhibition, which is a co-located exhibition

taking place during Victam Asia from April

8-10, 2014 will again offer an award for the

most innovative product or service designed

and developed for the flour, pasta and rice

milling industries. Companies entering the

competition will have their products and/or

services evaluated by a panel of independent

judges. Application forms are avai lable for

download: http://www.gfmt.co.uk/digital_

media/grapasawards2014.pdf

GFMT Conferences in 2014

Not too lateto update!

orplace an

advert withuscall today: +44 1242 267703


10/68

Kerry Agribusinessgets retrofit bagformer

Kerry Agribusiness Feed

Mi l l in Farranfore ,

Co. Kerry, Ireland has

recently installed a retrofit bag

former with help from Premier

Tech Chronos, UK. The retrofit

project replaces a bag forming

until that was originally supplied

more than 20 years ago.

Kerry Agribusiness provides a

range of products and services

that are aimed at optimising

profitability at a farm level.

From their Farranfore Feed

Mill Kerry Agribusiness has

been supplying top quality

animal feeds across the Munster

region.

As part of the retrofit project,

Premier Tech Chronos

service engineers supported

the Kerry Agr ibus iness

engineers who re-installed and

re-commissioned the SSV Bag

Former. One of the major aims

of the retrofit project was to

ensure continued optimum

packing outputs were achieved

on the previously supplied bag

placing and bag preparation

system, which handles a diverse

range of animal feed products.

Since early 2003, genuine spare

parts matched to the original

Chronos Richardson design

authority documentation and

drawings have been supplied by

fellow Premier Tech company;

Premier Tech Chronos. That

experience and expertise is

still available today for service

and aftermarket support for the

entire company product range.

This expertise and capability

was an important factor in the

companys ability to support

Kerry Agribusiness on this

particular project.

Bayer launchesproduct guide

Now is prime time for

growers to plan their

pre-harvest grain storage

treatments and Bayer is making

this process easier by the launch of

a new grain protectant guidebook.

The manual provides farmers and

pest controllers with all they need

to know about Bayers K-Obiol

insecticide.

Storing grain comes with a variety

of challenges, says Ken Black,national account manager for rural

hygiene, Bayer.

There are three factors that

influence the quality of the grain:

temperature, moisture content

and storage period. The greater

the quantity of grain, the greater

the risk of infestation.

An estimated 90 percent of farm grain

stores harbour at least one species of

insect known to infest grain. When

grain prices are high and with the

possibility of growers choosing tostore their grain for longer a planned

approach to good grain storage is

essential. We hope our guide will help

growers make the best decisions for

protecting their yield.

To order a K-Obiol grain

protectant gu ide book

email pestcontrolexpert@

bayercropscience.com

37% of global overall diets are

made up of animal products in North

America and Western Europe

5-7% of global overall diets are

made up of animal products in Sub-

Saharan Africa and South Asia

38% of global cereal is used for

animal feed

25 units of feedstuff are used to

produce one unit of livestock output

34.8 million tonnes of fish was used

for terrestrial livestock feed in 2004

7times more feed is demanded globally

for ruminants than monogastrics

2 crop categories dominate global

livestock feed: cereals and oil crops.

Source: The Impact of Industrial Grain

Fed Livestock Production on Food

Security: an extended literature review,

Alpen-Adria University, Austria

NUMBERCRUNCHING

Animal feed

NewsJuly - August 2013NEWS


VIGAN Engineering s.a. Rue de lIndustrie, 16 B-1400 Nivelles (Belgium)Phone : +32 67 89 50 41 Fax : +32 67 89 5060 Web : www.vigan.com E-mail : [email protected]

VIGAN manufactures dry agribulk materials handling systems:

Portable pneumatic conveyors or grain pumps (100 - 250 tph);

Pneumatic Continuous barge & Ship Unloaders (160 - 800 tph);

Mechanical Continuous Ship Unloaders (up to 1,500 tph);

Mechanical loaders (up to 1,200 tph).

as well as complete storage systems in ports and the agricultural industries.

From project design to complete turnkey bulk handling solutionsand port terminals with mechanical and/or pneumatic

reliable and cost effective equipment.

PYEONGTAEK PORTSouth Korea1 NIV 400 tph

On rails with cable reels

LATTAKIA PORTSyria2 Mobile T200

2 x 250 tph

SWINOUJSCIEPoland (BUNGE GROUP)1 Loader 600 tph

An afliate company of VAN DE WIELE group.

Latest references

Visitour

website

www.viga

n.com

i i


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PORTS

New US grain terminalboosts port profits

The first new export grainterminal built in the USA in 25years helped increase operatingincome at the Port of Longview,Washington USA, by 20 percentin 2012.

Export Grain Terminal LLCcontributed to a US$6 millionincrease in annual operatingincome and a 4.1 million ton risein total annual tonnage.

It is a largely automatedoperation which is capable ofunloading six 110-car trains atany one time. Its 137 acres ishome to 36 elevators and 10miles of railroad track.

The modern facility has cre-ated new agricultural traffic from

the Pacific Northwest's wheatproduction region.

The next plan for the ownersis to redevelop Berth 4, once aContinental Grain facility, whichhas been unused for more than20 years.

