Intro To Archeology:

Intro To Archeology:Intro To Archeology:

Week #1 NotesWeek #1 Notes

What is Archeology?What is Archeology?

World Wide SubjectWorld Wide Subject

What is Archeology?What is Archeology?

A Science – Based on QuestioningA Science – Based on Questioning– Material Objects Left BehindMaterial Objects Left Behind– Cultures that have disappearedCultures that have disappeared

Why Study Archeology?Why Study Archeology?

Answer Questions Answer Questions Scientifically:Scientifically:– CulturesCultures– Living ConditionsLiving Conditions– Industrial WorksIndustrial Works– Migration Habits of Migration Habits of

SocietiesSocieties

Focus of this Class:Focus of this Class:

North AmericaNorth America Great Lakes RegionGreat Lakes Region MarletteMarlette

Key Terms:Key Terms:

Archeology:Archeology: Material Culture:Material Culture:

Discussion Question:Discussion Question:

What comes to mind when you think What comes to mind when you think about Archeology or Archeologists?about Archeology or Archeologists?

History of Archeology:History of Archeology:

Natural Curiosity:Natural Curiosity: Guessing Sites:Guessing Sites:

History of Archeology:History of Archeology:

True Science: Anthropological True Science: Anthropological StudiesStudies

Archeology vs. Archeology vs. AnthropologyAnthropology

ArcheologyArcheology – Part of Anthropology – Part of Anthropology– Focuses on Focuses on ArtifactsArtifacts::

Items left from Items left from Material CultureMaterial Culture

Archeology vs. Archeology vs. AnthropologyAnthropology

Anthropology – Study of patterns of Anthropology – Study of patterns of living culturesliving cultures– Presently Existing CulturesPresently Existing Cultures

Study Areas:Study Areas:

Pre-History:Pre-History:– Paleo-Peoples/CulturesPaleo-Peoples/Cultures– Archaic PeopleArchaic People– Woodland IndiansWoodland Indians


Contact History:Contact History:– Pre-European CulturesPre-European Cultures– European CulturesEuropean Cultures– Asian CulturesAsian Cultures


Historical United StatesHistorical United States– ColonialColonial– NationalisticNationalistic– StatehoodStatehood– MarletteMarlette


Modern:Modern:– 20-2120-21stst Century Cultures Century Cultures

Leaders in Archeology:Leaders in Archeology:

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson


Nels Nelson:Nels Nelson:


Squire and Davis:Squire and Davis:


C.B. Moore: Aucilla River Excavation C.B. Moore: Aucilla River Excavation


James FordJames Ford


W.W. Taylor: Conjunctive ApproachW.W. Taylor: Conjunctive Approach


Lewis Binford:Lewis Binford:


Kathleen Deagan:Kathleen Deagan:

Naturalists:Naturalists:

No Current Naturalists:No Current Naturalists:– Ben FranklinBen Franklin– Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Current Studies:Current Studies:

Specialize:Specialize:– Biological AnthropologistsBiological Anthropologists– Physical AnthropologistsPhysical Anthropologists– Cultural AnthropologistsCultural Anthropologists– Linguistic AnthropologistsLinguistic Anthropologists– Historical AnthropologistsHistorical Anthropologists– Industrial AnthropologistsIndustrial Anthropologists

Culture:Culture:

BeliefsBeliefs Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture Religion – MoralsReligion – Morals LawsLaws CustomsCustoms HabitsHabits TechnologyTechnology

Archeology as a Science:Archeology as a Science: Uses Scientific TheoryUses Scientific Theory Uses Scientific Uses Scientific

Method:Method:– Observations – About Observations – About

natural surroundingsnatural surroundings– Questions – Research Questions – Research

QuestionQuestion– Hypothesis – Based on Hypothesis – Based on

ResearchResearch– Experiment – Experiment –

Archeological DigArcheological Dig– Data - ArtifactsData - Artifacts– Conclusion – Based on Conclusion – Based on

Research and ArtifactsResearch and Artifacts Answers the research Answers the research

question!question!

