INGLES- Knox Vicesimus, The Spirit of Despotism [1795].pdf

8/22/2019 INGLES- Knox Vicesimus, The Spirit of Despotism [1795].pdf

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THE SPIRITD E S P O T I S M .

LOItD CASTLEREAGET.

LONDOW:PRIXTED FOR WILLIAM HONE, 45, LUDGATE HILL1821.I_. . *. . ..- . . . . , .. . . . .. ... .. * I .. ... .. . . .) . I . . . . k r i T E G x p F F . ; e ::


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DED1C:ITIOS.


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SrcrloN Ix1 ~ l ram admutage P M r m -i lmwtionr, &ntal EEeeuer, and~ fcn+t Rmohko n t a d Pw-

rogah'ae and P-, and meroad oathe -ut of the Pwpk.T H E riots inhich,o the dis-grace of magistracy,and he boastrd~ vigilance of min isters, richly paid as heyarc, to guard t h e public sdety ,) a rrived frorncontcruptit,le eginningso a formidable

an si de re d by cour tiers, and those who aremagni tude inheyear 1 7 8 0 , have k ncontinually labouring to exalt prerogative a tthe expence of liberty, w extreme1 tavour-&le to their purpose. They causey an uni-versalan ic . l l l e cowardice, folly, andperhaps wickedness of certain yublic func-rivemischief; but the exreses of a fewt i o n a r m ,w e r e the true cause ot the exten-mostwretchedrioters,whoscarcelyknewwhat heywereduing ; children,wonlen ,and drunken persons, were attributed to thcP m p L E . Arg um ent5 were draw n from heeventapi1l.cpopularcharacters,pqmlarlooks , pq1111ar ssemblies, auld in favour ofmilitarycoercion.Militaryassociations nt h e capital were encottragcd, antl the bankof E n ~ l ~ n decame a barrdck. Liberty hasfew votaries ncomparisonwithProperty.The a la rm was a r t td lg cncreased , and theTir i t o fdc spot ls n l grew under irs operat ion.the ruirli, and would have rcjuiced in b uild-he Tom antl JacoLiteparty e w lt cd Overiug a Babtillc with the dilnpidations. "See,"" he effi.cto o f ' J H l W P in the hands ( I F !hesaid they. as they trirlmphcrl over the scene,PKOPLK !"B ut thr tnltl l is, he p e o p l e , thegrandooncernetl ill ctlecting the n l i d i e f ; f o r Im3L.s of thecmlmuni ty ,we reno t at al lhegqars, wonlen, and drunkards, the people.cannot d l lortuitotls assemt11;tge f boys,pressed by the sl ightest excrriuns of m an f,T h e first irregularities m ight have becn su -spirit. Buthosewho were Imsqcsscd of'joying the sweets of office without wfferingefficient places and their e m o h m e n @ , e n -3 senbe of its duties to embit ter thew, dis-!cried !h at heyhad tnot. T he ople a tlased no spirit , an t l left it to be fnirly in-large werr not to be blamed for E s e un-for luna te events ; he whole of he culpa-bi!it belonsed to theappointcdnrinistrrsof t i e law, ~n whom thc people trusted andlaidon th c people; and hosewho, romweredeceived. Theblame, however, w astheir arbitrary pnnciyles, wished tn h r e t l i tjoiced at he calamity, as an auspiciousall popular interference in government, re-justifying their practice.event, onfirming all theirheories ndT hear t fu lencroachers on liberty were. .

not deceived in calcuht' Lbs efFectsd i n g rom thismal&%&onfdut+v ont h e put of the civil magistrate. Ahnosti m m e d i e i y a dam ww cast on the gem-rous rdour, rhiR, u n k r a W ~ V I I I ,Richmond, n Por+nd, Md 8 Pitt, .wp3seeking the splvorlun of he MUntry, In awell-timed md deliberate refoFm of h aH o w o f Communr . A few, mdeed, re-mained equaily zealous in the i r tuouscause ; but the minds of the rnany wereacquiesce under every corruption at tcudedplsied by the pn ic , and scemrd ready towhich, heywere uught to believe, couldwilh tranquil l i ty , ra ther t h i u r ri-k a reformnot be effected r i lhont popular commotion.Toryism saw the change with del ipht , andeny loye ( a l l i t s influence nauglnentiugan c u n t ~ ~ ~ u i n g t h eolitical t o r p r .have re l inqu ihed it3 Intentions of effect ing111 a few )ears

thc public mind scellled toa speedy re form. It seemed to adop t thephysician'smaxim, Jfrrlurfr bcnc' p d u mIre ? , , o w t o ; and he5itated to undertake theremoval o f a local p i n , l e s t i t should throwTh e fear of exciting a general inflammationthe mc\rlrid lrratterover hewholehahit.preventcti nl rn fiom probing and cleaningthellvetcrate lcer. I n the lllean time,stopped n ts progress, must erminate UItheore is growingworse, and i f o ta rnc)rlificatiun.Th t~s mpor tan tandextensivewere heconsequences of a po pul ar t t lm dt, danGer-ou, indeed and terrible in itself, but artfullyexaggerated and abtmd by interested cour-iiers, or the prevention of patl ianlentaryceedings.Whenany a p p d to the peoplereform, and the discredit of all pnpda r pro-was in agitation, on any business whatever,it was sltfficient to say, '* emenlLer theriuts," and the ntendedmrabure wa9 im -mediately elinquished.Aglorious oppor-tunity fu r the growth of despotic opinions 1The high-churchndigh-governmentbigots reJoiced as if they had gained a com-plete victory. They already sang Te Uecrm.'

But in themidst of their triumphs, ashuman affairsareseldom ongstatwnary,the French evolutioncommenced.Everyhonest antl enlightened mind exulted at i t ;but he new9 w a s like a death-bell to thefu l a part of Europe emancipated from theears of the sJcop hants . So large, so power-fangs of des potism , b la s t ed all the buddingh o p of those who were rdther nleditatinthe e s d l i s h m e n t h a n the &mulit ion 3ab:,o!ute rule .risttrcracilr ide wgbmortified.Every sullen sentiment , veryb o w n of thatambit ion,which eeks itsangryassion,ose {n the tli-appointedpeople. But liberty andhuman i ty s y m pown levation on the epression of the


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provinces, IuaJI h l u t e prioa, .Mihshever , he s@jugatcd plains w*hih heferttltred wttb hunts1 gore.What are the chief considerations wthsuch men, previously tu going to wnr, aodat itscol&sion?Evidently he ex-of M O ~ L Y . L i t t l e is ,aid or thought of tbel i v e % lust, or devoted tu be lost, w e p t apnlrtters of prcvCunkr.y value. llurnanity.i l r d e d ,w e e p in sdcr~reand sulitude, IIIthe sequestered slide of private life ; b u tand a b i r l e t s ? \$hen men hi,$ incom-iy a single teat shed n courts, and camp,111:1nd, Inen of fortwe andarnilp, h l l ,their deeds are blazoned, and theg,figure inhiqtory ; but who save t h e poor wtduw andt l re orph311nc uirc ofter the very 11an1esofthe rank and tilt! l h e r e they lie, a Inassu t I I I I I I I ~ I Ifle>h, not so much r egrc t td IIYarnl5 they 11ore. \Vhile ship5 often go d o w nthe I IVSIJ (J~Ss the horscs they rode, or t he1 ~ 1 1 ~f war, antl nut H lite is savctl ; het o the I ~ o t t o n ~ ,truck I)? the iron t lm de r -a-rordlng to the \eight o f metal wasted,n;~rionsl1us.s is rstinlated l ~ y he despot ,an d t l ~ c magnitude a ~ ~ dspcnce of thewootlcn caat!e.Ilorntur lochryrnir amissa pecunia v e r i $ !

G O I I , w e rc:ctl, nrade m an i n h i ; owninlagc ; and ollr Saviour taught us that heH:H the lcir o f itnmortality. G o n made110 tfistinction ut persons; but behold al x iug , born to a hce l~ rc , houglr a poor,p n p , s h l v c r i n gnwrtal l ~ k e he rest, pre-mmes to sell, aut1 le t uut for h ire, hesei n l a p o f God, to do the work 0 1 huIrhers,i l l any CBUSE , antl lo r an y picylnaster, onanv nurntm otunoflcndinc iellow-creatures,\ v L w e srantltng upindelcnce ut theirh e x t l u , thciral tan, their w ~ v e s , heir rtril-clrrn, and their iherty.Great I:unlhcrs ofInen troinccl t o the trade u f h u n l a n IJllrclleryarc co~~stantlyeady to I t k t to hire, ooxrry on the work otdcspotisrll. and t o s u pIvort. by the money they earn i n this hellishe m p l u y e n t , dle I ~ ~ s r ~ r i o u sices of t h ethat $rate of human affairs be r$ht an dwretch who calls them his property. Canworthy the name of a man, sunk in effe-proper, which pernits a miscreant, &arcel,a1momi;lable kind of vice, ignorant and illi-milla&, the stave of vice, often the mostterdtc,debilitatedwithdisease, weak inh l y as in m ind, to have such dominion ofhundredsof thousands, his uperiors bynatnre, as to let them out fo r pay, to murderthe innocent stranger in mid blood ?m o n a r c h i q such atrocious villainy is m e rI h o u g h , in free countriesand imit&Eberty and humanity to he o n their p dmi t t ed ,y e t i t becomes the f r iends ofagainst the prevalence of any opinions andp ~ ~ % i c e shich de recia* man, as man,and v.ihfg humrn h e . None can tell to

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Mfm top M c A,'rhrt enonncnod e p m i small colrccssionsmay iead; wh en th e !mor of a i n m isg r s d ~ n l l y oftened b y , the wicked arts ofproudnaiguen, idoluing grandeur andt m ing on povcrty.d a t shall we hink o f therart iceofw1mtiscalled C m M P l w ? 1s t to { e =\ l oadin a freecountry ? Arenotmen bou;ht,cattle, beasts of the field or the forest, andinre igle tl, or forccd by it, as if the y we rscapable of b e c o m i ~ g h e yroprty o f th eL h o l d withpatience ucha yrdcrice i n -urchaser or the captor? I fa na ti i n silouldcreasing anrl encouraged by th e gr w t, w od dthere not be reason to wspect, that i t lradlost t h e spirit of freedom, and was preparingto su lm i t it s neck to the yoke o f t ie - w t i m l ?Is not a n inlpresIed sailor or a k i h a r p e dsoldier one u t thc imagesof G n l ) ? Is lie notclltitled t o a11 t h e r ights of tratrlre, and thesociety of which hr ie amember ! I h e sp v e r t y d i d r a n c h i m a man, rub him of hisbe bought and sold, or thrown away, at therlghta, and w i d e r his / ! ! e a cunlmcitlity towill of a rich nm1, who is enabled to take:Idvantape ot Ills ant, and at111 to thenrisfortunc of in t l i pc e th ec ur seu f slavery ?by ccnnlvmce, i f not by legal p e r r n i sh n ,A re a few pieces of silver t o be allowed,os the rice of blood, \ \h en vert!., bu tnot the will, consents to tile saK?*pectacle patrunizrd 119priuces, ad e lxuu-Even it ' U O X I N G were ever to Lecorne ar a w d 11s' a peuple, there w d d x reapont o L r lest Y,tN, . i s M A S , ] l ad lost his va lu e ;iest life were cstinlated uf h i e p r m a nd!est th e y i r i t of despatisnl wetc g radu;llly~ n s t n u a t ~ n gtJc!f intoheornmlmlty.T h e r e would he reason o ear est imcs,like hose of the atterHonlanenlpcrurs,wcre eturning, and that lncnmigilt b ekept like wild beasts, to L C hrougllt u n 1hcs t y e antl h-ht f u r public diversion, and tobe murderex l i lr the evening's amusem entoff ash ion abl e !ords and ladies, at an opera-house.T h e dignity o f huma n na twe , in despo-t i c a l cou ntm s, i s reatedas a burlesque.A man s less dignified than a pamperedhorse, anrl his lil'e infinitely ess Yalued.B u t i n a land of' libert!, llke ours, everyman should learn to venerate hinlself andhis neighbour, as a noble creature, de ende n t on ly on God, n reason, on law. Lfiunder uch ircumstances, is a pcar l o fsuch clrcctmstances, is of equal value in thegreat p:ice. Ev ery um an ein g, nd erconsequenceofcivilelevetion,hold anysight of GOD. They, herefore, who, inm ' s ife cheapand vile, unless he hasare g u i l t y ofebellion a s t GOD,ndforfeited his rightsby eno~mws rimes,h t to be hunted out o E i e t v ; as t h e3,nce tbe native of ~a land's foresa,waa erterminatad fiom the is%rd.

