Industrialization

Enclosure andOther Agricultural innovations

(Britain)• By 1700, rich landowners began to buy small farms in Great Britain,

and created the “enclosure” system• Enclosure: the process of renting land to tenant farmers, who would

pay the landowners with crops; called this because the landowner frequently fenced the land, making it private land

• Other Inventions – Improved Farming!• Invention of the “seed drill” by Jethro Tull in 1721 • Restorative crops (Turnips)• Breeding techniques• Enclosure forced small farmers to move, and some went to the

British colonies in North America or British cities to work in industry• Food prices decline- production increases

Seed Drill

Crop Rotation(Britain)

• Charles Townshend (“Turnip Townshend”) discovered that it’s unnecessary to let land lie fallow; instead farmers need to “rotate crops”

• Example: Plant a field with wheat one year, wearing out the soil, and then plant turnips next year, restoring the soil

Improved Livestock (Britain)

• In the 1700’s, Robert Bakewell selected his best sheep to breed, creating larger sheep that tasted delicious

• Other farmers followed, and in 86 years the average weight of cows increased 470 pounds and the average weight of sheep rose 72 pounds

• More and better food meant less starvation and better nutrition

Textiles• Cotton industry was revolutionized by 1800 because of 6 new inventions: • 1. “flying shuttle”: John Kay in 1722: made work go twice as quickly• 2. “spinning jenny”: James Hargreaves in 1764:allowed a spinner to work

on six to eight threads at a time• 3. “water frame”: Richard Arkwright in 1769: used waterpower from running

water streams to run the “spinning jenny”• 4. “spinning mule”: Samuel Crompton in 1779: combo of “spinning jenny”

and “water frame”; made stronger and finer thread• Factories were created because the “water frame” and “spinning mule”

were too expensive and large for people to have in their homes• 5. “power loom”: Edmund Cartwright in 1785: loom run by water power • 6. “cotton gin”: Eli Whitney (U.S.A.) in 1793: removed seeds from raw

cotton, and allowed slaves to pick and clean ten times more cotton

Cotton Gin

Railroads(Britain)

• In 1763, mathematical instrument maker James Watt improved the steam engine, making it more practical for factory use

• Richard Threvithick made a small, powerful engine that other engineers continually improved

• In 1821, George Stephenson built first ever railroad line, running 27 miles from coalfields in Yorkshire to the port in Stockton on the North Sea

• “The Rocket”: designed by Stephenson; carried 13 tons at 24 mph• British businessmen began to build new railroads when they saw

that the business was booming• In 1850, there were over 6,100 miles of railroad in Britain • Railroads: 1.Gave manufacturers cheap, fast way to transport goods

2.Created millions of new jobs

3.Increased agricultural progress

4.Travel for enjoyment increased

Labor Conditions• Harsh work conditions resulted in poor health• Families worked separately • Children were useful in mines—they could get into the narrow

tunnels• Kids as young as 6 or 7 years old worked hard• Orphans worked in factories to earn room and board—this took 12-

14 hours/day• The average worker spent 6 days a week and 14 hours a day at

their job• Parliament passed the Factory Act of 1833 to instate child labor

laws• -children from the ages of 9-13 couldn’t be forced to work more than

8 hours/day• -young people from the ages of 14-18 couldn’t be forced to work

more than 12 hours/day• Working with machines was extremely dangerous; people were

always getting injured• Frequent accidents, damp conditions, and the constant breathing of

coal dust made a miner’s life span 10 years shorter than other worker’s

Urban Life• During the Industrial Revolution many people moved

from country farms to big cities.Rise of Cities

• -factories developed• -cities grew rapidly • -sanitation and disease were problems• -new crop rotation methods resulted in increased food

supply which helped the rise in population• -population of Europe doubled from 1750-1850

Rise of Disease• -large amounts of people in small amounts of space

resulted in poor sanitation and disease• -the rapid population increase did not allow an

opportunity to improve sanitary systems• -another problem with the large numbers of people living

in one city was the fact that any infectious disease spread extremely rapidly

Increase in Population Throughout Europe

• The population of Europe doubled between 1750 and 1850

• More food was produced using crop rotation systems and large farms as opposed to small independent, self-sufficient farms

• Vaccinations were developed and overall medical care improved

• -Edward Jenner’s discovery of the smallpox vaccine

• Larger food supplies and better living conditions meant people married younger and started having children, shortening the time between generations

Germany- Juggernaut!• After WWI Germany had a time of peace that

was do to rapid industrialization• In the 1850’s the industrialization in Germany

grew at great amounts.• Railroads and roads were all over the country• The coal amount went from 3.8 million metric

tons to 21.5 million metric tons• The annual industrial growth rate rose up to 10.2

% which was the highest in the world(http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576917_20/Germany.html)

Bessemer and Steel production

• In the late 1800 a new age began called the Steel Age

• Steel is the mixture of purified Iron and some carbon

• Henry Bessemer made this new Blast Furnace

• This took less time then the heating and hammering that they used to do

• By the turn of the century then steel was widely used for ships and machinery

Interchangeable parts and Mass Production and Assembly Line

• Henry Ford had mass production so all of the cars could be bought by normal people

• He used interchangeable parts to help build the cars faster and make it easier to repair them

• He built an assembly line which was a moving conveyer belt to carry the parts to the workers so the workers could just build the cars