Port strikes in Brazil andArgentina delay grains

Grain deliveries came to astandstill at Brazil's main port ofSantos in early July after truckdrivers went on strike.

Brazil relies on trucks for twothirds of its grain deliveries toports as the countrys rail andwaterway transport networksare underdeveloped.

Despite this reliance on roadtransport, shipments continuedbecause exporting firms holdgrains in reserve according toCodesp, the Santos Port author-ity.

The truckers, part of theMUBC union, demanded a sub-sidy for diesel fuel, exemptionson highway toll payments and anew federal government depart-ment of cargo transportation.

Continuing the strike theme,port workers in Argentina wenton a one-day strike on July12, 2013 in protest over highincome taxes.

The action paralyzed grainshipments from the worldsnumber three soybean and cornexporter.

Chennai Port changescargo to make up forlosses

One of Indias oldest majorports is switching from coal andiron ore to dry bulk and breakbulk cargoes in a bid to recouplost revenue.

In October 2011, ChennaiPort, was banned from handlingdusty cargoes for environmentalreasons. This lead to a declinein tonnage of 18 million tonnesa year and substantial drop inrevenue.

The port is in the processof converting its iron ore berth,Bharathi Dock II and its coal

facility, Jawahar Dock East, intodry bulk facilities.

Record grain loading atMelbourne facility

The Emerald Grain port ter-minal, Melbourne, Australia iscelebrating a record annual load-ing of grain.

About 1.4 million tonnes ofgrain were shipped through theport for the year which ended

June 30, 2013. The vast majorityof this was made up of bulk ship-ments of wheat, barley, canolaand corn.

A record 47 ships berthed atthe port during the year, loadingan average 27,000 tonnes.

Enclosed conveying

systemsIn December this year

Cargotec will deliver its larg-est model Siwertell road-mobileunloader to an undisclosedgrain-handling facility in SouthAmerica. The Siwertell 15 000S will be used to discharge soyameal, corn and wheat at ratedcapacities of 250 t/h to 400 t/hdepending on the material beinghandled.

The order is for a trailer-based, diesel-powered unit fit-

ted with double-bellows, a dustfilter and Siwertell safety featuresappropriate for handling organicmaterial.

"Safety is of course a para-

mount consideration in modernindustrial process," says JrgenOjeda, sales director, Siwertell."When handling organic mate-rial, dust mixed with oxygen andair can result in an explosiveatmosphere inside the enclosedconveying system. Therefore, theSiwertell unloader's safety systemmonitors any potential hazardand is fully equipped to minimise

the risk of an explosion."The provision of dual loading

bellows means that road trans-port units or rail wagons can beloaded sequentially without theneed to interrupt the unload-ing process. This maintains

the unloader's rated capacitiesthroughout the discharge proc-ess," says Ojeda.

"Compared to a single load-ing bellows system, the through-ship capacity is increased by25-30 percent. It is also possible

to connect the outlet to almostany type of receiving land-basedconveying system.

"This level of safety and effi-ciency, along with the quality ofour products and our reputationas a reliable partner, secured thisnew order.

The new unloader will bebuilt at Cargotec's Siwertellproduction premises in Bjuv,Sweden. It will have a totallyenclosed conveying system,which eliminates dust and anyspillages.

A Siwertell road-mobile shipunloader ensures a highly

efficient, flexible and dust-free bulk transfer operation



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The American Feed Industry Association (AFIA)USA

The American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) is a non-profit organisation repre-senting over 550 feed and pet food manufacturing and supplier companies, regionaland state associations and international firms.

The association was founded in 1909 in Chicago, Illinois. Originally known as theAmerican Feed Manufacturers Association (AFMA), the organisation changed itsname to the American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) in 1985, reflecting itschanging membership. In 1992, AFIA merged with the National Feed IngredientsAssociation (NFIA) to become the only national association exclusively representing

the interests of the US feed industry.

AFIA provides leadership and service on legislative and regulatory issues concern-ing feed industry firms from a state, national and global perspective; and provideseducation, training and networking services for the industry. Through its work withCongress and regulatory agencies, AFIA seeks to build on the American feed indus-

try's record of producing the safest and most abundant supply of meat, milk andeggs in the world.

AFIA maintains a staff of 15 professionals. Member companies represent over 75percent of all commercial feed manufactured and supplied to the US market.

AFIA's membership encompasses commercial feed manufacturers, integrated pro-ducers, pet food companies, ingredient suppliers, equipment manufacturers, pharma-ceutical firms, industry support services, related associations and international firms.

AFIA closely monitors state and federal legislative and regulatory actions, as related to

the feed industry. It takes a proactive approach to issues that impact its membership.The Association sponsors many educational seminars and workshops throughoutthe year. It additionally coordinates and administers industry-related councils andcommittees on subjects like animal nutrition, marketing, plant safety and production.

www.afia.org

The Kansas Grain and FeedAssociation (KGFA)USA

The Kansas Grain and Feed Association(KGFA) is an association with membershipencompassing the entire spectrum of thegrain receiving, storage, processing and ship-ping industry in the state of Kansas. KGFAsmembership includes over 950 Kansas busi-

ness locations and represents 98 percent ofthe commercially licensed grain storage in thestate. Started in 1896, KGFA has a rich historyof representing the Kansas grain industry.

www.ksgrainandfeed.org

The Animal Nutrition Associationof Canada (ANAC)Canada

The Animal Nutrition Association of Canada(ANAC) is the national trade association forCanadas commercial feed industry. ANACs170 member companies manufacture live-stock, poultry and aquaculture feed and supplyingredients and services to the industry. ANACmembers account for approximately 90 per-cent of Canadas commercial feed production.