infa..*t.arc to Dcrlpacinr. 26S E C T S O N XI.

h d i f m c r o the niddie a d hmwfaira, highly f a m r a d l e to tk l&Clarcu .J ' he PlrorLo to pwbl i c Aand thtrejoore to t h e Spirit oj' &1r rmchnt r r t r of the Tory Prinri le

'J 'IIE opinion, hat henlajority o f thequisl tww, is a t once nsult in8 ant l i~~ , iu r i -?:OPLE have no ronrern n political di3-ous. l 'heywho~aintnint, evidentlynlean tu make 3 eparation in the nlintls ofnwn, etweenhe overtmlcnt and thenatiotl. I t is insulti:lg to t h e nation, as iti n 4 n w t e ~irat they are either incup able orunwurthy of interf'ering ; and it is injuriousI I I U I I I I ~ ,a3 i t enders hat p w e r , whichtu thegovernnlent aut1 the w h l c cotn-uught to Ile an uh jrct ol' l u v c an o l j rc t ofterror a ~ ~ dcalvusy.sul:jcct to absollrte p w , id i l l wlllcll theSuch an upinion is f i t only fur a roun t ryr q l l e , cu~~s ide rc t lnly as runqneretl slaws,

1111tl thcir lives :md a11 their etl.juylycnts a tthe w i l l oi ' thc ronqucror. A s I t urlginates111desputic prmciple+, bu it tends to I m d u c cantl dlffwe t h e m .A s tr, the intellectua l bililics o f t h epeuplc, i t I> certain that home o f tlle ablests ta tebn len, I n \ rg iy > , an d ncn of h s ~ n e s s ,haw origin.ctell trtrnl thatortlrrwhich iscalled plebeian. 'l'llerc is a singular \ igourot 'nl ind, as well as of I~udv, in I I IC I I whohave I~ccnplacctl out o l ' t l ~ ceach of luxuryand corrtlption try their p u r or o l ~ ~ u r ccollditlun ; ant1 \\he n his vigour ut' rnindhas been i l n ,roved 119 a conlpctent cdwx-tiun,and rli ,wqueut op pr tu ni tic s of ex -perience :cut1 otJwvation, it I I : I \ lccl to very1li-h degrees ot menta l erce l i tnrc . Ple-h i . m s h d v e arrivcd at the vrry Lirht r m ki l l all arts ant1 sriencc-; ant1 theresnothing in politics so peculiarly ah(trwe orrccrmltte, a5 to be i l~rolnl tre l lcn~iblcy in -tellect$ hat haw penetrated nto the pro-foundest depths of yhiluwphg.let h i m whodenies it , deny a t thc sameA 5 to herizht of the people to think,time heir ight to brcathp. Theycan nonlorc avoid thlnkine hanbreathing. GODformed them to do 60th; ntl though states-men oftell ac t as if they wished to opposethe w i l l of the Deity, get happily they wantth e p w e r . A u d since m e n must hink, isit . pocsible to prevent them from thinkingot the gmernment? upon the right on-d u c t ofwhichdepend heir ibcrty, heirproperty, an d their lives. It is their dutyto watch over t h e possessors of power, lesting nature of pmw, from Laving to t he i rthey should be prevented, b t h e encroach-p o s te r i t y that freedom which they i nheri ted: a oanurl right, preserved from the

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The woappmbaPring&uence. Iarrsmact,~libertyMd-r ig ar e mote o o d u a v e to ha 'nesah n xcessive r i ~ b e c r , t must be .nnmredu reat su th e tifh mm's. I f he shoulda&ut h e poor man's stake in them i n t y , islose this stake, his poverty, w h i c h -3 COD-zded by tbe wnsc iuusaess f his liberty andsecurity Lemma, an evil nfinitely aad. l ie 11as nothing left to ~ M ~ T EIron1 the opprmpor's w r o n g mad the pmudt e a heast uf b u r t h e n : ur the mind sinksman's contumely. He may soon degeneratewhile a man feels that he is free, and fills awith tilelavery of the condition. Butre?ipectable rank, as r freeman, in the com-sa ou r, even In rd of comp arative dignity.munit!, he walks with t~pr ight port con.

Whlle he mi%e acld lower ranks ac-uaint hemselveswith heir ights, they% o u ~ lbo impress on h e i r minds a senseof' their duties, and return obedience andallegiance for protection.l o pertlrrn the part of p o d members oft h e comm unity, tilelr unde rstandin gs mu stbe duly enlighte ned, and they mu st he en-w u n p e tl , rather than forbidden, to glve adose a t ten t ion :o all public tmns actwn s.j lwtly crlled misunderstandings. I t isi sagrcouents in privateife are

oftenthrougllwant of clear conceptlons, th atfeuds a:ld anim osities (iequently happen inpublic. 1 e wmy are nbt so mad as heya r e represented. l h e y act honestly andzealously ncconling to their knowledge.Give ttltrn fair ar~d 'ull infornration, andthey w ~ ! l o the thing that is right, in con-q u e n c r of It. But nothitlgmore gene-rd!y, ::lid ju st ly ofiends th em ,han natteulpt to conceal or disturt actswhichcuncertl tlwrn ;an attem pt to render themt h c d u l v u:' intcrestetl ambition, plan ningL 0x11 levation 011 the ruin3 of their in-dependence.my to all turnultuary and riotous procetd-I w1.11, ah a friend to peace, and an enc-ings, llat hemass of the people shouldundcrsunrlheonst i tnt ion,nd now,t h a t retlrecb of grievances is to be sought,a nd obtained by appeak to the law ; by a ppeals t o reawn ;without appealingexceptseldonl occur, to the a rm of violence. IIn QWS of th e very last necessity, which.advise them patiently to bear, while there is-abuses, if no other mode of redress appears,b u t a hope of melioration,even flagrantfor the yresent, but convulsion. I wouldexhort them not to Ry from the despotismaf an administration, to the des tisrn2 e z v z ; Z t f ~ i E , % Z L q u i 1 l i

I wou1d)ohave? the p ro -d& p o o r and obscure. I would wish theplm,f t h e r ichand great, as we I as those80 iabour a t promoting human happine~s~1all ranks, and be assured, tha t happin-,~kaltb,iswttebeenjoycdinafwer.

the Obje& of Coarm.To aeccrnplish chm ends, f thinkm u c h poius cannot be bestowed in tea&them tu u n d e n w n d the tnle nnture of cd3liw : nd in demonstrating to them, t&it is mjuml by a l l e xce sm , whether &eexoessts ori 'nate in COLINr c o t l l y p s .And s u r e r those men are neither l r icndsto their country nor t o human nature, who,for the sake of kecping down he owerorders, would ohject to t d i n g he pe~rlethe value of a pure IT csentation, free wf-f q e , free press, an rt ri al hy j u r . These

dear theconstitution to t hem, to rend=ar e t h e things hat are most 11keL to en-Z e a h d y I ' f a CF d b h .them truly loyal,chearfullyobedient, andIt is not t h e delusive publira tions of in -temted and awo phau tic associators whichcan product, this valuablcpurpose. Writ-ings so evidently partial persuade none b u tceive nunc but those th at ar e willing tothose that arc already persudded ; and d evith the ra t bod\* of the pcoplc, w h odeceived. Truth only wll have weighth a v e n o i i n g t o ho e fromministerialfavollr, or to fi.ar, w h e the conr ti tu tiunis unilnpaircd, from nlini3terial di+euure.terrupted t1y pcrwnp; actu ated by tory and

L e t the people then IJ Ct lihert!, unin -h igh proga t ive pr inc ip les , to study poli-they slloose it, i n societies. T h r tnorc theytics, o read panlpMcts, and to dcLate, Xknow of a good cunstitution ulrd a goodadministration, the tc t tcr ti ley w~llchavc.Ministry ncctl not hirc new spIw r>, o r rm -ploy s p e s Let thrtn Iluild thcir rrmfidcncern t r u t h and justirr, and the crlligllrencdpeople w ~ l l oustit\lte its f i r m s t I ~ ~ ~ t t r c s s .Let i tnever be Said, that he pcultlc ha venothing to do w i t h r l i t l c . ; ! lest, i t h u l dgard to t l ~ c eople.Le in!crred, that w c pohtlcs I uve no rc-

S E C T I O S Xfl.The devot i c Spirit is inrlimd i o din-courage Commerce, as unfcmourablet o ita Px17mes.S man a rcasuna\~le creature? Is he then1 most perfect ant1 happy,when his con-duct is re-ulrted by reaw n! I f so , thenthe boaste tage of cHIv.lLRY was an ageoffolly, mad ness, and m iser7. I t w as an agein which a romantic imagrnation triumphedby force over the plainest and strongest de-

which pride and wanton insolence t r a r u p l da s i o n s of common s e n s e . I t w y i all age inon the rights and haRinesv of huntan na-ture. To express my ldca of it in a word,i t WBS an age of Q U I X O T I S M ,in which Eu-mope appeared as one vast country ofbdh-m r t e . Yet, wonderful to relate, men havelatelyarisen,pretending to extraonlinary'degrees of the distinctive faculty of man,professing the most Unbuuncted p w


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merchrnt drip, but l e t h e 1-n of wazaxe; but flourish tbc sword. Sink tberide on the waves io dl her glary."Sleh se n t i m e n t s m e m b l e those of tbefeuddbaruns , the m o s t d e ~ p o t i c G ~ s ~ ~ sold feudal barons,however, could not ol-h t ver isgraced uman ature. Theways find en~p loynlcn t or he aword athome ; nd Pe te r the monk told t h e m theywould be rewardedn eaven b waginwar on I'alestine. T h ey e n d e d w i gthe blessin k, of th e Pope on the banners.v a s d s who were lef t a t home. Both com-It waq a fortunateevent or t h e despisednaerce and libertyaregreatly indebted to$e cru sad es for their subse quent flourish-mg s ta te . In he absence ot the yrants,a r t anti industry on thrir own account, andth e tratlcvme~rand arrisnnu eserciscd their~raduallyacquired a degree fndepen-dcocc. Many of the barons never re turnedto oppress then]. Many re turned,greatlyil?jured in strength , pirit, nd roperty.C u n q u e n t l y they ost heir power. Char-ter$ W C I C n o w sold or granted , and Com-mercc lif'red up her ront in efiance ofI'ride, that, loubingdown rom he r ca stl eo n t l lc > h i p antl ~ ~ ~ a n u f a c t u r e r ,espised herlowly ( J C C L I ~ ~ ~ ~ I I ,hilehenvied eropulerxe. The c o u ~ ~ t r yas e ~ ~ r i r h e c lyart5whichhe ~oblcs d w m ed vile. 'heIIIYCS of the people acquired property, a n dwith it, poucr an t l ~nctcpendence. Thetgrarmy of ttrc k t l i l d l ~ g s t c 1 1 1 ,nd he non-WIIW u f cllivalry.which cntkavoured tocreatc a t k m s t i c w r i t , n d e p c ~ ~ l e n t ofvir tue a n d utilty, soon vanishedw h e n t h eh u ~ n ~ c r rlintl was at l h e r t y to think for it-self; and IIWIIwere.mbuldonetl t o a c tfrcclL I I ~ consciuusr~ess ut' possessi~rgk i l l and prolwrty.ilut w h ~ l e ll c Iluman heart is su1,ject t opritlc, and f c m l u t I,u\ver, the 5pirit o f ty-ranny, which act t~ atrd he old barons inIct~tlal ime


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80 i n Private Lif.


