THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

THE OLD REGIME/ THE ANCIEN REGIME

15TH C 18TH C

Name used by the revolutionaries to refer the times before the French revolution

Later adopted by historians to refer to characteristics of the period between the 15th and 18th centuries

THE EIGHTEEN CENTURY: TIMES OF CHANGE

THE OLD REGIME

THE ENLIGHTMENT: Ideological movement of French

origin

LIGHT

THE DISEMINATION OF THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

The salons. Social gatherings, centres of intellectual exchanges

The Encyclopaedia, published by

Diderot and D’Alambert, was a compendium of the knowledge of the time, based on reason. The writers critised beliefs based on tradition and superstition.

Panflets, periodicals and new journals

THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTMENT: CRITICS OF ABSOLUTISM POLITICAL CHANGES

ABSOLUTISM •The king’s power derived from God. • The monarch had complete power to govern, legislate, control de economy the justice and the army. • The kings ignored the Parliaments

VOLTAIRE The king’s power

should be limited by the Parliament,

following the English model

MONTESQUIEU Proposed the division of powers:

• Executive •Legislative •Judiciary

ROUSSEAU Sovereignity resides in

the people, so governments should

respect the will of people

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM

ENLIGHTTMENT

ABSOLUTISM

•ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM • The monarch had absolute power •Reforms to achieve progress and the well-being of his subjects

“ Everything for the people but without the people”

LOUIS XV of France

CARLOS III of Spain

CATHERINE II of Russia

JOSEPH II of Austria FREDERICH II of Prussia JOSE I of Portugal

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS

During the 17th century the most influential economic doctrine was based

on the idea of mercantilism

MERCANTILISM

The country’s wealth is measured by the amount of precious metals it possesses

The state intervene In the economy

Forbidding the export of row

materials

Imposing taxes on foreign

imports

Encouraging external

trade

Promoting national products

Occupying new territories:

Colonies

Supplied raw materials

Bought manufactured products

COLONIAL AGREEMENT

Monopolies: Privileged companies

ENGLAND

DUTCH REPUBLIC

FRANCE

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS

In the 18th century new economic policies were proposed: PHYSIOCRACY and ECONOMIC LIBERALISM

The wealth of a nation came from the land (agriculture

and mining).

FOOD LAND MATERIALS ARTISANS:MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS MERCHANTS SELL THEM WEALTH

PHYSIOCRACY François Quesnay

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM Adam Smith. “The Wealth of Nations”

The origin of wealth is individual effort to obtain

maximum profit. A country prospers by allowing individuals to seek their own profit without regulation. The wealth obtained by individuals

will benefit society. The state should not interfere. Supply ad demand will regulate

production and prices.

SPAIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY (THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE BOURBON DYNASTY)

THE END OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA

Carlos II died without any direct

heirs

Philip of Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV

of France, was designated as his

succesor

Other European countries supported the

Archduke Charles of Austria, fearing the

union between Spain and France and the end of the balance of power WAR OF THE SPANISH

SUCCESSION

THE WAR OF SUCCESSION (1700-1713)

EUROPEAN WAR: SPAIN AND FRANCE

Against GERMANY, GREAT

BRITAIN, PORTUGAL, UNITED PROVINCES AND

SAVOY

CIVIL WAR CASTILE supported

Philip and THE CROWN OF ARAGON supported

Archduke Charles

The end of the war was decided after the deaths of the German Emperor and his eldest son. Archduke Charles became

the new emperor and his supporters feared a new

imbalance of power.

THE PEACE TREATY OF UTRECH (1713)

PHILIP V KING OF SPAIN (he

renounced his rights to the French throne)

SPANISH TERRITORIES IN THE

LOW COUNTRIES AND ITALY WENT TO

AUSTRIA

SICILY TO SAVOY

MENORCA, GIBRALTAR AND

VARIOUS CONCESSIONS IN THE COMMERCE

WITH AMERICA, TO GREAT BRITAIN

CONSEQUENCES

THE BOURBONS DINASTY A new dynasty

reigned in Spain from the 18th century

Important reforms that followed the

ideas of Enlightenment were

introduced, especially in the time of Carlos III

THE IDEAS OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN SPAIN

FATHER FEIJOO JOVELLANOS CAMPOMANES

FLORIDABLANCA CONDE DE ARANDA

The impact of their ideas in Spain was very small because: •The middle class had not

grown much. •Most of the clergy and the

nobility opposed them. •The common people were

either indifferent or hostile to them