The key role for ANAC is to advocate onbehalf of the feed industry with government

regulators and policy makers. The associationsobjective is to foster a favourable businessenvironment for its members while maintaining

the highest standards of feed safety.

www.anacan.org

31

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2

1

3

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ASSOCIATIONS Feed


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per billion or g/kg) and the maximum 204ppb in Serbian maize 10 times above themaximum level for feed. The EU regula-

tory limit for aflatoxin B1 in feedstuff is 20ppb, whereas in food it is 2-5 ppb (Table1,2).

Current technologyTesting for aflatoxins requires sophisti-

cated sampling methods that need to becarried out at the very beginning of the supplychain to deal with the heterogenic distribution

of this contaminant. Testing methods haveto be very sensitive as limits are between 2and 20 parts per billion (ppb) and 0.1 ppbfor baby food. At the reception point, testingcan be done with lateral flow devices suchas the Romer Labs AgraStrip Aflatoxin, orFluorometric methods like the FluoroQuantAfla. The AgraQuant ELISA kits deliverquantitative results within 10 to 20 minutes.An ELISA reader, such as the StatFax orChromate reader is applied to quantify the

test kits results. The reference method ofchoice in laboratories is LC-MS/MS nowadays,

which is a technology that can detect all majormycotoxins, including aflatoxins, simultane-ously.

Expert statements

AustriaProf Rudolk Krska is an international

mycotoxin expert from the University ofNatural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)in Vienna, Austria.

Prof Krska says, Due to climate change,

conditions in Europe, especially in SouthernEurope, are very favorable for the growth ofAspergillus. This means that Europe will havemore homemade aflatoxin cases in its cropsin the future.

The food and feed industry has to adaptits risk management to cope with this new

threat and minimize aflatoxin exposure inEurope.

Italy

GLM - Gruppo Lavoro Micotossine - isa working group of Italian technicians andresearchers interested in food and feedcontamination, who pay particular attention

to mycotoxins and their consequences onhuman and animal health.

The main health problem in 2012 wasaflatoxin-contaminated corn. There weresome problems with aflatoxins in 2003and 2005 too, but with lower levels andin limited areas, says the GLM workinggroup.

All industries were suffering from theelevated aflatoxin levels, from the farmerwith reduced production to the processor,who had difficulties to source healthy goods

and had to increase analytical controls.For analytical purposes, the GLM explains,

Rapid tests are used by drying and storagefacilities and food/feed processors. They alsouse ELISA tests. The method of choice forlaboratories is HPLC analysis.

The health and surveillance authoritiesissued many decrees and gave directionson possible actions to be taken. Moreover,controls on milk were increased tightly andmany industry operators purchased state-of-

the-art technology equipment to deal withthe aflatoxin problem.

The issues related to mycotoxins areincreasing and climate changes play a role,

too. In future, there will also be problemswith mycotoxins, but the operators nowhave good experience and will know how

to deal with emergencies.

United Kingdom

Prof Naresh Magan is an internationalmycology expert from the Cranfield Universityin Bedford, UK.

The EU green paper identified theMediterranean regions as the hotspots forclimate change impacts, says Prof Magan.

Thus, the incidences in Northern Italy inmaize and along the belt stretching east andperhaps west into South France, Spain andPortugal may become more prevalent foraflatoxin. For example, in north Italy big impacts

are being seen on milk production for thecheese industry.

The high quality cheese industries will bepredominantly affected by contaminated milk.Feed will have to be treated appropriately tominimize aflatoxin contamination in milk.

The affected European countries arebeginning to realise that an effective myco-

toxin management plan is needed. But still,there needs to be a significant improvementin awareness of aflatoxins in feed and themetabolite aflatoxin M1 in milk. Further, farm-ers/coops need more education. The foodand feed companies will start seeing impactsfrom last year and this year and sourcing goodquality raw commodities will be more difficult.

Speaking about aflatoxins as a problem infuture harvest periods, Prof Magan does not

think that the issue was a one-time event, butmore a periodic, common problem from nowonwards, mostly because of the extreme wetand dry conditions.

The future?Aflatoxin B1 is one of the most carcinogen-

ic substances on the planet, 100 times moretoxic than pesticides, for instance. Previously,

they were mainly problems in tropical regions,but now need to be seen as an issue in Europe,especially in Southeastern regions. Europeancountries are also being affected by aflatoxinsbecause of extreme weather conditions and

the food and feed industry needs to be awareof that.

Major maize exporting nations such asArgentina, Brazil and the USA have developedrisk-management systems over recent decades

to handle the aflatoxin risk. Europe needs tolook at these examples to adapt their systems

to this new reality, where aflatoxins are nowon the agenda.