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increased by tlre ChurcA and the 3iil i iary. SI


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&e iotlucnce of a minister , and the over-k i n g weightoforiental riches, L E G IS -%*TORS for the emporium of Europe ! I fs u c h an ven t were ever to lucppcn, itw o u l dd i seouragc all t i r t u r in he risingenrrat ior l of merchants, traders and nlanu-f k t u r m ; nd teach them, that every thingb y s to A L M I G H T Y M O S E Y , howevcr ob-ta rned ,and to COI'RT I S F L V E N C E , alwaysr d y o favour overbearing and overgrown,proper ty . I t woulcl b e a m elan cl~ oly sytnp-. a m ot t lepenerdc mong the people. I tw o u ~hew tha t X e v m t / t / sp i r i t Ilegins to

. a n d /&!.I@/,unde r the spirit ot derpcltism.fade an d wiiher, as i t has & done in 'litrkgIt i, trulyalarrning to all trueEnglish-' m e n , to w e great f r t ld i t rg r ompr r n i r s u.ing*he inHueneewhich iches bestow, in se-con din g the views of 'a t n i n i , < f


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o f 4-rhinately an be place unl the cottage.The# are as m u c h cwmies to kings os tothepmple,because they would, i f . p s i h l e ,bektn sthemseelves: b u t e~ h a t ~ s i r n p o ssib le , k e y c rouch, like Fawning s p i e k , totlle Land which hils it in his powerLO throwthem a bone.forrnidalrle to liberty, becaura the y arc insa-l h i a description of persons i3 peculiarlytiablygreedy o f pmw. From heirorderwhich t hey t r h c on s p x l e t i o n , l lhe &&rschiefly a r i e the purchasers of Ilurou*hc inin hops, determined t c ~e-sell thc+r CUII I I I IO-dity, as soon as they can, o the hcst bidder.They a re a h f that hardened effronterywhicll pusllrs Its w ay to public employment,s t a d s forward a t court, and, on all ~~ c c d -sions, a s s u u e s that inqrclrtancr,which,from tile gerwral tfittidence of' the rettcrpart ot 'nlarlkmtl, IS btlt tuo easily ruurcdedsequence of' this I I I I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ I I ~?wrdnrr , th icto the uaost inryudentpretensilms. nrcrn-arrogant, audacious presunlptwn, this hard-ened tempcr, \ v h i r h ran lrcar r c p ~ ~ l s eith-rise tu th e higlrrst p o s ts : antl s l l c h I t s wol t l t lout being ahashed ur d c + r i t d , theyoiirne\tb e p a t s ( ~ tlunuur, i t they were not t i l ledby nlen who havenotoncquality of abeneficent nature, or w111ch thwn. rs theesteem o f theirellow-crutllrcs.iuttfwugh they 1r;lvc no iuclillatiun to du good;the^ acquire the pw{er, trllich they fail r i o tto rercl%e, oingtrucl~wil . 'They en-cour.t;e arbltr:iryprir icip lc. 'They tletlre-ciate the ptople on all occahions; ant1 at l t lwe igh t and corlfitlcllre to the aristorraticalconfedrracy. They m a y w n e t i r n c s LC nlenof pa rts . Th ey arc rel(l11111 ehc ien t n hegraccs of IArd Clwstcrliclt l . But t h y a rcth e c1rildi.h van ity of the wo~.ltl,antl prc-ard-hearted, S C I G ~ I Iwretches, attackled toferring a title ur a riband tn the pcacr, thcfeliow-mortals ; a11which t l 1 c y are ready tolises, tlle property, and the liberty of ttlcirprime 1nini5ter, and obtaining wnlc Ilauble,sacrtficc, even fu r the r h r r w r of plraGin; a

not he batlgc ofexperiencedvirtue. Jnewhwh rrasun rn w t ever d c q m e , n h e n it isbeing called H i s Grace, or h'ol~lcNarquls,"of tt1e.e ( y a p an old wri re r* jd u e smillion o f livcs, provided that in such a gc-( u n u k d nalncs as they are,) ''nlore t l ~ a nneral destruction he can ave O S E ; andto confirmhemselvesnheirll-gottenhonours, they generally hatch plots, subornrebellions, or any thing that they think r a ncreate business, keep themselvesrom beingy t i o n e d , an d T H I N mankind,whereby

ey lose 50 many o f their enemies."~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~

wbose rcfipimrw aa o f f m Pdyish superstition,Samuel Johnmo; not the Lcriropapher,1 enera te his abilities ; but detest his politics.and whose l o y n l t y t t l e must irrahrwlToryirnr.He would h a v e dieplaced the Bnuuwick/ami& fur tbe Slaartr, if his power had keptpa w i t h his inclinations.

d A h t e ~ w q : w .ssnxosr xxv.Of a Nohurl A r h t c ~ ~ t y .ATOBILITY, ccording to the idea o f thevulgar, both in high an d low life, is

nothing n ~ r mhan RICHBS thathuve beena I I J I I ~inre in nnc Farailr : bu t i t often h a ppns that riches lmeben originally gainedand preserved in o w family b y sordid BVGrice, by lnean and dishonest arts; such a r t sas arc ultcrly incompatible with trne nobi-lity, with superiority o f intellects, un i t edwith genero4 tv of'd i sps i t ion .civil diytirlctions, were taken from W A R :a+hlost of til; t i t l 6 . s of wob i l i l y , an t l o the ra nlrrqum, 21 duke, a count, a haroo. aIa ldgrave,a k n i d t an e q u ir e . lhc in -wtlo have nlitigated tv i l and at1 ille ell let^ theventors of art 111ey rc j i w r i \ , c n , lor the satnet i d r m P i n theirarb itrar y ule . 111somercwoni , to t11Uw \rtw c he rt t he w n c p ur-poses, I I I J ~ J Vwur only , but hy CORHVYTIUN,cnrichcd 1,s the ong- contin lied fhvorlr o fl'erwrns t i ~ u z , . k d tu civll honours, t h u scotlrts, woultl willinFly derreciateall dlynitywhich i. deri\cd troni (;on a~ld irtue on1r~nintlehtetlo p;rtcnts r o d T h r y wukcreate an artificialprcfeimce to a drstin-guiched few anlong the hllll lan rare, w h ic hnature i \ for ever -couuteracting, try givinsllpcrioratilitics to thusc . . tho a r e p u s h e sdown a n ~ o n g he dc5piwI and neglectedmany . 'This cundllc t is bo th urijuht an&IlnnatIlral. 1tannot bo fasourdllk tc*11111lr:tn happiue+, because t is adverse tmtrnrh, and rl


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et is,t h e * SeeL not a Lcrrrt that hats inw n itfi their own, but a legal w n -nerion which increases their fortune. or ag.d i m the ir i tuat ion. A marriage ofn ta na g ea h c n h e heart is rnostprone to it, i 5 considcred as a iblly and amisfurtune, unless it advances the man in.society. Thew o m e n learn to retdiate,and t o Give their I m d s without their hu r t s ;grat ifywg pr ide a t the eapeuce of love.\\ 'hen truth, juqtice, r e a s u ~ ~ ,nd nature ,t h e D B S I I I F . f' c l i r t i r r c t i o r r , \r.hich is the casea r e little reS;lrded, in ornp titio rl sithwherev er t1;e spi rit of de3put ism hns in&nuztctl i ~ s r l l ; I1 1 t.;w and s d d hdppiuesswill Le s;!criticcd t w the crpmrmct' of SII.an d carr iages ,andaLtve all, i n c m r t pa-~ ~ e r i o r i ~ yn birth . in w\ hcn bltm , ill lluubcsyour . ' I ' h t . tenderest tics of cunsmguil t i ty ,opposed to the t'urce ul' any thing which isa f h i t y , a n d f ri cn d hi p, wap asun der wllenlikely t u contrlbute tu perwrral splendur u rfanlily pride, plltiral consequence, intlu-e n r e a t cIccLwns, and finally, to t l w h o ~ ~ o u r sconferred hy ruIdltg.Tllc little a5piralltsat subortimatc tlegrccs of de>p:tti.tll, arcc o n t I 1 1 1 1 d 1 ~r a w l ~ n g 1p the hdl , ever lorgk-ing a the Iwdliant object the ~ ln l rn i t ,a n d leaving below, all tllat love and llaturezcach thenl to embrace.From tllis pril~ciplt.,unnatural as it is,a r ises he n l ious&>i r e ot' ari,tocraticalbigots to rnukc, as they es rek5 it , a n k LI)-w r o w ; to starve, or at L i t . to di.;tress,a dozen suns and tlaugh~erc;, in order toicavc behlnd them onegreat represcntative,w h o m:tJ continue to toil in the purs uit of'civi l prc-eminence, for tile grdtihta t iun ofj i m i ( y pr id.. The prir ileges of ptimogelli-ture establish etty des ts all over theland , w11u arc ntc res tec ran d suff ic ientlyinclined, frompridc 11s well as interc.t, topromotchepirit ut' despot is~n . T l qwould hare no objection to the f'cudal sys-of lordsand vassals. N o t elmtentedwithtern, in whic h the only distinction w as thatengrossing the prspertg which uwht tu bethe y laim privile es i n consequence of'sharedamong henbro th er s a.nY siste rs,theirp ro p er ty , a n t w ou ld uppruptide th ebirds of the alr and the beasts of the forestfor heirrecreation n the field, and heirluxury a t the table .W h e n h e laws of nature,andetcrnaltruth and just ice, are violated, n o wonderthat despolisrn advances, and m m is de-

