JENIS DAN BREED

TERNAK PERAH1

PENDAHULUANSPECIES = JENIS A group of individuals, which have certain

common characteristics, that distinguishesthem from other group of individuals. Withina species the individuals are fertile whenmated, in different species they are not.

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BREED = RAS = BANGSA

A group of animals related bydescent and similar in mostcharacters like general appearance,features, size, configuration(arrangement/shape), etc. are said tobe a breed.

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Klasifikasi Mamalia

Mamalia

Protheria Theria

Kelas

Sub-kelas

Infrakelas

(Bertelur) (Mengandung anak)

EutheriaMetatheria

(Berkantong) (Berplacenta)

Ordo Metatheria Marsupialia Mamalia modern

Spesies

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Newborn joey. Note the immature stage of development and that it is "attached" to the nipple.

A joey at 70 days after birth. At this stage the joey would still be in the pouch and attached to the nipple. Note the well developed claws

A 150 day old joey. The joey would still be residing in the mother's pouch.

A 200 day old joey. At this stage it would be staying outside of the pouch, but continuing to nurse the mother by sticking its head into the pouch. 6

TERNAK PERAH

1. SAPI

2. KERBAU

3. KAMBING

4. DOMBA

5. UNTA

6. BISON

7. KUDA

8. YAK7

SAPI

PERAH

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Family Bovidae

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Dairy cattle breeds

Ternak sapi (domesticated cattle) biasanya dibagi kedalamdua kelompok utama yaitu:

> Bos taurus (taurine cattle) : berasal usul dari Eropah(temperate zone)

> Bos indicus (zebu cattle): berasal-usul dari Asia (India)(tropical zone)

Walau diantara keduanya terdapat perbedaan fisik danfisiologis yang, mereka dapat dipersilangkan denganmenghasilkan anak (jantan dan betina) yang fertil.

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Deskripsi Umum Domestic cows are common throughout

the world. They are grown and bred forfood meat and milk production, aswell as for working - plowing andmoving heavy loads.

Domestic cows are social animals andlive in herds which are structuredaccording to a dominance hierarchy.

Cows feed on grasses and otherherbaceous plants. An average cow canconsume about 70 kg of grass in an 8hour day. Cows are ruminants. Theyhave a four chambered stomach.

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Bos indicus group

This group is also called "the humpedcattle (sapi ber-punuk). The size andshape of the hump vary by breed, sexand age of animals.

Other external features common tomost Zebu cattle are narrow body,rather long legs and well developeddewlap, particularly in the males.

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The most important characteristic of this group is itsadaptation to the tropical environment. This adaptationderives from three main aspects:

> a high degree of heat tolerance partly due to low

heat production (associated with low metabolic rate

and low productivity) and partly due to a high

capacity to dissipate heat;

> low nutritional requirements, mainly due to low

metabolic rate and small size and also possibly to

more efficient digestion at low feeding levels;

> a considerable degree of resistance to ticks and also to

many tick-borne diseases prevalent in tropical countries.16

With regard to production traits, this group ischaracterized by low productivity. The milkyields are low with short lactations.

They also have low weight gains and are latematuring with delayed first calving.

An important trait is the higher fat and solids-not-fat content of the milk when comparedwith the Bos taurus group.

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A large number of Zebu breeds have beendescribed, each country in the region havingone to several breeds.

Most of these breeds are of importance onlyin their home countries.

The more important breeds of Zebu cattle areSahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar, Hariana,Kankrej, Gir and Ongole.

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Pada mulanya bangsa-bangsa sapi dari daerahtropis dimanfaatkan tenaganya sebagai ternakkerja dan untuk keperluan upacara-upacaraadat/agama, yang juga memerlukan air sususebagai sesaji.

Turunan sapi zebu yang biasa digunakansebagai sapi perah antara lain adalah:

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Red Sindhi

Asal : India; wilayah yang kering atau/dan panas dengan suhu 500 1070F.

Ciri-ciri:

> Potongan tubuh kuat, kokoh , dan berat, kaki pendek

> Warna merah-coklat, bulu lembut

> Ukuran ambing besar

Sifat-sifat

> Lambat dewasa, yakni sekitar 25 bulan

> Produksi susu 2000 liter permasa laktasi

> Berat badan sapi jantan 500 kg, betina 350 kg.

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Sahiwal

Asal: India.

Tanda-tanda

> Potongan tubuh besar; lebih besar dari Red Shindi.