Table 2: Aflatoxins in Feed (EC regulation 100/2003)

Commodity Maximum Level B1

All feed materials 20 ppb

Complementary and complete feed with the exception of: 10 ppb

compound feed for dairy cattle and calves, dairy sheep and lambs, dairy goats and kids, piglets and young poultry animals 5 ppb

compound feed for cattle (except dairy cattle and calves), sheep (except dairy sheep and lambs), goats (except dairy goats andkids), pigs (except piglets) and poultry (except young animals)

20 ppb

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.romerlabs.com


FEATURE


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The advantages of feed pellets in pig

farming are well documented so pig

breeders are inclined to adopt pellets

into feed and are interested in improving

feed pellet quality. Research shows that

there is a proportional relationship

between factors which determine pig feed

pellet quality. Feed formulation accounts

for 40 percent, raw material granularity

20 percent, modulating 20 percent, ring

die specification 15 percent, cooling 5

percent and other factors 5 percent.

So in the case of determined feed formu-lation, feed pelleting technology is crucial topig feed quality. Feed pellets are produced

through a serious of processes such as crush-ing feed ingredients, mixing raw materials,pelleting, cooling, spraying and packing. Eachprocedure is obligatory.

Crushing and mixingThe sequence of crushing and mixing

feed ingredients affects pellet quality. Mixing

feed ingredients after crushing has beenuniversally adopted in America, China andother countries. Raw materials which havedifferent shapes and thicknesses should beground before mixing otherwise it will notbe possible achieve the optimal mixingeffect. Different sized ingredients are difficult

to mix evenly and the nutritional contentof the feed will be inconsistent. The mixinguniformity is also affected by the grindingfineness of feed ingredients. The closer thephysical properties of each component offeed pellet (including particle size), the moreeven the mixing.

Pig feed pelletingPelleting is the most crucial procedure in

the feed pellet process. Modulation is thecritical factor, which affects the end result.

Modulation can gelatinize starch, sterilize andincrease pellet quality (particle hardness anddurability), which is related to feed intake.

The moisture and temperature factorsmainly affect modulation. Supplying moistureby steam can lubricate materials and reduceenergy consumption. However, the amountof steam added should be restricted. Higheror lower modulating temperature makespellet structure loose, increases pellet break-age ratio and pulverulent ratio and losesnutritional content. So discharge tempera-

ture of pig feed pellet should be controlledbetween 76 and 92 degrees Celsius.

Feed pellet coolingThe pelleting follow-up processes such as

cooling and spraying should also be valued.Pelleted feed has a high moisture contentand temperature. In this case, feed pelletshave a soft texture and are prone to mildewduring storage so the cooling process is nec-essary. The cooling airflow and cooling timeshould be controlled strictly. During the pel-

leting process some nutritional ingredientsare damaged or lost by the high temperatureand friction force, in order to ensure pig feedpellet quality, some liquid nutrition shouldbe reintroduced to increase the energy leveland help prevent diseases.

Feed formulation for pigs atdifferent stages

Pigs at different growth stages havedifferent physiological characteristics whichshould be considered when choosing feedingredients and designing feed formulas. Ifpigs are well fed they can generate immune

tolerance to the anti-pathogenic substancesof feeds and protect the digestive tract.

The feed pellet ingredients should fit theirdigestive ability and make preparation forweaned pigs feeding. The feed ingredients

should have substances like milk residuepowder, added sugar, grease and also acertain of vegetable protein.

Piglet feed pellets should mainly considerthe energy and protein level. The level isbetween 20 - 25 percent and the coarsefibre content is under 4 percent. The feedpellets for piglets should contain balancednutrition, with a soft texture and goodpalatability.

The amount of digestive enzymes andtheir activity are radically reduced so theweaned piglets cannot entirely digest thevegetable protein which causes diarrhea.The increased PH value, which inhibits lacto-bacillus growth and stimulates the colonbacillus production also causes diarrhea. Sofeed pellets for weaned pigs should reducediarrhea and increase survival rate and dailyweight gain.

Feeds should incorporate high-energyingredients such as grains, fat and lactose.The grains must be ripened because theycan improve digestion and absorption rate

and reduce diarrhea. The easily digestibleproteins such as bean pulp, whey powderand soybean concentrate protein are idealprotein sauces. Some antigen substanceswithin soybean concentrate protein likeglycinin and polymerization globulin causebrief allergic reaction in the early growthstage of weaned piglets. Even so, the feedingredients must contain soybean protein tomake piglets produce antiallergic ability.

Pig fattening stageIncreasing feed intake is the main factor

to improve growth rate during the fatteningstage.

Feed pellet ingredients are mainly madeup of corn and bean cake. The feed ingre-dients for fattening pigs should be reason-ably collocated so as to ensure the weight

Pig feed pelletizing technologyby Joyce Li, service centre manager, Amisy Machinery, China


FEATURE


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shorten the weaning-estrous interval. Whenthe piglets are weaned, the nutrition level offeed pellets for sows should be sufficient soas to improve pregnancy rate.

Pellet size and pig healthPig gastric ulcers are a recurrent problem

which often occurs on intensive pig farms.The gastric ulcer refers to the erosion ornecrosis of gastric mucosa tissues causedby acute indigestion and stomach bleeding

thus forming the round ulcer surface andeven gastric perforation. It causes anorexia,abdominal discomfort, constipation, diarrheaand gastrorrhagia.

