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Transcript of Joints
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Katie GravesKatie Graves
Do Something Cool ProjectHuman Anatomy and
PhysiologyBarbara Burckart
December 1, 2010
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A Photographic Portrayal ofMovements Permitted in Synovial
Joints(includes)
FlexionExtensionAbductionAdductionSupinationPronationRotationInversionEversionElevation
Depression
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Flexion of the KneeFlexion of the Knee
• The angle between the posterior thigh and leg decreases.
• Caused by the contraction of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, the biceps femoris (long head), the popliteus, the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, the sartorius, and the gracilis.
• During flexion, most ligaments are slack, allowing rotation in the joint.
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Extension of the HipExtension of the Hip
• Caused by contraction of the gluteus maximus, the biceps femoris (long head), the semimembranosus, the semitendinosus, the gluteus medius (posterior), and the adductor magnus.
• In a grand arabesque (the position of the dancer in the photo), the hip extends as well as laterally rotates.
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Abduction of the Little Abduction of the Little FingerFinger
• Movement of the little finger away from the middle finger.
• Caused by the contraction of the abductor digiti minimi.
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Adduction of the Little Finger
• Movement of the little finger towards the middle finger.
• Caused by the contraction of the palmar interosseous muscles.
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Supination of the Supination of the ForearmForearm
• Combined with the flexion of the elbow, the palm of the hand faces upward.
• Caused by the contraction of the supinator muscle, as well as the long and short head of the biceps brachii.
• The radius and ulna are situated parallel to one another.
• Supination can be easily confused with lateral rotation of the shoulder joint, but they are not the same function.
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Pronation of the Pronation of the ForearmForearm
• Combined with the flexion of the elbow, the palm of the hand faces downward.
• Caused by the contraction of the humeral and ulner head of the pronator teres, the pronator quadrates, and the flexor carpi radialis.
• The radius crosses over the ulna.• Pronation can be easily confused with
medial rotation of the shoulder joint, but they are not the same function.
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Inversion of the FootInversion of the Foot• Produced by a combination of adduction,
supination, and plantar flexion (extension).• Caused by the contraction of the flexor
digitorum longus, the tibialis anterior and posterior, the flexor hallucis longus, and the triceps surae.
• Occurs around the axis of Henke (an imaginary line that enters the posterolateral tuberosity of the calcaneus, runs anterosuperomedially, and exits through the medial neck of the talus).
• Inversion only applies to the feet.
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Eversion of the FootEversion of the Foot
• Produced by abduction, pronation, and dorsiflexion (flexion).
• Caused by the contraction of the peroneus longus and brevis, the extensor digitorum longus (lateral part), and the peroneus tertius muscle (which is absent in some people).
• Also occurs around the axis of Henke, but is the opposite movement to Inversion.
• Eversion only applies to the feet.
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Medial Rotation of the Medial Rotation of the ShoulderShoulder
• Specifically, the inward rotation of the humerus.
• Caused by the contraction of the subscapularis, the latissimus dorsi, the pectoralis major, the teres major, and the anterior deltoid.
• Often confused with pronation of the forearm.
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Lateral Rotation of the Lateral Rotation of the ShoulderShoulder
• Specifically, the outward rotation of the humerus.
• Caused by the contraction of the infraspinatus, the teres minor, and the posterior deltoid.
• Often confused with supination of the forearm.
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Elevation of the Elevation of the ScapulaScapula
• Lifting of the scapula.• Caused by the contraction of the upper
fibers of trapezius, the levator scapulae, and the rhomboids.
• Often pairs with flexion of the scapula (though this is a learned behavior).
• Fun fact: upper fibers of the trapezius muscles are overused in everyday activities.
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Depression of the Depression of the ScapulaScapula
• Moves the scapula down.• Caused by the contraction of the
lower trapezius and the lower serratus anterior muscles.
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WORKS CITED
Longenbaker, Susannah Nelson., and Sylvia S. Mader. Mader's Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology. Boston, Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008.
Calais-Germain, Blandine. Anatomy of Movement. Seattle: Eastland, 2007.