> Warna coklat kemerahan

> Bulu halus, ambing besar bergantung

Sifat -sifat

> Proses kedewasaan cepat yakni 20 - 25 bulan, lebih cepat

dari Red Sindhi

> Produksi rata-rata permasa laktasi 2500-3000 liter.21

SAPI PERAH TURUNAN BOS TAURUS (SAPI SUB-TROPIS)

For over two centuries, the temperate breeds of cattle have been subjected to strong selection pressure for improved dairy, beef or dual purpose (dairy and beef) characteristics. Many of these breeds have been used in crossbreeding in the tropical countries. Some of the more important ones are as follows.

Termasuk bangsa-bangsa sapi perah sub-tropis adalah Friesien Holstein, Yersey, Ayrshire, Gurensey dan Brown Swiss breed utama sapi perah.

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US Breeds of Dairy Cattle

Holsteins

Jersey

Ayrshires

Swiss

Guernsey

Other

93.4%

3.6 %

0.3 %

0.8 %

0.5 %

1.4 %

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Average Milk Production by Breed

Breed Milk Fat % Fat lb.Protein

%Protein

lb.

Ayrshires 17,885 3.80 680 3.13 688

Brown Swiss

20,757 3.99 828 3.32 688

Guernseys 16,692 4.42 737 3.29 549

Holsteins 25,139 3.62 915 3.02 758

Jerseys 17,732 4.60 815 3.53 633

Shorthorns 17,263 3.57 616 3.09 533

USDA-AIPL 2004 Data 24

Friesian Holstein (FH) Sapi ini juga dikenal dengan nama Fries Holland atau sering

disingkat FH. Di Amerika bangsa sapi ini disebut Holstein, dan di negara-negara lain ada pula yang menyebut Friesien. Tetapi di Indonesia sapi ini popular dengan sebutan FH.

Sapi FH menduduki populasi terbesar, bahkan hampir di seluruh dunia, baik di negara-negara sub-tropis maupun tropis. Bangsa sapi ini mudah beradaptasi di tempat baru. Di Indonesia populasi bangsa sapi FH ini juga yang terbesar diantara bangsa-bangsa sapi perah yang lain.

Di Indonesia, kecuali menggunakan sapi FH murni sebagai sapi perah, khususnya di Jawa Timur, banyak pula diternakkan sapi Grati, yakni hasil persilangan antara Friesian Holstein dan sapi lokal Ongole.

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FH: THE MOST POPULAR BREED OF DAIRY CATTLE

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Asal : Belanda.

Tanda-tanda

> Warna belang hitam putih

> Pada dahinya terdapat hitam putih berbentuk segitiga.

> Dada, perut bawah, kaki dan ekor berwarna berwarna putih.

> Tanduk kecil-pendek menjurus ke depan.

> Ambing : besar, simetris kanan kiri dgn putting yg panjang

dan besar, kulit tipis dengan bulu halus, vena terlihat berkelok

kelok (milk veins).

Sifat-sifat umum

> Tenang dan jinak sehingga mudah ditangani

> Tidak tahan panas, namun mudah beradaptasi

> Lambat menjadi dewasa

> Produksi susu:4500-6000 liter per satu masa laktasi

> Bb: jantan mencapai 1000 kg dan betina 650 kg.

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The breed is well known for its high milk yields(with averages of over 6,000 kg per lactation inseveral countries), but fat and solids-not-fatcontents are low.

They also have larger weight gains and highermature weights than other temperate breeds ofdairy or dual purpose cattle.

In recent years, Friesians have gained inpopularity as the temperate counterpart forcrossbreeding of Zebu cattle and in somecountries, this is the breed of choice.

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History

The Holstein cow originated in Europe

The major historical development of this breed occurred in what is now the Netherlands

Winthrop Chenery brought the first Holstein over so the sailors could have milk

He noticed her high production and started to bring over more

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Yersey Bertubuh kecil, terkecil diantara breed utama sapi perah, namun

bentuk tubuhnya sebagai sapi penghasil susu sangat ideal.

Asal: pulau Yersey, Inggris Selatan.

Tanda-tanda

> Warna tidak seragam, yakni bervariasi mulai dari kelabu-

keputihan,coklat-nmuda ataui ada yang coklat-kekuningan,

coklat-kemerahan, sampai merah-gelap dan pada

bagian-bagian tertentu ada warna putih.

> Jantan berwarna lebih gelap.

> Warna mulut hitam, tetapi dikelilingi warna yang lebih muda.

> Ukuran tanduk sedang,l ebih panjang daripada FH, menjurus

agak ke atas.32

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* Sifat-sifat> Sangat peka dan mudah gugup, kurang tenaga dan

mudah terganggu oleh perubahan-perubahan di sekitar.

> Apabila sapi diperlakukan dengan lembut akan mudahditangani. Namun bila diperlakukan kasar akan mudah berontak sehingga sulit ditangani. Untuk menghadapi bangsa sapi semacam ini, peternak harus hati-hati dan sabar.

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