The feed is a main pathogenic factor inpig gastric ulcers. Feed factors relate to feedformulation, feed ingredient quality, feedpellet process technology and feed pelletutilization technology. Feeds containing toomuch corn will cause fibre shortage andinduce gastric ulcers. Adding coarse-fibreraw materials such as grass meal or bran willensure a healthy fibre content.

A shortage of vitamin A, B1, E and sele-nium can also cause the disease. The solutionis to ensure the vitamin content is sufficient.In order to reduce costs, some breedersuse poor-quality feeds. Low-quality fishmealswhich contain a lot of coarse impuritiescan cause gastric trauma and even producehistamine which induces the gastric ulcers.Breeders should use top-quality feed ingre-dients which free from moisture and mildewso as to prevent the increase of unsaturatedfatty acid content and the occurrence ofgastric ulcers.

Tests carried out by Kansas StateUniversity, USA show that the particle sizeof corns is reduced with 100 m each time

the pigs weight gain can increase by 1.3 per-cent. This is because when the comminutingfineness is reduced, the anti-nutritional factor

can be destroyed and feed nutrients canfully contact with digestive enzyme so as toincrease the feed utilization rate.

However, when the comminuting fine-ness is reduced, the gastric ulcer rate andkeratinization degree is increased. Fine feedpellets increase the feed and water intakewhich strengthen the materials flow-abilityin pigs stomach. Therefore, pepsin andgastric acid are constantly in contact with

the mucous membrane of the cardia whichis easy to produce stomach ulcer. As gastriculcers in pigs are generally related to finefeeds, the size of feed pellets is a questionworth considering.

In production, the comminuting fine-ness should make appropriate adjustmentsaccording to pigs productivity at differentgrowth ages. Research shows that commi-nuting fineness of feed ingredients for pigletsis optimal between 300 m and 500 m.Appropriate granularity can increase feedintake and digestive rate so particle size forsow feeds is best between 400 m and 500

m. It is optimal between 500 m and 600m for fattening pigs. Other factors such asirregular feeding time, frequent feeds changeor feeding interruption can also lead tostomach ulcers. So pigs should be scientifi-cally fed.

Bacterial infectionDuring the pelleting process, feeds are

modulated by high temperature which cankill the harmful substance of feed ingredientssuch as Salmonella, corona virus and coliba-cillus. Bacterial infection can cause damage

to pigs. Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcersand cystic gastritis. The corona virus causesvomiting and can damage stomach ganglionwhich results in the lost control of stomachmuscle contraction and the gastric disten-sion.

Most breeders use antibiotics to increasethe animals immune system and preventdisease but the continuous usage causesresistance to drugs, destroys the intestinalflora balance and affects human health. Theoligosaccharide additive has the antibioticsfunction but it has no pollution and residue.It is considered as the ideal replacement ofantibiotics and can be added to the feedspellet.

Feed and the environmentNow consumers not only require nutri-

tious, safe and healthy pork but also wantpig feed pellets that are ecological and

the whole rearing process is environmen-tally sound. However, foul gases such asammonia, hydrogen sulfide, skatole, trimethylammonia and the nitrogen, phosphorus,heavy metal in pig excrement result in envi-ronment pollution.

The root of this pollution is in the feed.Nitrogen and phosphorus content which

can not be well utilized by pigs are the mainpollution sources. Feed ingredients withhigher digestion rates and less nutritionalvariation can reduce the nitrogen emissionsby 5 percent. So feed ingredients should bereasonably selected.

Pigs at different stages have differentnutrition needs. Research shows that adapt-ing the amino acids levels according to pigsgrowth stages and physiological state caneffectively reduce the nitrogen and phospho-rus emissions.

Studies indicate that pig emissions arerelated to the composition of pigs feedpellet. Every 1 percent reduction in proteincontent will reduce the nitrogen excretionby 8.4 percent. And when the coarse proteincontent is reduced from 18 - 15 percent

the nitrogen emission is decreased by 25percent. So reducing the protein contentand improving the protein digestion rate areimportant measures to reduce the nitrogenpollution of pigs manure.

Pig feed pellets are produced based onthe nutritional needs of pigs, the nutritionalvalue of feed composition and by adoptinga scientific formula so pigs can fully exploit

the nutritional benefits and reduce nitrogenemissions. Considering the side effects ofantibiotics and drugs, breeders are moreinclined to add safe and ecological feed addi-

tives to treat disease, improve feed utilizationrate and pigs production property, reducepollution to environment. For example, add-ing a certain amount of vegetable acid,protease and probiotics can maintain thebalance of pigs intestinal flora, improve feedpellets utilization rate, significantly reduce

the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorusand protect the environment.

More InforMatIon:

Email: serv [email protected]

Website: www.feed-pellet-mill.com


FEATURE


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100 percent in the control group to 40percent in the trial group was found whenBacillus subtilis was fed from day 34 to 56,and to 16 percent when Bacillus subtilis wasfed from day 17 - 56 (Maruta et al. 1996).Also in this investigation not only was the

number of infected birds reduced, but also asignificantly lower concentration of campylo-bacter in the faeces of the infected animalswas measured (Maruta et al. 1996).