E,

paded.SECTIONXYII .Un the qptnion that the People aremnih i l e t ed or absorbed itz Parlia-

me&; hut the Voice of the People+no where to be heard but in Par-

l iuart; ad w riniLot J k l i r i qtrulirgtodqmd.(s*Psopla tT H E R E s no doctr ine SO absurd but pidoamf selfishnesswill adopt and nuihtiuni t wi t h obstinacy, i f i t be conducive tu theirgatif ication.Alexander, t i s sak r c u yC e i a r s demanded ditvine honoun. Many

lievcd himself a od. T h e vilest of theinstances are o n record of wretrl~rd i n g s ,with hardly any thing worthy of mtrn aboutthem, furgettiltg, in consequence ot'a lit&elevation atmve others, that they were mor-tals: behavine wi th he wicketlness mdcruelty uf devi&, and a t t h e s a m e t i m r a r t "gating the power and rli nity of the celestialna ture . I t 13 related ot'fiiuulo. the Cartha-ginian,hat e kugh t t a r l ings to say,large nunlbcr had earned heir eswn, heDeus Nunno ;"* and t h a t whenaveryt h a t they w o u l d teach the wild hirrls on theturned hcln loose into the w c ~ ~ l h ,loplngthusheivinity o f ' Iia1111o uright betree5 to rcpeat the same words, and t h a tw;;ftctl into the em oteyt regions, and be-collie theworship of the wwerse. Suchcouduct appears to resemble the ravings ofthe Imor lunatic, who crowns himscll, as liesits in hisdesolate cell, w i t h II crown ofstraw, and iwagincs, while he * w a y s asccptre of th c s a n ~ aterial., that he is BDp+ I mean those whu h ave all the d i s pemperor . Urlt in ruth, he pride of de+S I I I U I I S of despots, thollph hcy m a y nots y n ~ p t o l n sot' downright Irlnacy.'ridc ishsve thedlad enl s, dibplays nlany of theal lorvet l tv 1l1e phybicians to h a v e a power-fill cffcct-in t tl rn ~n g the ,rain ; and t l~oughi t may not a lways fi t the unhappy w ffererfurRetllarn, ye t comm only endershirnunfit for the ofices of' social life.behaves in a manner wh ich turn3 r i ty intohocking as lnadness is, it om etim eslaughter . Can any hing be more ridicu-lous, han he nsolenre of some persons,who having adopted hiph aribtocrrttical no-highitles, nd ighank, eciarehattions, to correspondwith heir high birth,they know not what 15 meant by the pcopleout of par l iament ; ha t hey do not ac-knowledqeheiticalxistence of thepeople, but on tc benches of St. Stephen'schape l? Individuals of low degree they mayknow, and employ in their service, but theyknow nothing o f th e people, 88 miilwna ofM E N , possessing rights or power. Theconstitu tion (sa they) knows nothin:, ofth e people con siiered as individuals," Klng,but wha t is mean t by th e People they can-lords and comm ons constitute he muon;alwayshave hem Jipersed by the milknot divine. A mob they.know, and wouldtary, as won as two or three are gathered

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AIXI d t re w e ti at Tnlo1syJorm concerning FreDch principkr , is saido f one, wb, n the C o m m c n a m t D t o f t h e(these art: the very words of t r o w )& have proposed to Mr. Pox t o 'ointogetherd~ LIBERTY.' ' . T h e proposer must haveg i n 4 t ha t, a ssis te d by onc wore, he couldno small opiuion of himself, when he ima-frmu dum the ductriner of &rrt.y. Jupiterto di~ cou atc rlau ce her ty, al1d annihilateshook Olyrnpus with 8 ndd; and Burke wast h e political eristence of ayeople,with a? R O W S .

. .. "

rB '' F R O W X I N G D O WN THE D O C T R I W U


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d i k e d , ahicb gave independence to A-r i i and rendered Fraoce a republic. Itis said, w r y unjustly, to c o n b i n the semi-nal principles of Mr. Paine'u matured andexpanded ree. Mr. Loeke, therefore, t h eeat defender f the Rrvulurioli and uf Kingg'i llia rn , - reprobated by T o r y c o w e r s ,and nunhr red , by Ltle aspirants atenormou~power nd itileges to w h i h t h e y h a v eno Jus t anS nlturat claim, among +orc~A u c k ! d ' s 6' tniscreuatr rulie&? p h ~ l o u tphrr6 ,contrary to the conlnwn selrse and cuutmonMen who undertake to defend an y th ingin te rwt uf' w w k i n d , ~r-uallyhur t t h e s idecu,sLrtt, arrd cal l ing ir th C O I I I I ~ U I Ihen.%,they intend to defend, by pronloting a db-exc l ted 1J.v the eornnlon interest, to defend11s o w l cause . T h u s Sir llubert i lnler 'sbook p v c : rise both to Sydney's and Locke'sd ~ f t n r c : f Iitterty. l ' h w Mr. h t rkr ' s Re-t i d o l l s on Fralrce drew furth M r. Paine 'sltights ut' Mall, invl1ich s nluch excel-cencurcof inlitrdmonarchy. 'I'hnls Sal-lcntmatter, rninglctl with~lanleablercpublirans ot England in t l~ea.t century,rna\iu%'ame rcrn irry invcctive cigditrst theprovuhrtl the greatMilton, scarcely k s seluqut : r l t in prose than in poetry, to defendtlle ri$r o f rhe people ot ' I I n y l ? ~ ~ domanage, in their ow11 country, t h m o w ncum*rns, ccordin; : to thclr o w n jbdgmenband ilxliuation.h l i l tm and L d e are p a t r imes onthe hide ut' Ji11crt.y. Ilut Rliltorl has beentrcatr4 ci~nteul~tllousl!,lsly;nd sowe aveshew11 a spirit illiberal enough tu det rac tfronl hir poetry i n rcvewe for 1114 pulitics.111s l a b t bioyrapher, 1)r . So hn run , w h o h a dviaorolls ~ V W I I I couldnot to the last s u bmany early prcjldiceswhich llis mostthlr, w;ik, by e;trly prejudire, ;b violent'i'ury and JaccJbite. 1 thu lk here is reasomt o hel leve, tllat he would h a w t w n easilyabilities and virtues; but I cann ot help re-n d t a convert to popcry. 1 vcncrate hispreroptive principles red him to speak lessmarking,hatisiph-churehnd high- +hflnollrdl~lg f Milton than he mus t haredone I!' he llrd viewed him thro ugh a me-dium undiscolouretl. M ilton was a oreaterm an t h a n Johnson ; and though I th9nk hewent too f i r in hishatred tu mo narch yand cpiscopaey, yet, nextenuation, let i tbe c o n d e r r d how muchmonarchy andepiscopacy hadbeenabused in his time,and h o w nluchmore friendly to freedomthey both are n our happier a e. Miltondlsrovered a noble spirit of infependence,and is w r i h s contain some of theh e s t passages b a t ever were writtenvindication' of civil iberty. l h e y con&lute d to m ise that spirit which alterwardsproduced our happy revolution ; and I h v eno h u b t b u t tha t Milton would hawre


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joiad under (L limited monanhy . It is towrittn and to a spirit l ike his, mankindare int%tcd fur h e im itati on. If hon cstpnd able minds ike Mil ton 's had not a ppearedonhe part of he people, i t ISprobable hatnosuch hing as a limitedmonarch would harebeen oundon hefixe of t h e e a r t h ; and the family now onthe Uriti-h throne wuuld hare been knownonly in tlre p e t t y dynacties of the G e r m a nempire .kreespiritsarc therefore to be pardonednsome errors which the propensity of humannature t o er r rn w t ever render r c n i d ; audt h e general tcndrncy of heirwrttiugs oought to secure attention to their dortriurr; ,m a k e th e n1a.s ot'nlnl1kind free and h a p p y ,an d honour o heirnames.Theenetnirsto he l i r i t o f deaputismhaveseenwithpain, , h e at tenlpts to lessen hesegreatm en In the ryes of tllc world estcndcd towriters of I e s rcnown, but of more recentptirrtrte l j r i , 2nd p h i l o q h e r ~ ,w t ~ o b e ( l is-da te . Thcy l lare we n nwn, gaud 7 1 1 e t l i r hcourses xnll letters h a v e gainrd thP noticca n d Estrem of' eve ry cnllghtcrletl rollntry ,reprodiclled, v ilified. persecuted, and idnloatdestroyed, tlecatlee, in cmze tlence cf thtltf ine u nrle wt , tnd in~ which l a t i done somrtch in p h i i o w p l l v , they m;dc so111e dis-coveries npolit~c;whirhmlmt f u r evermilitate owerfully gaincthe pirit ofdeya t i sm. Vol ta i re , I (o us s e a ~ ~ ,laynal,their clmrartcrs, att;linmcnrs, a11r1 ahilities,Price,I'ricstley, K lin e, hoa.ever tliflerentare all vilified togrUrer, ( I)ccause thry havewrittenatlrnirably on the sidc of liberty,)all invol\ed none ndizcriminate orrrntof obloquy. 'I'he parti>arls o f urlllnlitctlpower would persuade Its, notonly Ihattheywere knaves, bu t fools. Sume oft hem have very exeeptionable passages, intheir works ; hu t whe re they t reat u t m i lliberty,hey plead the aus e of h u m a nnature. 'They h a v e no; pleaded itunsuc-ccssf~~lly. Puli t icd art i f icesannottitlet ru th and common sense.The independent part of mankind, whodetestartiesndaction,nd meann o t l h g but the happiness of' their fellow-creatures, will do wel l to be upon heirguard gainsthemisreesentations fthose who would vilify a Locke, a Milton,a Sydney. Le t hem readand udge orthemselves. Them enwho re ns iousto withholdor ex t in pi sh he l ight ,mayfairly be suspected of Intending to do evil.

SECTIONXlXof he Despotism Of INFLWIKCn ;Wh i l ethe Form of a pee Corutihctionare'J%e youth of a nation at a ce1dratJE words of a great lawyer, instructin

P r e d. -


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rwell inton c i ed importance, In thmeantime kt every honeat benrrolartmmrI IktofuuropIIp\odt)**IQL"


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IO&, or (be camption of the rt.& and t h eT I C . A Lenomuty. It certainly contributes t oridetion of the constitution. IU a ~ L I -the spirit of despotlsm. I t naturally tendstlJ n d e all th e youth in he nation, whocourt favour, and not t o depcndon heird e r on th is sa cn d profession, look up toow n merit or exertion?, for promotion. Itprevents then1 from votlnpfnvly at elrctions.the pulp~t . Its natural tmltwcy is Lo makeI t prevent& he111 f r o m preaching freely fromthen] wha t they ought partmlarly to avoid,adulators, wcdtily wise, yacwtical, andatreptors of n r m ' r prrsuna for the sake ofaclmntngr. 'I'hey Iuust know, unde r such aaystern, that if they vote according to con-seienw, ur preach or write according to th etruth 2s i t IS in Jetus, thcymust furtyo a l lthose ~ ~ O S ~ J W ~ Sf' rising ill their profession.t o every thin^ tha t ca n benefit hum an na-which, i f merit were reaarded, an' :I ntlnrulusturr. C'lerical men, infirm, like others, oftensink undcr th is tcmptatlun. F e w can re-nounce great tcn~por:d advantages f b r the

neglcct. how, what n~ustbe the eonsr-uhen they are surc ot pcrwcut iou B Pwell as

cluewx to l i be r ty , of a whule national c l t w yrendered espertmt on the avour of a court,and a proud anatocracy ? May we not hearaynin from the p d p i t , the doctr~nes t d i v mductrines in e t k t undernames IBS otfen-rlpht and p a w v e olxdience; th e P a n wt ive tu the people? Have we nut l a t d yheard them ?There IS no mode of promoting the pur-poses of corruptiun, and the aggrmdlzemcutof' hose w h o already engro5.s the pomp ufgrandeur, I I I C I ~ C injurious to Ilberty, andnlore vlllninously base, than that of srizingthe appo intm ents and rewards of piety andrirtucs, to bestow them nI1 those. Whoseworldly widonl is their chief recolnnlenda-tion, and w ho src~n cady to wowhlp Godonly in the serutrd place, i f t h e y w m h i p

sake O f 1J~:JlIlutKlg uhllc g(lOd, eSpCCially

him at all .hrok-. the Humel. theGibh onr, he Vul-The ' r indah, theCollins's, the Boling-fairer, the Volncyq, the mirmea9rt philoso-phers of France, never did so much I n j u r yto t h e c 4 u x f Christianity, as those Englishministers of state, who, while they shed thel~ loodof thousands for the sake u t law, or-der and rdigiun, prostitute the church andthe CL'RE OF BO C L Y to thecorruptton ofthe senate. SECTIONX X I V .Of M r . Hume ' s Ideu, Thnt absolute

M o n a r c h y is t h e eaaiest Death, thetrue E u t h a n a s i a of the Britiah Con-F E ery ingenious specuhtist. Mr .o t i f u f i o n .t&IrrWbbmswkldlle~tBspo~Huree, roems to wi41u weU ps think,umllwtp18lkbm4~uw~Eop.


