II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating Sunlight absorbedSunlight available II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating Sunlight absorbedSunlight available Nutrients at DepthNutrients available II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating Sunlight absorbedSunlight available Nutrients at DepthNutrients available BuoyantLess Supportive II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs Aquatic HabitatsTerrestrial Water availableDesiccating Sunlight absorbedSunlight available Nutrients at DepthNutrients available BuoyantLess Supportive Low oxygen, higher CO 2 reverse II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected 3. Embryo protected II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal roots Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diffs B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected 3. Embryo protectedVULNERABLE 4. Spore wall thick II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History B. Adaptations to Life on Land C. Plant Evolution Acquisition of Terrestriality III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 1. Characteristics a. short (no vascular tissues) III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 1. Characteristics a. short (no vascular tissues) b. limited to moist habitats (swimming sperm) III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts most primitive plants - lie flat on ground - antheridia and archegonia on surface III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts most primitive plants b. Mosses III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips Archegonium Antheridium III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips - swimming sperm III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips - swimming sperm - hydroid cells die back to leave cavities for water transport. III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta -vascular system of phloem and xylem III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta Silurian 440 mya -vascular system of phloem and xylem -tracheids in sporophytes --water and nutrient distribution GymnospermsAngiosperms III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta -vascular system of phloem and xylem -tracheids in sporophytes --water and nutrient distribution -- lignin and support III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 4. Life History: simple (primitive) - Homospory III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes (Club Mosses) III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first forests mya III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first forests mya - simple leaves III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first forests mya - simple leaves - Dominant Sporophyte (with stobili) III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns and their allies III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns and their allies - true complex leaves III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns and their allies - true complex leaves - true roots III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 2. Ferns and their allies - true complex leaves - true roots - also ancient; appearing 350 mya - dominat sporophyte; reduced gametophyte Fern Life Cycle: III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes - heterospory III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes - heterospory - seeds: lipid-rich endosperm packaged with the zygote III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 1. General Characteristics - heterospory - seeds: lipid-rich endosperm packaged with the zygote -diversity: III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 2. Gymnosperms naked seed a. Evolutionary History - dominated during Permian (280 mya) and through Mesozoic, and still dominate in dry env. Today (high latitudes, sandy soils) III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 2. Gymnosperms naked seed a. Evolutionary History - dominated during Permian (280 mya) and through Mesozoic, and still dominate in dry env. Today (high latitudes, sandy soils) b. Diversity - cycads - ginko - Gnetales - conifers III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes c.Gymnosperm Life Cycle III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms flowering plants - double fertilization - triploid endosperm III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - double fertilization - triploid endosperm - fruits - flowers Both serve to bribe animals to disperse either Pollen or seeds NON-RANDOMLY. More likely to end up in a similar habitat. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History - Diversity DicotsMonocots ancestralderived two cotyledonsone cotyledon 4-5 parted flower3 parted flower veins networkedveins parallel the restgrasses, palms III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History - Diversity - evolutionary trends: primitivederived insect pollinatedwind pollinated terrestrialaquatic woodyherbaceous