Hybrid CarsHybrid Cars

What is a hybrid?What is a hybrid?• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)

include both a combustion engine as include both a combustion engine as well as an electric motor.well as an electric motor.

• If we had better batteries, we would If we had better batteries, we would not need hybrids at all.not need hybrids at all.

• Hybrids can be implemented in many Hybrids can be implemented in many kinds of vehicles.kinds of vehicles.

Global-Warming: Still An Global-Warming: Still An Issue.Issue.• Hybrids are not zero-emission Hybrids are not zero-emission

vehicles.vehicles.• Will cut down emissions of global-Will cut down emissions of global-

warming pollutants by a third to a warming pollutants by a third to a half.half.

• Later models may cut these Later models may cut these emissions down by even more.emissions down by even more.

Why hybrids?Why hybrids?• Regenerative braking actually makes city Regenerative braking actually makes city

driving more economical than on the highway.driving more economical than on the highway.• Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).• Emissions are greatly decreased.Emissions are greatly decreased.• Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.• Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.• New materials can be implemented.New materials can be implemented.

EPA at workEPA at work• Federal guidelines for emissions:Federal guidelines for emissions:

– Tier 1 took effect in 1997Tier 1 took effect in 1997– Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004.Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004.

• National LEV (NLEV): builds on the National LEV (NLEV): builds on the California Emissions Standards until California Emissions Standards until Tier 2 is implemented.Tier 2 is implemented.

• LEV II: California Emissions Standards.LEV II: California Emissions Standards.

ULEV/SULEVULEV/SULEV• Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV.Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV.• CARB: California Air Resources Board.CARB: California Air Resources Board.• COCO22 reductions not called for. Only HC, reductions not called for. Only HC,

CO, NOCO, NOxx..• Cars can be certified Low Emissions Cars can be certified Low Emissions

Vehicles but at the same time have Vehicles but at the same time have high fuel consumption.high fuel consumption.

ReductionsReductions

Tax IncentivesTax Incentives• ‘‘The IRS has determined that The IRS has determined that

purchasers of a new Honda Insight, purchasers of a new Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid or Toyota Prius are Honda Civic Hybrid or Toyota Prius are eligible for a "Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax eligible for a "Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax deduction of $2,000. The current deduction of $2,000. The current incentive is scheduled to phase out in incentive is scheduled to phase out in 2004-06. ‘2004-06. ‘

www.fueleconomy.gov/www.fueleconomy.gov/

Some EPA factsSome EPA facts• Every gallon of gasoline your vehicle Every gallon of gasoline your vehicle

burns puts 20 pounds of COburns puts 20 pounds of CO22 into the into the atmosphere.atmosphere.

• A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy equates to about 2,800 pounds of equates to about 2,800 pounds of COCO22 a year. a year.

www.epa.gov/greenvehicles

Tons of greenhouse gasTons of greenhouse gas

• NLEV program does not take CONLEV program does not take CO22 into into account but let’s see some numbers:account but let’s see some numbers:– Honda Insight: 3.4 t/yr.Honda Insight: 3.4 t/yr.– Honda Civic Hybrid: 3.9 t/yr.Honda Civic Hybrid: 3.9 t/yr.– Toyota Prius: 4.0t/yr.Toyota Prius: 4.0t/yr.– Ford Explorer: 11.0 t/yr.Ford Explorer: 11.0 t/yr.– Honda Civic: 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)Honda Civic: 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)

Honda Insight 2003Honda Insight 2003• Cost: Cost:

$19,080/$21,280 $19,080/$21,280 (MT/CVT)(MT/CVT)

MT: manual transmissionMT: manual transmissionCVT: continuously variable transmissionCVT: continuously variable transmission

Honda Insight 2003Honda Insight 2003

IMA: integrated motor assist systemIMA: integrated motor assist system

Horsepower67(65)@5700 or 73(71)@5700 (with IMA)

Emissions Rating ULEV/SULEVPower Output 13 hp/10 kW @ 3000 rpmNickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery 144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)Length 155.1 inchesCurb Weight 1847/(1878) or 1967 lbs.Mileage (City/Highway) 61/68 or 57/56 mpgTank Capacity 10.6 gal.0 to 60 11.3/11.2 seconds

Honda Civic Hybrid 2003Honda Civic Hybrid 2003Cost: $19,550/$20,550 (MT/CVT)Cost: $19,550/$20,550 (MT/CVT)

Honda Civic Hybrid 2003Honda Civic Hybrid 2003

Horsepower85@5700 or 93@5700 (with

IMA)Emissions Rating ULEVPower Output 13.4 hp @ 4000 rpmNickel Metal Hydride

(Ni-MH) Battery 144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)Length 174.8 inchesCurb Weight 2661/2732 lbs.Mileage

(City/Highway) 51/46 or 48/47 mpgTank Capacity 13.2 gal.0 to 60 11 seconds

Civic DX Auto

$13,010 115@4500ULEV  174.6 inches2500 lbs.29/38 mpg13.2 gal8.4 seconds

Toyota Prius 2003Toyota Prius 2003

Cost: $20,480 CVTCost: $20,480 CVT

Toyota Prius 2003Toyota Prius 2003Horsepower 70@4500 (98 HP combined)Emissions Rating SULEV

Power Output44 hp/33 kW @ 1040-5600

rpmNickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)

Battery 273.6V (228 cells @ 1.2V)Length 169.6 inchesCurb Weight 2765 lbs.Mileage (City/Highway) 52/45 mpgTank Capacity 11.8 gal.0 to 60 12.7 seconds

A note about FordA note about Ford• I believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid I believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid

world.world.• The Hybrid Escape is due at the end The Hybrid Escape is due at the end

of 2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared of 2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared to 19/25 mpg.to 19/25 mpg.

• The Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets The Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets 17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon 17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon tank.tank.

Tepper Fleet ConsumptionTepper Fleet Consumption

• 33.3 t/yr. CO33.3 t/yr. CO22

• Could be reduced to less than half if Could be reduced to less than half if all cars were hybrids.all cars were hybrids.

www.fueleconomy.gov

Cars to comeCars to come• GM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy GM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy

Suburban 2004.Suburban 2004.• Daimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram Pickup Daimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram Pickup

2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006.2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006.