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tdi111'r:dnt tl rP

II

a!xf eCIa0117 1 ,

tulat


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An.\rn.Ttle Emi of Lonrdale nominates Mr. A N -


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SscrtoNXXXVJ.P~&Q/ ,wken not ex t reme , f a t . o r r m ~ eto all Vir tue , public nnd private,u r deorrequcntly to the Happiness of bu-man nhture ; nd enormous Riches,wifhottt i-irirlue, tho p m a l Bctnr.S U PE R FL U I T S of richm, like superfluitvof food, cause3 bickness a r d tlehility.Parrty,or nrediwrity of fortune, is th e n u mof man- virtues; of m o h t y , industry . PO-

yovertv is od!ous. Povutp is aaggardhrirty. But in this ace, the very name ofdrives hem over was, into nrrid zonm, tophantunr chat a p p l s half the world, anddiscme and death ! Life itcrlf is thought bythe face of th r A l n l i ~ h t yDonor, if it is notmany a gft fit t n be thrown back again intoarrompnniecl w i t h th e m n ~f luxury, thrmcans of nlakin;. a f i r / r ~ r ~t y o n d o t h m ;in a word, the means c.f indull: Ing thc q t i r i tstate o f ' d c ~ p ml~tic; l l orrulxtion, that heqf despotism. Things are so nln na,d , in ahonours dur only to w t u e arc' paid esclr~.nc1it.s f(nr th r rake of indnl.rt~nce in pltasnrr,s ~ w l yo M O X R Y ; and I ~ I W 110 nant nutor from the l o w of montny ~ ts t~ lf ,row cum -tht-r with np dr nc e, civil Ironoum, scats i n thel ~ l e t entirrrr, in the h o p o f ubtaluin;:, t g r s -s r n : ~ t t - l l n ~ ~ w ,nd R O Y A L F~VOI 'A. l'hcyh o p to nlnkr the~nsr lws vf rorrsrqmwrct w t q l r to l ~ eon*hpted, or rat!lerpro*rharcd1)) the date .th e lal)ourer, the nlantlfacturer, thc dadW h a t is thc consequence to the p r o p " ,tntlcr, to poor f an di es with many ctnldren,cle]wndcnts, and al l the uu nw uu s train ofwomen with small patrimorlieu, ann uitm ts.]wrsnns \rho arc cornpelld to live, as thecomrnonphrase exprvssm it, from h o d t ontorcth ? l h r i r w i n < vr nwam a r c j x t d , andl)y no mcans I%,ith the rising price o ffor richrs,henecewries of l i f? hecnnlentvesarics. But, in co nw qm m a of this ragenut only dearer, hut wone in uality ; lcssnourishmp, lesscommndiuus, anc?les durable.possihle r s t en t ; each determining to makeI , m d / o r & raise their ents o heutmosthis rent-roll as respectahle m some opulentnrighbour, favoured by a lord lieutenant f


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SEcrlos X X X V l I .On t h e n u t u r n / Tmdency .f makingJlrrigrs and Crown L n w y w s , P r e r s ;uf t r n , l s l a t i l l g Bishctp,s n d I I W ~ .i r lg PrrljPrlnenlr l o Bishopricks, i n ,z L h d i s crrlied, c o ~ ~ ~ r n o ~ d a n ~ .IF hrrc is any part of th e constitution ofEngland, i n the praise o f which eloquence

out entrenching upon the confines of truthnlay employ her most glowing colours, with-it is the J E ~ I C I A Lart of It . The puritv ofan y country which th e sun i1lt:minates in hi5publ ic justice i n England is unequalled indiurnal Frogrts. The reason is obvious.T h e r t rd ie t is given by juries of men usuallybeyo nd the reach o f conuption. KO minis-terial influence can descend to all the indivi-duals, in middle and humble ife, who maybe called upon t o sit in judgment, and ulti-mately decide, 85 jwm,u the propty ,the fame, and the life, of their fenor-citiw~We have lately had a most glorious instancethra most important office, T h e d & 8 ,of the virtue of private citizens, exercisinggiven in the date hiatg in one thousand


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seven bunched and ninety four, do mortliovour to t h e Bntiah chamtcr, t h a n a l l th emilitary exploits in the wig- OFhrgc theThird. Suchwrdlc ts nuke our constitutiontruly en\&& to th tio on^ of Europe.Twelve honest men, on each of thcse trials,proved to the wodd, that n o power, no au-thority, n o terror , w t even the factitiousm g e of arktocratical princi la, which hadbcvn artfdly firsteul, cod1 lead hem tofrared G o d , but t ro t tnan; nd posteritv willswerve frum tile right Line of justice. Thrvhonour them, uhen the nmws of ;uLtiet ~ v e uthority, if mentioned at all, shall bepoliticians,clothed w i t h a IJrief,Ltrt 1uawrved by a zealous m d honest advocate on~u ~n ti un cc i ith detL%tation. It is well ob-the caw, wlwn it w as bruugllt fromhetheoccasion, thd hc couldno t drcpair ofcorrupt t o the uncumlpt p t f the constitu-tion. The days o t a r qu i t t d w tw thcjubllcrsof truth, tile triun~phs f virtue ; and, in atime of dejection, revivcul the h q e s of pa-triotism and p l u l m t l ~ r ~ ~ p y .tLnnma t~ou f thc cause, but fvclulg the(!Oic*ial judger, no t having he final de-check of the J U R I E S , c o n n ~ ~ o n l yonducttllenwlvcs, even in s t u t e h u h , withsomed t v e e o f carldour and mc~dcration. Indecd,this officc, i u uur timct, whose tried integrityw e are so 1l:rppy as to see men appointed tothus w1s l.1~ hecked, t lwy w o u l ~ l , with J ;wKivcs rtason to \Jc.lievc, t h a t . if they w m nutexceptions, preserve imparthlrty.Xeverthtless, though lnucli has Iwen midon th e independence of judges, and thoughgreat praise is due to our kinc, who placedthem in their offices fo r I:fe, and not removc-able at Ius ple3surc. yet it must be confmed,that there stdl renlain tcnlptaticrns, whlchmght hnvegeat influenceonmene%virtuousthan our y r r w n t judges are. It is observed,that P E E R A G E S , inmodern time, havek e n Lxatowed. witheculiarounty, onlawyen ; nd some have ventured to sa y , thatth e expectation of this splendid reward mayfrustrate all endeavours o wcure, espec~ allyin d a t e r r ia l r , th e rfect independence of thejudges who p r e s g . It is not enough hatthey do not f a r r n nooo l from their Ckpf Iedoffice. Their Iwped maynfluence,morethan theirfears.Theymay hope to add toopulence the & p i t y of famil istinction,escutcheons, coronets , and h d t a r y seats nthe legrslature. If themselveshave seen t o omuch of the vanity and folly of worldlypomp to admire it, (which, however, is notoften the case wth men who may be greatlawyers, without any philosophy or religion)dat ives, and friends, to whom he splendouryet they may have sons, mves, daughters,merit.) md& in the.kktdemee. Aof lie, (ru t have pogplbly, &lemiid

guise the truth or pervert the law, but o h -quiody to srekmnadfamur.w ~ ~ . ~ p t v X J ~re kvirbed on lawyeab b n placc, t is a c i r r u n r d a n a v i e w 4wth some d e g m of luusy by thoat! whow e willing t o guard cuaPtitutional libertywith unwinking vigihnce. Perhaps i t *htatPo& sa tdac t ion to such n~~n,f judgerwere by law rxrluduf from al l htghgher eleve.tiou; if t h e y were indeed a~mt m p l y @dand IlloSt respzctfully r c v d ; but, for {lasake of prewnting the psaibility of Y wrongmost intimately co~lcerntul,~ e r epreventedLias,

where tile lnppin t rs of the pe~plesfrom viewing a twillimt dazzling coronet,suspended BS thcir r ~ ~ a r d ,ver t l ~ e calesof Justice.But here an objector will urge, with wn.ous solicitude, that, as the I l o u . . o f Lords jpcourt of appeal from every cot~rfn tht-king.a court of judicitturc, in th e last resort, adum, rt is n w e w r y that itshould Ix. wellsu p p l i d with lawyem of enlinenre.On this sulijcct Mr. PALEYays: T h e r eth r House of Lords ; n the education, ha-appews to be n o t h m g In the conutitrltion ofl ~ ~ t s ,haracter, orpro fwi nns of the 111en1-LNTS a.ho cunipose it ; in the mode of theirappointment, o r the ight by whic*h theys u c c ~ a d o thcirplaces in it , tllat houldprrhups , that t h e elcvatton o f their mnkqllality them

fur their mluous office; exceptand ortune aflurds a struri ty a g a i n s t theotter and influence of L M A L L h i h . ofi-cers of the arnry and navy, courtiers, eccle-siastics ; young men who have just attainedth e n g e of twenty-onc, and WII~Jlavepassed their youth in th e dissipation and pur.suits which co m n~ un ly accompany the pas-semion ornheritance of KrvAt fortuna;country pentlemeu. occup itd ~n the m m a pment of their estates, or in th e care of theirdomestic concer ns and family interestu; th etheir a : a t i w , that IF, plilced in it byCnEATPR part of the assembly lo,r to

peerage for service and frommotlveu uttvrlyC H A I C E ; most of the rest advanced to th eunconnected with ltrd wndition ;- theremen compose the tribunal to which the con-stitution entrusts the interpretation of h wlaws. an d t he ultimate decision of every &pute between her subjects!of t h e H o w of Lords, the H e v e r v n d b -Prom this uery d e p d i a g r e p m bdeaconproceeds to justify the practice ofeminent and experienced buyem in t h econstantly placing in it, some of the mortpropriety have argued against rendenhg onekingdom. He would, I think. witha i m e d b t h to d e nd executa thehpart of the kggirl.twe acour t of justice, d e


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pldceedhrg, that 4 em$&na whateverbympa bemga, sittin in t h e seat o f judg-dmdd be removed from the a@ of frailmsat, which rrmg fkd them to rourt thehvour of ruling p o w e n at th e np1,e ofjurtice, It is not YO NEY alone whichBnlucs. Title and m k ave mom influ-ence on hemivenal passion, runit.y; a-rpecially when uvarice has k n lready p-UAed with ample selaria and emokunentv ofI wrative profession.