Current Michigan Current Michigan Archeology:Archeology:

Occupation Sites:Occupation Sites:– Prehistoric – Beaver IslandPrehistoric – Beaver Island– Contact – Sault Ste MarieContact – Sault Ste Marie


Occupational Sites:Occupational Sites:– Historic – Fort St. JosephHistoric – Fort St. Joseph– Modern – Marlette Train StationModern – Marlette Train Station


Battles and Conflicts:Battles and Conflicts:– Prehistoric – Tribal WarsPrehistoric – Tribal Wars– Contact – Mackinaw Contact – Mackinaw


Battles and Conflicts:Battles and Conflicts:– Historic – Cass River BattleHistoric – Cass River Battle

Toledo WarToledo War

– Modern – Calumet RiotsModern – Calumet Riots Detroit RiotsDetroit Riots


Cultural Disasters:Cultural Disasters:– Prehistoric: Sanilac Prehistoric: Sanilac

BowmanBowman– Contact: Spread of Contact: Spread of

SmallpoxSmallpox– Historic: Thumb Historic: Thumb

FiresFires


AnthropologyAnthropology ArtifactArtifact Pre-HistoryPre-History ContactContact CultureCulture SiteSite Occupational SiteOccupational Site

Purpose of Archeology:Purpose of Archeology:

Answer Specific Questions:Answer Specific Questions:– Previous OccupationsPrevious Occupations– Land UseLand Use– Human Use of Geographical Locations Human Use of Geographical Locations

and Resourcesand Resources– Material CultureMaterial Culture


Verify Locations and Document:Verify Locations and Document:– Occupational SitesOccupational Sites– Industrial SitesIndustrial Sites


Record/Photograph/GPS Locate:Record/Photograph/GPS Locate:– EvidenceEvidence– Least Disturbance as PossibleLeast Disturbance as Possible

Philosophies of Archeology:Philosophies of Archeology:

Beginnings:Beginnings:– Natural CuriosityNatural Curiosity– Unauthorized: “Pot Unauthorized: “Pot

Hole” DiggingHole” Digging Burial RobberyBurial Robbery Seeking Lost Seeking Lost

Treasure – Sell Treasure – Sell ArtifactsArtifacts

– No RecordsNo Records– Random ExplorationRandom Exploration– Not Scientific!Not Scientific!


Organized Organized Archeology:Archeology:– Land DevelopmentLand Development– Better Documentation:Better Documentation:– Funded ProjectsFunded Projects– Beginning of Scholarly Beginning of Scholarly

StudyStudy– University SponsoredUniversity Sponsored– Storage and Storage and

Preservation Preservation TechniquesTechniques


Modern:Modern:– Used as Last ResortUsed as Last Resort

Prevent inadvertent Prevent inadvertent Destruction of study Destruction of study sitessites

Refined Refined DocumentationDocumentation

– Satellite PhotosSatellite Photos– Ground Penetrating Ground Penetrating

RadarRadar– GPSGPS


Modern:Modern:– Contracted Field StudiesContracted Field Studies– Extensive Research Before DigExtensive Research Before Dig– Advanced Data CollectionAdvanced Data Collection– Protective LegislationProtective Legislation– Better accountabilityBetter accountability


Future?Future?

Conclusion:Conclusion:

Archeology must Archeology must have a purpose:have a purpose:

Must be defined and Must be defined and documenteddocumented

Only take was is Only take was is neededneeded

Document every Document every artifact: Locationartifact: Location

Artifact removed Artifact removed from ground is DEADfrom ground is DEAD

Ethics of Archeology:Ethics of Archeology:

Respect:Respect:– Integrity of the AncientsIntegrity of the Ancients– OrganizedOrganized– Respect Private PropertyRespect Private Property


Research:Research:– Find out as much as possible about the Find out as much as possible about the

culture of studyculture of study– Have a research question – Focus Have a research question – Focus

intentionsintentions


Digging:Digging:– Used as a last resort:Used as a last resort:

Consider alternatives Consider alternatives to diggingto digging

– Consult State Consult State ArcheologistArcheologist

– Legal Protections:Legal Protections: National Historic National Historic

Preservation Act of Preservation Act of 20002000

Human Remains – Human Remains – State PoliceState Police


Preservation:Preservation:– Site: Do not dig more than necessarySite: Do not dig more than necessary– Keep Comprehensive RecordsKeep Comprehensive Records– Once opened the site is destroyedOnce opened the site is destroyed– Only remove items after complete Only remove items after complete

descriptions and locations are descriptions and locations are documenteddocumented

– Use Photo documentationUse Photo documentation– Conserve artifactsConserve artifacts


Publications:Publications:– Share Share

information/findingsinformation/findings– Be Prepared for Be Prepared for

criticismcriticism


Unfound Sites:Unfound Sites:– Involve adults before doing anythingInvolve adults before doing anything– Use accepted methods of documenting Use accepted methods of documenting

itit– Follow recognized proceduresFollow recognized procedures– Follow local, state and national laws!Follow local, state and national laws!


Pot Hole ArcheologyPot Hole Archeology Field StudyField Study EthicEthic in situin situ

Assignment:Assignment:

Describe an example of when you Describe an example of when you should dig and when you should not. should dig and when you should not. What can you do if you do not What can you do if you do not choose to dig?choose to dig?

Intro To Archeology:

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