Further studies describe a lower pathogeniccontamination of broiler carcasses with salmo-

nella and clostridia (La Ragioneand Woodward 2003) or withsalmonella and campylobacter(Fritts et al. 2000) by the useofBacillus subtilis.

As mentioned before notonly the compatibility withother feed components likeorganic acids, coccidiostatsand therapeutic antibioticsbut also the stability againstheat treatments during feedproduction is crucially impor-

tant. Spore forming probiot-ics like Bacillus subtilis existin an inactive stable formand germinate only underideal conditions (Hongh et al.2005). This advantage, com-pared to non spore formingprobiotics is reflected in theresults of several investiga-

tions on the influence of heat

exposure and pelleting proc-esses of temperatures up to90C and also under expan-sion conditions up to 105C

(Nollet 2005, Kampf and van der Aa 2010).The compatibility ofBacillus subtilis C-3102with coccidistatics, therapeutical antibioticsand organic acids has also been proven inscientific investigations (Enthoven and vander Lee 2004).

Table 2: Zootechnical results of the use ofBacillus subtilis C-3102 in broilers and turkeys(Gracia and Medel 2004, Gracia et al. 2007, EFSA 2010, Blairet al. 2004)

Trial no.

Number of animals(replications per trial

groupx animals/pen)

Calsporin

Bacillus subtilisC-3102

(CFU/kg feed)

Body weightat trial end

(kg)

Average dailyweight gain

(g/day)

Feedconversion(kg feed/kg gain)

Broiler 1

(4 trials)

5524

(63 x 22-100)

0

5x108

2.599

2.640*

61.2

62.2*

1.90

1.85**

Broiler 2(4 trials)

8208(139 x 26-50)

010x108

2.3722.436***

55.557.0***

1.821.77***

Turkeys 1#600

(12 x 25)0

3x1086.498

6.732**77.7

80.5**2.062.05

Turkeys 2#960

(32 x 15)0

3x1089.522

9.854**112.6

116.6**2.05

2.02**

Turkeys 3#400

(8 x 25)0

3x10813.41

14.32**105.9

113.2**2.422.42

Significant differences between trial and control group *P


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system of a mobile feedstuff mixer andfree-roaming herds leisurely grazing. As forcaptive breeding dairy cows, all feedstocksneed to be cut shortly, fully mixed anddirect sent to manger. TMR is applied tolarge-scale dairy cow feeding, improving milkproduction, reducing labour requirementsand decreasing feed costs.

Pelleted feed as a concentratesupplement

It is uneconomic for small-scale dairyfarmer to adopt TMR. To ensure goodhealth, high conception rates and optimummilk yields throughout the lactation period,an appropriate concentrate supplement avail-able in either a pellet or meal form is essen-

tial. Pelleted feed is compounded with highly

digestible fibrousfeed ingredientsand supplement-ed with mineral,vitamins and pro-

tein. The proteinand mineral com-ponents can be ispelleted for easyfeeding and offerssufficient pro-

tein, energy andmineral to cattleduring gestationand lactation. Therecommendedfeed rate is 8-10percent of thebody weight of

the animals.

Pelleted feedis regarded as aconcentrate sup-

plement butnot wholedaily ration.For opti-

mum perform-ance, the balanceof the dry mat-

ter requ irementmust be met byfeeding rough-ages such ashay, cut grass orleaves like palmfronds.


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[email protected]

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Suitable for chutes, silos, mixers or conveyors

Not affected by dust or colour

Temperature stable

Hydro-Mix VII

Our sensors are successfully used in many applications to

ensure product quality, maximise yield and save energy.

Typical uses include:

Controlling the moisture in the grain drying process tosave energy and ensure quality

Optimising the efciency of expensive additives such

as mould inhibitors Controlling moisture content during the pelletingprocess

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CATTLE


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Pellet quality and productivityCalves, breeding cattle and lactating cows

have different nutritional requirements andwill need different feed formulations. Rawmaterials have great effect on milk quality;for instance, rapeseed dregs, worse slag, fish-meal, and silkworm chrysalis powder should

be strictly limited. Otherwise, it may makethe milk with a peculiar smell. Conditioningis a key factor in pelleting for starch pastingand sterilization, improving the quality ofgrain, grain hardness and durability includingmaterial moisture content, retention time,and the temperature.

Feed additives have an obvious effect onimprove milk yield and milk composition andreduced milk production stress, but should

be strict control of the dosage.Table 3 lists common additives fordairy cows.

ConclusionSince cattle eat primarily for-

age, cow pellets are a concen-

trate. Feeding pellets to dairycows gives the ability to packageminerals, buffers, rumen modifiersand other ingredients requiredin small quantities in a homog-enous way. There is nothing inherentlyspecial about cow feed pelleting technologybut particle size, mixing time, conditioningdegree, feed additives dosage should all beconsidered.