The consideration o f the pouible rewardswhrrh m y diminidh 111e mrlependmce of+ . p a , naturally leads t n the conniderationof thore which may r r r w a l i t r the bi rhupr ,and injure the N W of religion, f o r wh i r h& m e m p w o p r y itself could tr rstaMishrd.I nhall uw the authonty and words of Dr.But, ad th i s b 8 mlqect of some dellracy,Watson,he resent Bkhop o f / J a n d u f #who, having & w in tlrc rnlnority at t letime he w rote u p n it, veuturcd to 9 p m k theaA& truth, with tlrat freedom alljrh IP-romer an ho nt d man in every r ank , m d isp r t d s r i y expected from a Clrrktian blshop.

1 6 1 know," wys Ilishop Watson, Tha toffetided, at the w r m w of the bisho notm n v wil l he rtsrtled, I beg them not to bebeing independent In tht. lfouse of Krds ;and it would I n . a ~ ynough o w m v e aenough o cover nnd protect the conduct ofk ~ & ~ lobrcb , hge enough and strongof thcee who dd ik r ep iscxqwy. T h sthe Night Reverend Bench from the attacksabove myldity t o cradicatc h m theI my, would be an easy t s k ; b u t it is farL ap PI well attached to thechurch eta-miuds of o h m (who am, notwithstand-THE PBOSPECT OF BEIN(? TRAN SLATEDIdtahmentas o u ~ l v ~ ~ , ~auwlclne THATpowerhlly, and induces them to pay tooi n Jwawr tAr cn i ~ l daof the BIBHOPS too, g s u s p i c i o n , whether well or 111 f w nd ed ,t an attention to th c BLr I i of a mini*trr.is dimpwtabic f o o n n r d t r ; and whnt i4

a g hat pod which we otherwise mightof ronmpcncr , i t h inden us fromp J m p k i i n concern ing ~ r ,ill nccuse US ofdo ; or the laity, while they entertain suchavarire and ambition, of making a pin of@cs for!hed a n c e O f a TRANSLATION.gdlirrart,of dartcring the d i p i t y t$ OM

u instad then," weeds the bishop, of#&&g Ond dgpu ting against (he extstenceof i d & f f J i @ m r e o w ua or &mi-*md R(0rtme: tt iepetulsace of those.* locure UI on that Pccwnt let usen.d u m t o remove the evil; or, if' i t m u t.tJkdduedUmtthirdbu mpnsl

dispard to &h f a r aa sla tio k; and con-011 well as in reality, be IS DE PL W DE NT .w quently the b s h v would, in uppnmnce ,But, m rendering the bishops indepen-dent, you w i l l reduce the wer of thec r o m in th e H o w of Lox4 do- notn m n to deny hischarge; nay, I am wil-ence o f the crooap, whm exerted by theling to admit it in its full extent.-The mflu.king, is B circumstance so far from beiig tocabinet over the public counvUors of thebe wished I IV his true friends, that it is asdangerous to'thc real interests and honour ofthe crown ibelf, as i t is odious to thepeople, and DESTHCCTIVE OF P ~ B L I CLIRERTY.n i r l p r in his plnce, rontrnty to the sense ofI t nlay contribute to keep a pr ime mi-fhe w i s e d n n d b ~ a t p a r t(g thr m r n m ~ m i / y ;unacquainted w i t h his people's nlsheo, butI t may contrlllrttg to k e e p the king hims&it cannot do the kmg o r the state ~ J I Ywr-rice. To nnintain the contrary is to satirizeh i . majesty's Fovernnwnt ; t is to insinuate,tha t his views and interests a r e so dispinedfrum thnw vf his people, that they cannotbe effectustcd by the uni@enced conrw-renre nf honest men.1,ishny~ k i n g rendertd i n d ~ y ~ l l d r r r tn the1' 1 cannot d m i t the circumstance of th eHouseof Lords, RS any real ohjection to theplan proposed; on the cuntmry, I think ita very stroug argument in its favour; sostronga one that, if there was no. other.it would be suthricnt to sanctily the mea-sure."purpose of corrupting the Irpidature, is anl h c corruption of th e rhurrh for theotfence far more injurious to the generalhappinew of mankind and the interests of aChnsban ommunltv,han ny of thosewhich have banish edthe vKenders to BotanyBav, or cnnfined them for yean wiithn therup ton and tRe corrupted, in this case, arew a h of the rison-howe. Both the cor-more in'uriouo to Christianity than all thetriheso/ sceptics an d infidels ; than Tindal,Toland, Bolingbroke, Hum, lloujseau, Vol-not read them, and perhaps could scarcelyhire , and Gibhon.

The rorntn0n propfedocurdcrrtnnd them. But the common peopledo read the newspapers daily, and see thename^aud qualities of those who divide inthe senate-house, on questions of the lastimportance They must therefore entertaina SUBPICION, IU the Bishop of Llandaff ex-presses it , that religion itpdf, 89 well 89 its


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a miasta. They must naturally c o d e rc d t y re. doubly b e , when clothed int b e rnnctjfied mbes of rebgion. W h a t hashappened in France, in c on sq ue ac e of thecomrptions of the church by the state, oughtto a dnkinq admonition.of L I V I S G BrsHoPs in favour of Christianity,I wish to po in t out. in these t imer . wn' t inyrhecause theywouldbeopposedwithheI IFIDELS . But, to tllereproachof my Kan tbest @ace agains t he writings of LI V I N Gof intelligencr, I know not the names of themajority, till I f ind them in th e C O ~ R TA-ncujml'ty,I cdnrlotfind, eith er in the shopsLESD.4R. Theprintedworks of even hisor the Ibrarws: the few I do find, even ofthe nrinon' lg, are not adapted lo the wrtutsof the people a t largc. Their occasiu7anfsermons, after hey have sewed their dabecome, ikealrnanacs. out of da te : a cofas edifying and uore entertaining tu the niul-lrction uf oltlconr't calendars would be nearlyt1tudc.I t is iodecd certain, that the archiepis-copal mitrcs receivedwore lustre than theygave, from the sermons of Dr. Tillotson andplace the remmnsof L I V I X G hac1in1~1ia~sDr. Sucker. It would give m e pleasure 10b y theirside; and I wuuld luention them hadtileycome tu nly kuoalrdge. Thc sermons,however, of the few living bishops ~ h oreknow11 at all to the P U B L I C will, 1 hope, proveto nlankind, tha t sonle a m ong the bishops, inthis happy isle, do uot think it a sufficient re-turn for princely revenues, to rote ultcnys witha minister, o r to incrtase, with lawn sleeves,the pageantry of abir th-day. TO erform th eocwioua l du t ies of ordination, confirmation,a n d visitation, cannot satisfy the minds of menDurham, Wlhctll.:sTk:It, York, or Canter-who receive the honours and emolum ents ofLgrv . 'J'ha t it is su, 13 happy; for if ever thepreiaticttl clergy s h o d d l e SCSPECTED offor instauce, they should ever be supposed sobecoming m erely ministerial instruments ; f,far secularized, as to concede to the ministerthat made them bishops, th e right of nom i-nating to all he mo st valuableprefermentsin the ir gift, in orde r to enable him the betterto corrupt thatparlianlent n which hemselvesalsohaveeogaged ogive a YEKAI. VOTE;from that time, they wouldcontribute more tothe downfall of the church, th an all thelate k n g of Pnrssia, to the American Repub-writings of all the unbelievers, from Frederic,i n a orivate roan. who pays a fa i r price for alimn,' Thomas Paine. The sin of rinony

encounge merit only, d o prevent Wvery comption which he fead.and cbatisha,to gratify his o w n sordid avarice and chiididvanity.T he bishops, in their charges,are noy sound-ing sp alarm. The y very justly rum,&&

They aioely urge the I N F E R I O R clthe & m e of Christianity is now in danger.most vigilant ctivity.Thus sr%:ztainly do honour o the episcopal unction.But still, while the public S U I I P B ~he, twek a t s o u s a y ' s . at the berk of the mirtufcr, t&eyossibility of the bench b e i n g , as B&o$will consider all this zeal as litlle be tkr th anthat of Demctrius, who mad e silver shrinmfor Diana.When indeed w e add to the probable effectof tra~ukatiuns from })oorer to richerbuhopric, the holding of rich ylrrrulitirrwi th brslloprics,under thename of C O Y -m s I ) A Y s , it is difficult not to think withBishop W atson, that episcopal indepcndeaceis endan gered, and that we must look ratherin ratlreclrals, than in the House of Lords, forepiscopal ntegrity. Con scientio us diasentemare shocked, and libertines a nd infidels k t ~ ~ k ,when they view the bench, as if they werespectators of a solemn mummery, or a mock-hero ic farce. Allhis dangcr, ofince, andreproach,mightossibly be prevented, ifprohlbited.t r un r l n t i o ns and cumltt~eltdnrruwere utterlyBut, settiaside the effect of tra m lat io wand c o m r n e 8 m s on the state of religion, letus seriously consider them as they operate onthe increase of prerogative and the spirit ofthose who have attainedmitres ,bu ta nu-despotism. Thes e hings nfluen ce not onlymerous tribe of expec tants; and t h w expec-tants POSSESS THE EAB O F T H E PEOPLE. bth e pulpltwdl not, under these circumstancesr,i t reasonable to suppose that the dodr ines ofhe fashioned to thenclinations of theminister? What can contribute more t o dif-fuse thesyirit of despotism than the employ.ment of ma ny thousand pulpits, at least onc ein each week, in blique ly preachioc-trines, that favour i t s prevalence, u&r tber a w t i o n of DI VI W E A U 1 ' H O R l T V ?Thui all Opposition to t h e s p i t i t o Der.poliam shou ld be conduc ted v i l h them o a t ecrupulaucl R e g a r d t o the e x i s t i n gLaws, a n d t o t h e P r e s e m d w n .ofpublic P e a c e a n d ood Or&.q'HE frailty of human nature is one of t b

S E C T l O S X x X v I I I .


