ISO 14000 & 18000
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Transcript of ISO 14000 & 18000
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 1
INTRODUCTION
What is a fertilizer?
A fertilizer is any material, organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic, that supplies plants with
the necessary nutrients for plant growth and optimum yield. Organic fertilizers are natural
materials of either plant or animal origin, including livestock manure, green manures, crop
residues, household waste, compost, and woodland litter. Inorganic (or mineral) fertilizers are
fertilizers mined from mineral deposits with little processing (e.g., lime, potash, or phosphate
rock), or industrially manufactured through chemical processes (e.g., urea). Inorganic fertilizers
vary in appearance depending on the process of manufacture. The particles can be of many
different sizes and shapes (crystals, pellets, granules, or dust) and the fertilizer grades can
include straight fertilizers (containing one nutrient element only), compound fertilizers
(containing two or more nutrients usually combined in a homogeneous mixture by chemical
interaction) and fertilizer blends (formed by physically blending mineral fertilizers to obtain
desired nutrient ratios).
Inorganic Commercial Fertilizer
Fertilizers are broadly divided into organic fertilizers (composed of organic plant or animal
matter), or inorganic or commercial fertilizers. Plants can only absorb their required nutrients if
they are present in easily dissolved chemical compounds. Both organic and inorganic fertilizers
provide the same needed chemical compounds. Organic fertilizers provided other macro and
micro plant nutrients and are released as the organic matter decays—this may take months or
years. Organic fertilizers nearly always have much lower concentrations of plant nutrients and
have the usual problems of economical collection, treatment, transportation and distribution.
Inorganic fertilizers nearly always are readily dissolved and unless added have few other macro
and micro plant nutrients. Nearly all nitrogen that plants use is in the form of NH3 or
NO3compounds. The usable phosphorus compounds are usually in the form of phosphoric acid
(H3PO4) and the potassium (K) is typically in the form of potassium chloride (KCl). In organic
fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds are released from the complex organic
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 2
compounds as the animal or plant matter decays. In commercial fertilizers the same required
compounds are available in easily dissolved compounds that require no decay—they can be used
almost immediately after water is applied. Inorganic fertilizers are usually much more
concentrated with up to 64% (18-46-0) of their weight being a given plant nutrient, compared to
organic fertilizers that only provide 0.4% or less of their weight as a given plant nutrient
WORK PROCESS CHOSEN
The industrial production of fertilisers may involve several processes.
1. NITROGEN FERTILISERS
Making nitrogen fertilisers involves producing ammonia, which is then reacted withoxygen to
produce nitric acid. Nitric acid is used to acidify phosphate rock to produce nitrogen fertilisers.
The flow diagram below illustrates the processes that are involved. Each of these steps will be
examined in more detail.
Figure 1: Flow diagram showing steps in
the production of nitrogen fertilisers
1. THE HABER PROCESS
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 3
The Haber process involves the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to produce
ammonia. Nitrogen is produced through the fractional distillation of air. Fractional distillation is
the separation of a mixture (remember that air is a mixture of different gases) into its component
parts through various methods. Hydrogen can be produced through steam reforming. In this
process, a hydrocarbon such as methane reacts with water to form carbon monoxide and
hydrogen according to the following equation:
Nitrogen and hydrogen are then used in the Haber process. The equation for the Haber process
is:
(The reaction takes place in the presence of an iron ( ) catalyst under conditions of 200
atmospheres (atm) and 450–500 ℃)
2. THE OSTWALD PROCESS
The Ostwald process is used to produce nitric acid from ammonia. Nitric acid can then be used in
reactions that produce fertilisers. Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in two stages. First, it is
oxidised by heating with oxygen in the presence of a platinum catalyst to form nitric oxide and
water. This step is strongly exothermic, making it a useful heat source.
Stage two, which combines two reaction steps, is carried out in the presence of water. Initially
nitric oxide is oxidised again to yield nitrogen dioxide:
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 4
This gas is then absorbed by the water to produce nitric acid. Nitric oxide is also a product of this
reaction. The nitric oxide ( ) is recycled, and the acid is concentrated to the required strength.
3. THE NITROPHOSPHATE PROCESS
The nitrophosphate process involves acidifying phosphate rock with nitric acid to produce a
mixture of phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate:
When calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid react with ammonia, a compound fertiliser is
produced.
If potassium chloride or potassium sulphate is added, the result will be fertiliser.
4. OTHER NITROGEN FERTILISERS
Urea ( ) is a nitrogen-containing chemical product which is
produced on a large scale worldwide. Urea has the highest nitrogen
content of all solid nitrogeneous fertilisers in common use (46,4%) and is
produced by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide.
Two reactions are involved in producing urea:
1.
2.
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 5
Other common fertilisers are ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate.
Ammonium nitrate is formed by reacting ammonia with nitric acid.
Ammonium sulphate is formed by reacting ammonia with sulphuric acid.
2. PHOSPHATE FERTILISERS
The production of phosphate fertilisers also involves a number of processes. The first is the
production of sulphuric acid through the contact process. Sulphuric acid is then used in a reaction
that produces phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid can then be reacted with phosphate rock to
produce triple superphosphates.
1. The production of sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid is produced from sulphur, oxygen and water through the contact process. In the first
step, sulphur is burned to produce sulphur dioxide.
This is then oxidised to sulphur trioxide using oxygen in the presence of a vanadium(V) oxide
catalyst.