Table 3: Common additives for dairy cows

Cow feed additivesDosage (per

day)Suitable growth

period

Anionic salts 200 gPrenatal 3 weeks

(calves)

Bentonite 300-500 g Lactating dairy cow

Baking soda 110-225 g Lactating dairy cow

Magnesium oxide 50-90 g Lactating dairy cow

Isomeric acids 50-80 g Lactating dairy cow

Choline 30 g Lactating dairy cow

Monensin 50-200 mgDairy heifer, young

cows

MethionineHydroxy Analogue

30 g Lactating dairy cow

Niacin 6-12 gPrenatal 2 weeks,

postnatal 16 weeks

Yeast culture 10-120 gPrenatal 2 weeks,postnatal 8 weeks

Biogen 10-50 g Lactating dairy cow

Zinc methionine 5 g Lactating dairy cow

Propylene glycol 0.25-0.5 kgPrenatal 1 week,postnatal 2 weeks

Table 2: Roughage and concentrated feed

Cow Feed Main Species Properties Nutrition Feeding Value

Roughage

Grass, hay,crop straw,

alfalfa, chaffspecies

Goodpalatability,

easydigestible,

large volume,high water

content.

Rich in crudeprotein,

carotene,vitamin D,

inorganic salts

Low

Concentrate

Corn,cottonseed

meal, wheatbran, etc.

High quality,low fibre,

easy to storeand transport

Abundantin digestibleenergy and

protein

High

More InforMatIon:

Email: info @pellet-machine.net

Website: www.pellet-machine.net



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Health benefits

of natural feed

ingredients:oregano increases

efficiency of cattle

feeds

Thomas Logemann, Headof Sales, Dostofarm GmbH,

Germany

Since the 1950s, scientists have

known about the medical efficacy of

certain plants. Still, they only found

their way into modern livestock farming

about 10 years ago. Today, they are not

only found in the organic sector.

However, hardly any plant is useful simplyfresh from the field or dried. The plants aregenerally elaborately distilled or fermented,in order to extract the essential oils as a

base for a suitable organic compound. In thelaboratory, the inhibition zone test deliversproof of efficacy: the larger the clear circle,

the more effective the compound. In objec-tive comparative tests with several naturalcompounds, prepared oregano was proven

to be the most effective biological agent.The oil extracted from the plant inhib-

ited 19 of 25 investigated bacterial strains,showed good efficacy against four strains,and only had to admit defeat in two cases.Thus, oregano is considered to be a naturalbroad-spectrum bacteria killer.

Broad-spectrum bacteria killerThe advantage of oregano compared to

other compounds is the relatively low effec-tive dose and the neutral flavour in meat,milk and eggs. The low dose is particularly

remarkable. For example, when used to con-trol fungi, the dose required to eliminate99.9 percent of Candida is 111 times lower

than with the standard medication (calcium-magnesium-caprylate). In other cases, a con-centration of 0.1 percent or 0.01 percent isalready sufficient to eliminate 90 percent.

The laboratory values can generally betransferred to practical use in cattle farming,

however, some restrictions may apply. Forexample, although oregano is very effectiveat inhibiting the spreading of Salmonella,in the barn, these bacteria are not onlyfound in the livestock, but also in alternatehosts, which makes control more difficult.This did not detract from the triumph of

this natural product: oregano is being usedin commercial livestock farming more thanever. Incidentally, it is used mainly for pre-vention until the slaughtering day, since it ispossible without altering the flavour of theanimal product and without record in themedication log. As a side effect, oreganostimulates the animal's appetite and preventspremature spoilage of the feed. Oreganoalso leaves no detectable flavour in milk andmilk products.

Several manufacturers share the market.The German company Dostofarm was oneof the first to work on processing of oreganofor livestock farming. Today, the companyis the only one to offer natural compoundsas a medicine whose efficacy is confirmedaccording to the German Medicines Law.In terms of cost, the conversion to naturalproducts is economical, as demonstrated

by numerous examples from organic andconventional livestock farming. The admin-istration is simple, since the active substanceis only added to the feed or drinking water.There is no danger of an overdose and thereare no known cases of resistance.

Intestinal stabilityOregano has also proven itself for pre-

ventative use to stabilise the intestines ofbarn animals. Compared to conventionalcompounds, oregano is even usually moreeconomical and as a bonus, it does not posea health hazard.

A study shows that oregano is veryeffective when administered as a feed sup-plement. Oregano was given to a groupof calves (43 animals) that had diarrhoea.Already after one single treatment, 58 per-

cent of the animals were free ofsymptoms. The rest of the animals werehealed after the second administration.Although these results were also obtained in

the control group, they were only obtainedwith the use of a hard chemical cocktailconsisting of Baytril, Bacolam and Biosol.

Infections, parasites or bacterial toxinsgenerally cause diarrhoeal disease. It can

be recognised by frequent bowel move-ments that tend to be of liquid consistenceand sometimes severe pain in the animals.Diarrhoea requires immediate treatment,since fluids and minerals are flushed outof the body due to the reduced water-absorbing capacity of the intestinal cells.Dehydration and loss of electrolytes couldultimately lead to the death of the animal.

Respiratory diseaseAnother field of application is respira-

tory disease caused by bacteria or viruses.However, the animals are only susceptiblewhen the farmer creates the conditions

that lead to infection. For this reason, thesurrounding conditions should be checkedbefore using medication.

A crucial point here is insufficient hygiene.Direct contact between persons and theanimals should be restricted as much aspossible in order to reduce the introductionof pathogens. Also, reducing person traffic

through all the operating areas can help toprevent the spread of existing pathogens.The animals themselves are also carriers. Itis always risky to freshen up the population

with purchased animals. If it cannot be avoid-ed, animals should only be bought from oneor few (known) suppliers, which restricts thespectrum of potential pathogens.