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w ~ ~ ~ 4 w a ~ b e k a t i ? o d wdedm of aczpiog U] m e r . Thus thqd- iag is to5 ovoided ;and indeed multitudeshsloa of daydkm, and tbe love of I ~ b e r t y . of tbe &meat of t h e people M: not to beboth of them rational and laudable, have led wantonly convened. Witbout in the f e a s tfanny to factiuuc and violen t conduct, which i m p e a c l u g t he ir rehth it rnwt be d l o w dm i l k th. ~ccppiunustified,nor prudence that their passions are too violent whenwoutdp.mjrifutely adopt, even if th e occa- heated by collisionwith each other, andtion mlght a p p w t o u h f y them. their j u d g n m t s too weak. when not previ-' From faction and violence in the cause of o d y inform ed by reading and educatlun, to

give advantage to the favoumrs of a r t i t r q out authorisld guides, and without s t r i c t re-l iberty, rhcb disgrace th e c ~ u w tself, and ac t wisely when met in a large body, with-power, I mo1t slCriow1.y d i uuude all w hu love yl at i on . A manwho is a sincere pairiot,mankind and tllcirountry. Factio n und an d not a mere dwnagugue for s l n i s t ~ ur-v i o l e m am despotic in th e cstrcrne. They poses, will be Cautious of amembl'w a g dl tbe evils of t ranny, wittlout any of the l o w a t of the peu le. b2m m k t i o n , but thdt t Key ar e usually tr m - Gordon*sunfortuaate conBuct h a s l r f ta lasting8 iea t ; whereas tyranny is durable. They Immn. He, 1 firmly believe. inteodd nonein thc tlands o f a superior power. In eitlrcr my o the wavm of a troubltd sca, * thus fard a tr u y Uwmwlvea, or are d d r o y e d b y furro of that ndsrhief which ensued ; but who 13211because !he persons who have h c r u betrayed have already comrncnted on, the advantageca w , much Is Iart tu thecause of liberty; shall ye go, and no farther? " 1 know, andby [heir yanalonn into exci?ISt'z, wen! prub ab i tJken from t h f m r k t s by the friend8 of highr t nw r e ; and i f thry hadh*en lso d i r t r e r t a n i prcroiyative doctrinw,or d13praging t h eas zcdous p r o n ~ o t r n o f he public p o d . I t is certainly had no ~ ' I I I I C C ~ ~ J In the ^modemk, would have twren ctli:ctu;ll as well people at large, notwithatantllng the peoplecertain thuf very honLrt nwn a rcw ry apt to Though decidedly a f r i d to the reformtcmpr. They mean good, and d o i l l . They with !he Dukr o f Itichnlond in the proprletybe bc tmyrd iuto violeuce by their u a n t h of of the Ho ue of Commons, I cannot agreek m v w ; ~d are often led into cxtravaspnces f x d y L'topian. Si r Thonlas More neverbeco~tte the imtni ruwts of dispa?rslonate of univenal sufrdge. I thinkhis dea per-by the very party agaiust r h o n r they act, in rrute any thing mor e visionary n his cele-order hat thcy may !x exposed, and becomc brated fiction ; Sir Kolxrt Ftlmer nothlugobnoxiour to censurc.Wudom io geutlv, delilwmte, cautious. suffnp, 1 fear, would m u s e u n i v e d con-nlore adverse t o r e d liberty. lioivervalNothing violwt is durable. f hope t h e lovers fusion : and the friends of nlankind wouldof lilrrty w11l xfww the p f n w i t y of their be inclined t o fly for temporary refuge evenattachment by the wiadoru of thcirconduct. to the throne of a DESPOT. I 'emns in aTumultuary ymct:dnlp ulwvtlys exhibit some state of serc i t r r r l e conld never beexpected to

n r e o fnsanity. A h l v s struck give a free v o t e ; and vsptwnds and pou-% t K n d violence may nflict a r o u n d or pen would use their l ibrr ty f . r n cloke ofa bruise,but it may fall in the wrong plact.; t n n l i c i o r w e s ~ . I wish the right of sntfkgeita own i l l - d i r s t d forcv.it may even injuw t h e hmd that gives it , by to be extended na j n r ns i t po.?aibly can,withoutndangcringuhlic owlar andMiur k i n g u rtmscloalk rrcature, will al- t ranquil l i ty; but ~ V ~ I W Mgnerance and&p&ms t o cud , aud &it fur the tno lUa tnlsted with a p o w r which both rcquwesways sobruit to KeQSun, i f YOU give time for cs f r h n f penury calulot with prudcnce be&l*pora/ctwfi, the proper, upprturut ics of knnt r ledge and ronrnlarlds propcr f y .of -kind, may be corrupted hy views of upon this point, 1 thiuk t certain, that de-pddnrrpiog h i m A F E W , m thr great mass Bnt whatevrr pohticians may determineinterest, b a p e t a t i o n s of yrefernlent, bv bates trpon tcannot he held in very largebribes, aril by title% But there are notre: asseml)lia, into which, not only the lowestw d nough o t this kind t o corrupt th e but the rilest o f mankind urc allowed ad-whale body of any people. The mat body mission, and al l the privi leges of counsellors,of !hepet) ICwili follow that which appeus de mmmu r ennn . on matters o f th e khato h t l y I ' before &em, snd left lor their iatjng law, and disturbing that order wluchto&$, and just, and true. Let it be importance, without extreme danger of VIO-d m onaicierotioo. If it should so happen, is newsay to comfort and security.+t, after undermtandq it, and duly consultation on this omt. and all pombwhich ic very unlikely, that they ahould uot I wish therefore, that all preliminaryl aRte theenorof the irwarctghingita importance, then !hey must be l i e thi\ may he con&cted by codffn , y&, /ceipJetw. If ET wn be m n s i d e r a b l e t i m e maybe elloved to coolaUdw vult appeafs to R P V J ~n the eloret, ood &t aWuded. tbey must he so. Force cannot ntemperate heata; and give fok'ditg tomrterinIa,of he o e e d e d epair. At captjr?D&iUgSOr~lWOWkIlUL~tL.cM1poweWhrmb.~ , T bOMo ( t b ~ b r b o p l d k


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a t%Fwd##*&&"t)mn,mdrboan~dmpl~bb&.kgtb im. l lg&b p d O S l : - ~ A ? Iplaftm.&t IW tearutv open bbdirine commib BELIEVZD IW m u In modrm times cbscrpc~lraayafterd i n g he histories ot' the sons of f&n aod distinction 'oma n t e -sim. l%e words am v m Mnfor table , questm would have hecn, Have m y per-k ~ "h o have b m i d mankind with m c c o him! Does my lo&r my adyknrrthchapter of St.Luke.t i r rods of iron,W e hnd them in the - o r Sir Harry go to hearhim preach ?-u A d rhme tpm d e k c d unlo h im thu -Such is th e l a n y s g e of t h sptri t o fOr is h e eoolclady whom nobody knows?

q m d l k bd, k awad tk p k e cabercia GlEE IIL'NDULD YEARB elapsed, n cba-W o f the p r o p k t F u i c r r ;and w h n hehad des tk m , in al l t imes and countries.i t (WI w i l t e n : ecquence o f thewpre~udices, before t h eT H E R P I R I T nF THE Loan 1s UPON gospc was rCCognued andeceived atMR, BECALW H E M A T H A P P O I N T E D Y E TO COURT. Aad I .am sorry t o say that thernmcH T H E Q O S P E L TO T H E POOH: H E COORT soon corrupted its simplki ty. meH A T H ILNT E TO HeAL T H E BnoYEW- pride o f life, always p revalent am ong t h o s en E * R w . D , TO PREACH D E L I V E R A S C O TO who assume to themsr lves good thin 3THE APTIVF.X, A N D R E C O V E R Y OF W O H T enoug h tu suppo rt and comfort thousnnjciTO T H O B L I N D ; O S E T A T u u m w T H E Y of itdividrlalsquallyeserving, muld

To P n u c n Z U T A C C I P T A B L E YeAn or Pivoured ibertyandequality. I t thereforeA nd he c l o d the bok. and 11e gavepower and grandeur ;and he poor,withseduced the Christians to a participation of

ttle eyer o f a l \ then1 that werc it1 t h e s p a - most s p ? e n t ~ eriods of cccRs~stica~rw-it again t o the nlioistcr, aud sat d w n , arid t h e i r r i 4 t s , w ere oftenfor-otten, in theg a p e w c r cir t rn r l i on him.anyominalhristians ! ~ a w"And h e h g a n t o ?lay unto thcm, This ~ ~ y a n dre as aristocratical as Ilerod andday iB the scripture fulfrlfetl in your ears. the chief priests and pharisees of Judea.''And all bore him witncss, and wonder- B ut the authority of Jews Christ him-ed at tllc gracious words which proceeded self musthavemoreweightwithChris-o u t of his r n u u t h : and they said, Is NOT tians, than all th e pomp and parade of the

m l s Jmt~n'sON ?" mcmt abwlute despots nEurope, at the-And w on at'trr, "Al l they in the syna- head of tlm finest troops in t h e universe.go ewere fillud withwrath,antl ose up, Iie t aught us, when w e my, to say, Ourol%hiat hiin o u t of Iht. ity, an0 led him Futhcr. Thisalone i s sukclcnt tuestab l is l ; ,unto hc b r m d 11c hill,(whereon heir onan mmoveable b a s i s , theequality of'city wan t ~ u i l t , ) that hey might cabt h im hum an king s . All arc bound to call upondown headlong "Thus their Arirtorrufiwl prcjudiccs pre- Christians ; nd, a9 there are no rights ofand considerGod as their Father , i f they arevailed OWT the f in t strong feelings,of grati- p l o g e n i t u r e i nHeaven, a l l are qualu d e and pram Thespiri t uf'arls twracy mther san d sisters, roieirs, if hey dodisplayed I t s e l f here in its enuinc colours ; not forfeit their hopes, of a blessed immor-in pridr , cruclt and viuyeuce. hinny of tslitp. Hut hesearedoctrineswhich thethe scribes ( the l;)wyery) and pha riwes wer e p e a t and proud cannot ad m i t Th i s wor ld60013 pmaild UII the people to be gp r , he servant, the lave, hould be

bly in the s p a cxue, &:id thcir in- IS theirs,and hey catmot bear t ha t t he&hew their mpotentmalice a mst heir then equal. We can hardly suppose, inteat f + m l and twwfactur . R all e r : imaginat ion he ~m pres s f Ituss i~, thesomethlo o f the same kind is observs le King of Pmssia,the Em ror of Germany,Tile p 1 8 upporters of tyrannv, in which or an y rundw with a r i k d , a garter, orthey h g e to mrartclke, have d ~ ~ psed a s t a r , fneeling down, and from his heartfalse ~larms,Lse , crmning~y-cow & n o r l e d g i n in llis p r o p , a poor p+t w a n f T a t c h w o d s , to set vate in a regiment, a poor wretchtbc untbiikiry y p l e aiminst hose mho in the workhouse, or the 5ervant bat riJesrere promoting t etr greatest &. behind llis carriage, a +fht-r. So void ofWhen Christ began topchw e d , m n nd religion IS a por helplessin t b e mmth chapter of St. L I ~ ,hat the mortal, when drest in a little brief aurho.tbs 6 c d m w#& harisees r&c lcd the be -pled under foot bv them equa; am h i h t ! i e and the ullicansheard him ; ut rity by the folly of those w h o , sulmit to-1ofGod tol)& &em. l'hey, l i k e man born of a woman, l i k e tbemsel~dl pwym of similar t e m p and rank, d, oomed like themselves, aflerstntwng' by dmcs, could wt lar n- anthestageafewperm,tothegnue. OurI*l*tmm

A M 7 01 TiS i V L l i R S &ID TSB P . A U 8 L . I )

T H A T A RE BRI'ISED ; nev er brook theoctrines of Christ ,hichTHE h r D .