Finally the sulphur trioxide is treated with water to produce 98-99% sulfuric acid.
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 6
2. The production of phosphoric acid
The next step in the production of phosphate fertilizer is the reaction of sulfuric acid with
phosphate rock to produce phosphoric acid ( ). In this example, the phosphate rock is
fluoropatite ( )
3. The production of phosphates and superphosphates
When concentrated phosphoric acid reacts with ground phosphate rock, triple superphosphate is
produced.
3. POTASSIUM
Potassium is obtained from potash, an impure form of potassium carbonate ( ). Other
potassium salts (e.g. and ) are also sometimes included in fertilisers.
IMPACT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
1. WATER QUALITY
a. Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, normally by
compounds that contain nitrogen or phosphorus. Eutrophication is considered a form of pollution
because it promotes plant growth, favouring certain species over others. In aquatic environments,
the rapid growth of certain types of plants can disrupt the normal functioning of an ecosystem,
causing a variety of problems. Human society is impacted as well because eutrophication can
decrease the resource value of rivers, lakes, and estuaries making recreational activities less
enjoyable. Health-related problems can also occur if eutrophic conditions interfere with the
treatment of drinking water.
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 7
b. Blue baby syndrome
High application rates of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers in order to maximize crop yields,
combined with the high solubilities of these fertilizers leads to increased runoff into surface
water as well as leaching into groundwater. The use of ammonium nitrate in inorganic fertilizers
is particularly damaging, as plants absorb ammonium ions preferentially over nitrate ions, while
excess nitrate ions which are not absorbed dissolve (by rain or irrigation) into runoff or
groundwater.
Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause 'blue baby syndrome'
(acquired methemoglobinemia), leading to hypoxia (which can lead to coma and death if not
treated).
2. SOIL
a. Soil acidification
Nitrogen-containing inorganic and organic fertilizers can cause soil acidification when
added. This may lead to decreases in nutrient availability which may be offset by liming.
b. Persistent organic pollutants
Toxic persistent organic pollutants ("POPs"), such as Dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have been detected in agricultural
fertilizers and soil amendments
c. Heavy metal accumulation
The concentration of up to 100 mg/kg of cadmium in phosphate minerals increases the
contamination of soil with cadmium.
Steel industry wastes, recycled into fertilizers for their high levels of zinc (essential to plant
growth), wastes can include the following toxic metals: lead , cadmium,arsenic, chromium, and
nickel. The most common toxic elements in this type of fertilizer are mercury, lead, and arsenic.
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 8
d. Radioactive element accumulation
Uranium is another example of a contaminant often found in phosphate fertilizers (at levels from
7 to 100 pCi/g). Eventually these heavy metals can build up to unacceptable levels and build up
in vegetable produce. Average annual intake of uranium by adults is estimated to be about
0.5 mg (500 μg) from ingestion of food and water and 0.6 μg from breathing air.
Also, highly radioactive Polonium-210 contained in phosphate fertilizers is absorbed by the roots
of plants and stored in its tissues; tobacco derived from plants fertilized by rock phosphates
contains Polonium-210 which emits alpha radiation estimated to cause about 11,700 lung cancer
deaths each year worldwide.
For these reasons, it is recommended that nutrient budgeting, through careful observation and
monitoring of crops, take place to mitigate the effects of excess fertilizer application.
3. ATMOSPHERE
Methane emissions from crop fields (notably rice paddy fields) are increased by the application
of ammonium-based fertilizers; these emissions contribute greatly to global climate change as
methane is a potent greenhouse gas.
Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which is added at a rate of 1 billion tons per
year presently to the already existing amount of reactive nitrogen, nitrous oxide (N2O) has
become the third most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane. It has a
global warming potential 296 times larger than an equal mass of carbon dioxide and it also
contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion.
The use of fertilizers on a global scale emits significant quantities of greenhouse gas into the
atmosphere (citation needed). Emissions come about through the use of:
animal manures and urea, which release methane, nitrous oxide, ammonia, and carbon
dioxide in varying quantities depending on their form (solid or liquid) and management
(collection, storage, spreading)
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 9
fertilizers that use nitric acid or ammonium bicarbonate, the production and application of
which results in emissions of nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide, ammonia and carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.
By changing processes and procedures, it is possible to mitigate some, but not all, of these
effects on anthropogenic climate change
4. OTHER PROBLEMS
Increased pest fitness
Excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications can also lead to pest problems by increasing the birth
rate, longevity and overall fitness of certain agricultural pests, such as aphids (plant lice).
RECOMMENDATION
Inorganic fertilisers can be formulated to apply the appropriate ratio of nutrients to meet plant
growth requirements.
CONCLUSION
I have come to the realization that fertilizer has a negative impact on the environment whether it
is organic or not. Synthetic fertilizers have more chemicals in them and I believe that they impact
the environment to a harsher extent than organic fertilizers. I have started to question the
relationship between inorganic fertilizers and pesticide use. I assume that people who use
synthetic fertilizers are more likely to use pesticides and I am curious to find out whether this is
true. I am also interested in learning about the impact that pesticides have on the environment
and on the foods that they are used on. In general this research has increased my curiosity about
horticulture and agricultural practices and has reaffirmed my belief that everything is
interconnected in the environment. I have come to the conclusion that if your soil requires
nutritional intervention it is best to go as organic as possible.
ISO 14000 AND ISO 18000/DNOS 3233 Page 10