Stress factors such as drafts throughdoors or windows that do not close prop-erly or uncoordinated opening of these maypromote the occurrence of disease. For

this reason, ventilation should be optimallyadjusted. This keeps the air temperatureconstant, so that the animal's organismdoes not need to mobilise its reserves tocompensate for cooling. Cleanliness is alwayskey. In the barn, this means that: droppingsshould not be left to lie longer than neces-sary. Therefore, the litter has to be changedas often as required to keep the air free ofammonia. Pay attention to dust in general,as it has a highly irritating effect. The primary



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stress factors also include the mobilisation ofthe population. Thus, changes of building andtransportation should be avoided as much aspossible. Separate animals that disturb thepopulation due to hierarchy conflicts.

Altogether, it is important to protectthe animals' immune system and mucousmembranes. This also prevents secondarydiseases, for example, of the intestinal

tract. The major ity of these measurescan be accomplished without additionalcosts, simply by reorganising the operatingprocedures accordingly. If one wants toreduce the risks even more, the naturaloregano compounds can be added to

the drinking water or sprinkled aroundthe barn. Paral lel to this, the animals canalso be immunised. Antibiotics should onlybe administered if a large portion of thepopulation is infected.

Meanwhile, organic farmers must con-tinue to use natural compounds. In manycases, however, these have proven to be

just as effective. In addit ion, they can beused up to the slaughtering day. Thosewho implement these preventative meas-ures could save a lot of money: respiratorydisease not only counts among the mostfrequent diseases, but also among those

that cause the most economic losses, sincethey inhibit animal growth .

Appetite-stimulating effectIn addition to use for infection preven-

tion, oregano has also proven itself to beeffective against constipation, flatulence andloss of appetite. The latter is a welcomeside effect of the treatment. It can beattributed to its aromatic properties, whichintensify the flavour of the feed and thusincrease the feeding instinct. The effectwas observed in all of the examined animalspecies. The effort is worthwhile froman economical point of view, since theincreased yields generally are opposed torelatively low costs.

In this context, there is also the use oforegano in total mix rations (TMR). Thehomogeneous distribution system consist-ing of basic and concentrated feeds pro-

vides the animals with the required com-ponents and simplifies animal maintenance.Although the mixture produced in the feedmixer improves the return per unit, it is notwithout its problems in the summer. This isdue to fermentation processes in the ration

that reduce the animal's feed intake.Added oregano acts against this: certain

components of the plant provoke a bio-chemical reaction that reduces the reheat-ing of the feed. The aromatic addition alsoincreases the palatability of the feed and

thus increases the animal's appetite. Atthe same time, the stimulation of saliva-tion improves feed conversion and animalhealth: saliva contains sodium bicarbonate,which has an acid-moderating effect in therumen. The required amount of oreganoadministered in powder form is low.

Climate protection side effectOnly a few months ago, scientists from

the Pennsylvania State University, USA sur-prised the world with the discovery thatcattle farmers can make a great contribution

to climate protection with little effort.In a study carried out

on Holstein cows, it wasshown that already a smallamount of oregano in

the feed can reduce theexhalation of methane gasfrom animal stomachs by40 percent. Undesirableside effects were notobserved. On the con-

trary, the cows increasedfat-corrected milk produc-

tion by almost four per-cent. The quantity of freshoregano of 500 grams fed

to each cow on a dailybasis (dosage about 1:40)

can be replaced by processed oregano froman agricultural specialist shop, so that only afraction of the amount is required. The costsare of only a few cents.

Methane is an odourless gas that isproduced by microbiological degradationprocesses in the stomach of almost all mam-mals. It is especially dangerous to the climate,since it has about 23 times more greenhousepotential thancarbon diox-ide. According

to the cal-culations by

the Uni tedNations, theharmful cli-mate effectscaused bymethanefrom livestockfarming evenexceed thoseof the entire

transport sec-tor.

ConclusionThe exam-

ples showthat cattl efarmers todayhave goodalternatives

to the oftenproblematicchemical com-pounds for

the treatmentof disease and

to inc reaseperformance.It is not reallysurprising that,of all things,oregano com-

pounds are best suited for the purpose:the positive effects of this plant have beenknown for centuries. Although their use haddecreased in the last decades due to theindustrial production of antibiotics and otherchemical products, their use has fortunately

been increasing again due to the worldwidetrend towards healthy food that is producedin an animal-friendly way, as well as theincreasing yield pressure.

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.dostofarm.com

PhotocourtesyofDostofarm


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bin following a policy in which an employerrequiring employees to maintain a minimumdistance of six feet from the sweep auger.In a September 29, 2008 InterpretationLetter from OSHA responding to the insur-ance agents request, OSHA explained that1910.272(g)(1)(ii) governed this scenario,and concluded that employees were pro-hibited from being inside grain bins withenergized sweep augers unless the employercould demonstrate that appropriate protec-

tions were in place to prevent exposureto the hazards of the moving machinery.OSHA offered two (not so helpful) meth-ods by which employers could comply: (1)completely guarding the auger (including theflighting that contacts the grain); or (2) usinga rope position

July | August 2013, Grain & Feed Milling Technology - full edition

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