=-mRWveumentrhegd r r s a c n r e n t o f p h r l a o p b y , f m l u c p t l g ~S V h , r i p b 8 W i s d w n fuh l&


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2 h T h t h u M # & p t & ~ & ~ d B h i & f . BIthe e d pre-cmln- of VirtlM. pns sdl mrkam i t row of truth,. lib,favour those w ~ r oburp an UnMNrd and clvsses of t l e p p i e , w o u ~ . f h y Enmtah, (0': the sake of gratifiing their own nln etp five gean ap, ave joined wi& theunrezwnialle power over their fellow- l i y l aboutone a w d mm h u n d n d dsellis11 vlinlty and avarice?. Let US hear hkh pricrt, and rulers to mxf i Jawsthem.St. Paul, in the 6nt chapter of tk e Fint ~ c c u t e d im for sedition and high-.CUU IIT. They would haw prosecuted mdEpiatle tu the Corinthians, sa You see G l e y would have despised and re'ectdyour calling, brethren, how d% not many friend of Laun~s; nd taken d e p art ofwise men f terhe flesh, (worldiywise DIvca, even in Ilell. The spirit ofpride i sa re c d l l e t l . "men,) n o t many mighty, wt N ~ YOQL of the devil, and thuso who are actuatd byth at spirit, in a11 their c o n p c t , would baveIn the second chapterofheEpistle of fallen down ar~d w o n h ~ p h i m ,f hsSt . Junes, we read,ouldave puthem on I/?pinnacle ofworld to be heirs of his kqglI" To d o m of the word , and the g lo ry of then;.Ilw not God chosen he of this t h e tem le, and r o m i . 4 them the king-which is added,name by which ye are c a l l e d .T h es e p s s q e s aflord a very strong ar- The PriLk which produma the SpiritK ri st ia n religion, for tllevcontain he very To,,,btm. It might le&e&d w&doctrineswhichwereoretold everal totar ~ , , ~ ~ d ,f i t d id not td o thhundred years before the appearance ofC h r i s t k i t y . ISAI,*H,n his wenty-ninth ( h r r g s i M 1f the Pwrfand to'"cbapter , spaking of' the gospel, and i b aht-d alrd Plunder.doctrinesnd effects, expressly says, EATB is the greoteacherndcnsor"T h e neck bhdl l incrcax l lreir joy n of h m a nu n i t y ; but men eaththe Lord; andhe P O O R A M O K O Y E N cannoi repress the prid e of a r i 5 t o e ~ y , o rS H A L L R E J O I C E I N T H E HOLYO N E OF the nsolence of che n, cntl(:avourlng t oISRAEL." make wealth and gmnderIr riumph overT he inference I would draw from all that the law o f nature, ndoutshineothersthe p r , hat is, the great majurity of man- look into he churclles and church-yards,has preceded, is, that the middle ranks and even from the coffiu and the grave. If we

gospe!, not only for it s religious, but also honouredwith he nrost llld ificent mo-kind, should place adue value n h e we see the most insignificant of mankind~b I V I ~ nd political advantages. It is the numents of marlde, the prou% t trophies,G R A N D C H A R T E R O F T H E I R FREEDOM, s c u l p t u ~ durns, a flatterillgnscription,their independence, their equality. All th e andagilded lie. ' 1 ' 1 ~walls of the samesubtilty o i lawyers, a l l thc sophistry of mi- tuary are hun g with b u n er s, escutcheons,nisterialorators, a l l the power of all the helmets, and spurs, which dlsplay t h e e l n pdespots and aristocrats in the world, cannot tiness o f that pre-eminencewhich theyW l h i l a t e RIGHTS, @en, ndeed, by Nu- are intended tu enlblazon. 'I'he pour botly,T h e words already cited are too clear und ruodderiug in the valdt; and give it but uture , but plainly conbrtlled by th e t i o r p e l . which all this paint and finery attcnds, lies

C Y R ~ ~ Tame to put an end to unjust in- gaudy si ht, " 'anity OF vanities! Mockexplicit to admitot'miscoustnrction. JESUS tongue to speak, would exclaim, ut theequality in this world, while he revealed the I I O ~m kmil iated condition w i t h the con-

fmln tr&ding, an d th e maryme a( rert. 0 fect from e pat11 of r e a m and ha pines ,prospect of another,where the w k k d cease t em p ti tl e r g t a n t r y t ha t m isguided myy a " ~s m psrt withyourgospel.Pre- meam of bemg honourably dibtinguishdyepeople,give not he yrau tr such an ad- duringmy nurtal existence." ' d e on1v e t , watch over it, as the pear l of great is to promote most effcctudy the generalkturefelicity.Other Herods, oth er Ne- private good in ublic beneficence.nce. It is your wurity for present and haepineas of human nature, and to raLarise, who will r e j o i c e to Bee you vo. me s p i t of depotism remar3tablyl-tarity r m m w s y s k m which milibtee visible in he mawo leu rn . T h e m are famt-W t heirweal e ; rejoice to ~e e ies who seem to think that h e i r preciouayou give up that which dl the p p x u l i o n bones be contambawd,wel l if b,of the ancient H e r d and Neros ID. v u ttempted to abolish b sheddingbid; H That rctk awnan gmdrr er B WORD."l w i t a p , b e ! e + on rumdis- ISAAAU uir.%I*

a b s d t b a m i ~ O f r k h c s . o d g m a , d p ~ b t ~ w b o c n d ~ v o u r t ~Andwhat pay t h e aport&? Do they md the hap inesa of the middle aad

''T h e R I C H H E N blasphem, tha t worthy 6 8 C T l O N XL.ment of the ru th and d im i t y ut th e Dqot iam T i c u w r et.en 011


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tro


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.Y

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* the impmrrmentwere thew means nf conducting theirpmesa ofhuman IIEC. W h a t*~mrwnt?,f exercising this aftice of Ilia-vens v i c e g e r e n t s ? Crafty, dishonest arts,+on, extortion, m d above all, F I R Eawl S W O R D . They dared to ape he thun-der and lightning of Heaven, and, assistedby t h e machinatcorls af the Grand Adver-wry of man, rendcred thei r imitative con-deadly than the original. lheirmperialtrivances for destru ction mo re terrible androbe derived it9 deecrimsoncolour romhuman blood ; nd #e gold and diamondsof theirdiademswereaccumulated trea-sures wrung from the faniished bowels ofrobed, to be wounded, to be trodden underth e JNW, orn only to toil for others, to befew, incomparisou, have reached th e a efoot and f o r p t t r n in an early grave. H o wof three score and ten,andyet, in tg em i d ~ t f youth aud health, their days h w ebeen full of lakur trnd sorrow.Heavensvicegerer~ts seldom hestowedhoughtupon then), except n h e u i t w a s necessaryeither to invcigle or to force them to takeh e word and ~n ar ch o slduzhter. W hereGodcaused the s u n t o sh i i ep i l y , a n dscattered plcntyover the land,hisvice-g er en ts d if is ed t h i n e and solitude. Thevalley, which laughed with corn, they wa-tered with the tear of artiticial hunger anddtstress: he plain that was bright withverdure, and gdy wi th flowerets, they dyedred withore. Theyperatednhewurld as the blast of an east wind, as a pes-tilence, as a deluge, as a conftagratlon.And have they yet ccasetl from the earl h!Cast your eycs over th e plains of Wussia,Poland, a great part of Europe, the wildsof Africa, and the gardens ot ASIA-Eu-ropean despotism has united with oriental,to unparadlse the provinces of India.

Thug, if God, n his wisdom, has thoughtof riixipline, the G R E A T O K E S of the worldfit to allot us a fw mrlr for the purposehave endeavoured to make the whole of lifean evil to the despised an d ne lected UIGL I O M . The world3ow ohf andmayE f i t by t h e lessons of Experience. SnEdecisively declared, that despotism isd source of human misfortune, th ePan o r a s box out of which every cum hasissued, a d carcely left even Hope behind.Despotism, in its extreme, 18fatal to humanhpppincss, and, in aU i t s degrees and modi-ficptiuns, injurious. The spirit of it oughttherefore to be 9 u p p r e s d on the first andslightest a pcarance. I t should be the en-deavour or)evcry good man, pm w i r i l i , as6r s his best abilitieswill utewl, to extir-pate all arbitrary government from tBegbhe. It should be s w c p fmm the eprth,or @ under !bot, fmm China toPau.

Ihe y.

=- @I8Utm m bcrpbledcmh& *HflrP, E3 than the I f e r c u l a o u m o fw h o k PEoPLs.I lay it dawn a~M ncontmtrrrtib~eU-

i t should no t be unished as criminal, iet itbe coerced as (Pan emus. Let the traitwaistcoat be a pliec!; but le t Y E N , judgingfellow-men, ,Lay, span. the axe.For what rational purpose could we enterinto life ? T o vex, torment, and slay eachother w i t h t he sword? To be and to makeven ! I firmly behtve, thnt the great Kingnliserable ? No, y the sweet mercy of Hea-of kings intended everyson and clan1 htero f Adam to be HS happy as t he e t e rna l t awsto be in his auhlunary s t a t e . Execratedof nat ure , und er hi9 control, perm it themand ex loded be all those politics, with Ma-chiavetor the EvilBeing, theirauthor,which introduce system s of government andmanners amonghe pt, nconsistentwith the happiness of the majority. Mustreal e d m be for ever actingnhestage? human ife?Mustmen go onfor ever to be to rmenten and executloneraof meu? Is the world never to profit bya f f c np f r be made to improve t h e hap-th e experience of ages?N u s t notevenpiness of life, to improve overnment,though all arts and sciences are encouragedin their progress to perfection ? Must thep d rt, the sublimestscience, that ofmehornting the condition of human nature,be stationary? No; orbid t reason, vir-tue, benevolence,religion! Let th e worldbe made more and morecomfortable toall who are allowed the glorious privilegeof seeiug the sun and breathiog the liberalMr. Our forefathers were duped by priestsof superstition and rhe b i d n w uf ip+and des- and, thmu the timidityrance submitted to be d e rtiticlplwe rcc; a d kr every m o d under tht

Pmiserpble. Let us uplode th+t o l l ycope of hdvenmjogcristarce,aa IODgtla


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C O N C L V 8 l O N " R c / w r r 98trulr &la andgbriaus itb ta -ye. ~ o dn thclr g . e . Their simtbn d m+.people. Fot h=, huw mn- pveroed b men, md men by theirp"bl w llpul &urd, unpreeipi- F, ~ lIrsu pwed Interest. w l ~ .t

will sam am e the h a u g h t i h t 1s the buaimbs o f ! a m to *van thtm.a p m t thrt ever swelled the h c i 4 import- The "9f: re b u n d to wntch t h e omducte nf a crown ; n d t h e i r d r m i t k at- o f dl,w se cctlduct is inf twntial 00 tbei rtend ing the approach of deathh e g d d wcl lkn. Unlimited c o n f t d e m should bed e c a j s of e , will u s~ u l l y each a less011 given to no man, when t h e h q p i n e m ofot ' u n t e k n 3 humility. millions i.r concerned IN thc mnsequenceaters coatide tar m u z ' i n the symptoms. .4 aurhur, ' g e t w d l y think thnt g r e d menin a po mclrl le thar BUI let nut minis- ' I T h e comnon peuple "says a sensible(dm recedes a storm.Longcontinued have p r d minds, and scorn b a a art ions :abuses,heavyburden$, and severegriev-which judgment is so false, that I he b e s tsnces, without a d r a m of hope, m a y and worbt oiall action5 hav e been don e byawakenheion. hen, I thiik, those p r e d met) . Theyaveftenisturbed,who have shewn an nclination to net up a deceived,and pillaRe(1 th e world ; ud hepower unk now n to constitutional reetiom, who is capable of the I$lert miwliief isand to endergovernmenthostile to the capahl

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