DEFINTION

PARTS

TYPES

WORKING

CHARGING OF BATTERIES

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

COSTS

FUTURE

NAME : Tariq Ibrahim

ENROLL NO.: 51/2011

ROLL NO. :07

BRANCH : Mechanical

Hybrid cars are vehicles or cars that use two or more power sources .In these types of cars , the two power sources are mostly the electric motor and internal combustion engines . The energy to the electric motor is availed by a battery while the engine generates its own power with the help of gasoline in the fuel tank. These are simply called HEV’ s i.e , hybrid electric vehicles.

Internal combustion engine

Electric motors

Batteries

Fuel cell

Energy collector/convertor.

Control system

CONVENTIONAL CAR ENGINES : It can be a gasoline or petrol or diesel engine . But whatever engine is used it is more advanced than the usual ones , as they have to work together with the electric system . They will be smaller with greater efficiency and smaller size.

FUEL TANK : For storing the fuel to run the engine.

BATTERIES : They are used to store and release the energy as required by the car . These are made of nickel metal hydride . they give mileage of 5 miles per kilowatt hour.

ELECTRIC MOTOR AND GENERATOR : Though motors can act as generators both of them are needed for a car . A motor will be needed to take energy from the batteries while generators are needed to produce electric power to recharge the batteries.

CONTROL SYSTEM:A control system determines the best balance of engine and electric power to achieve most efficient vehicles.

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM : It is same as in the conventional cars.

Usually cars run on petrol or diesel but there inefficiencies led to the inventions of electric cars . But electric cars have disadvantages of frequent battery charging and insufficient long drives.so a better solution to the inefficiency was made by involving a combination of both.

IN 1901 Ferdinand developed the very first gasoline electric hybrid . The hybrid electric vehicle did not become widely available until the release of Toyota Prius in 1997.Over 7.5 million hybrid vehicles have been sold till now.

TOYOTA PRIUS(Latest model 2014)

1:Series hybrid car

2:Parallel hybrid car

3:Series/parallel hybrid

A series hybrid has two power sources linked together in the series , meaning that the output of the first source feeds in the input of the second and there is only one power source directly connected to the vehicles transmission .The most common of these is a gasoline or petrol engine turning an electric generator . the electricity powers electric motors which link to the drive wheels.in this engine and motor are in series and the gasoline does not connect with the drive wheels.

A parallel hybrid has two power sources connected through the transmission to the drive wheels . Each power source may supply some or all the power needed by the vehicle at any particular moment .Common examples of parallel hybrids are vehicles in which both a gasoline and electric motor connect to the same transmission.

SERIES PARALLEL

These are common in larger and more powerful applications including most locomotives and ships . They have greater ability to minimize power requirements on a gasoline engine during starting and stopping makes them fit for vehicles commonly used in city traffic.

It allows both the power sources to work simultaneously allowing the optimized performance of each . while this strategy allows for increased efficiency and performance , the transmission systems are usually complicated and expensive.

The series parallel hybrid system uses an electric motor to drive vehicle at low speeds and loads and gasoline engine when load and speed increases . The electric motor and the gasoline work independently or together depending on power requirement .The electric motor uses power from a high voltage battery which is charged by the internal combustion engine and by reclaiming the waste energy of deaccellerating or braking.

The braking system that can recapture much of the car’s kinetic energy and convert it into electricity so that it can be used to recharge the car’s batteries is called regenerative braking.

WORKING : In hybrid car’s and other electric cars keeping the battery charged is of considerable importance . In a traditional, brake pads produce friction with the brake rotors to slow or stop the vehicle . Additional friction is produced between the road . This friction converts the car’s kinetic energy into heat . With regenerative brakes, on the other hand , the system that drives the vehicle does the majority of the braking . when the driver steps on the brake pedals of the hybrids ,these types of brakes put the vehicle in the reverse mode thus slowing the car’s vehicles . While running backwards the motor acts a generator ,producing electricity that is then fed into batteries . These types of brakes work better at certain speeds than the other .In fact they are more effective in stop and go driving situations . However hybrids also have friction brakes as a kind of backup in situations where regenerative don’t work.

Li ion batteries are mostly used because of their high energy per unit mass relative to electric energy storage systems . They also have high energy efficiency , good temperature performance and low self discharge . Nickel metal hydride batteries are also used as they offer reasonable energy and power capabilities . They are costly , have high self discharge and heat generation at high temperatures

The main advantage of these batteries is that these can be recycled.

Most hybrid batteries last 180000 to 240000 miles.

Manufacture battery warranties

HONDA:8 years/800000 miles.

TOYOTA:8 years/1000000 miles.

FORD:8 years/1000000 miles.

Toyota offers more hybrids than the other company.it has sold about 5 million units till now .Now it plans to produce a hydrogen powered fuel cell cars in 2015.if Toyota pulls off its plan to launch in 2015 the new model will be the first produced fuel cell car . Their plan involves a fuel cell that reacts stored hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen to generate electricity and powers the vehicle.

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