Grammar NotebookBy: Mariana Tucker

Table of Contents

Preterite vs. imperfect

Ser vs. estar Verbs like gustar Comperatives/

superlatives Transition words Future Trigger words-

future Por para

• Preterite• Tigger words-

Preterite• Car-Gar-Zar• Spock Verbs• Snake and Snake-y

verbs• Cucaracha Verbs• Imperfect• Trigger words-

imperfect• Irregulars

Table of Contents (cont.) Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenses

› Present› Past› Irregulars› subjunctive

Tanto y tan Impersonal “se” Saber vs. Conocer Mandatos

Informal/FormalAffirmative/Negative Irregular (DOP + IOP

placement)

Nosotros Commands Mono Verbs

Subjunctive + irregulars Impersonal

expressions Expression of

emotions Conjunctions of time

Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

Preterite

• A completed action

• the distant past

• Perfected time

What is it?

• specific events that occured

• narrate a series of past actions or events

when to use? • Example

sentences:• I ate chicken for

dinner last night• Yo comí pollo para

cena a noche.

Examples

É amos

Aste

ó aron

í imos

iste

ío ieron

-AR VERBS

-ER/-IR VERBS

Preterite continued…

Hace que

Un dia

Una vez

Anteayer

El pasado

ayer

Trigger words- Preterite

A las ocho

A noche

*When you see these words in a sentence you will have a hint to use the preterite*

Tocar (yo form) Jugar (yo form)

Tocé = WRONG!

Toqué- to get the hard “c’ sound

Jugé= WRONG!

Jugué- to get the hard “g” sound

-Car, -Gar, -Zar

*Stem changing verbs in the preterite

Fui FuimosFuisteFue Fueron

d/v -i d/v -imosd/v -iste d/v -io d/v –ieron

hice hicimoshicistehizo hicieron

Ir/Ser:

Dar/Ver:

HACER:

Spock Verbs

“Snake” Verbs

E to I- Competir- Repetir- Servir- Sentir- Pedir- Preferir

O to u- Morir- dormir

*Snake verbs will only change in the “usted” and “ustedes” form

“Snake-ey” verbs.

The verbs that require a “y” in the “usted” and ustedes” form happen with verbs like leer and oir.

oí oímos

oiste

oyó oyeron

Oir

Preterite Irregulars aka “Cucharacha Verbs”

Andar anduv-Estar estuv-Poder pud-Poner pus-Querer quis-Saber sup-Tener tuv-Venir vin-decir dij-traer traj-conducir conduj-producir produj-Traducir traduj-

• The root of these verbs change but the normal preterite endings will stay the same.

• The highlighted verbs will end in –eron instead of –ieron because of the j’s that are at the end of the verbs.

Continued…Background information is being discussed, such as:

TimeWeatherlocation

Example sentences: 1. Cuando era niña me gustaba ver television.

2.

Cuando uso el imperfecto?Describe physical or emotional states/ characteristics

When there is an interruption in the sentence

Endings -Araba abamosabas aba aban

-Er/-Ir

í íamos

ías

Ía ían

IMPERFECTO

Imperfect irregulares

Ir-iba íbamos

-ibas -iba iban

Ver-veía veíamos

-veías - veía veían

Ser-era éramos

-eras -era eran

Trigger words- Imperfect

siempre

Todos los días

mientras

A veces

Cada día

Los lunes

Ser- “to be”

D- escriptions O- rigin C- haracteristics T- ime O- ccupation R- elationships P- ossesion E- vents D- ates

Estar

H- ealth E- motions L- ocation P- resent condition I N G } Ar- ando

Er/ir- endo -yendo

Verbos como Gustar When gustar is

followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, singular form of gustar is always used

Often used in conditional (me gustaría) to soften a request.

•Ejemplos: -A Adela le encanta la musicá de Shakira.

- A mi me aburre la música clásica.

Verbos como gustar cont…

Abburir Encantar Faltar Fascinar Importar Interesar Molestar Quedar Doler

Caer bien/mal disgustar Hacer falta preocupar soprender apetecer

Comparatives/Superlatives Ejemplos:- La casa es grande- El granero es mas grande que la casa- El castillo es el mas grande de todos

Ejemplos:- Este dinosaurio es feroz.- Este dinosaurio es menos feroz que el

otro- Este dinosaurio es el menos feroz

dinosaurio en el mundo.

Comparatives/ superlatives cont…

IrregularesBueno mejorMalo peor

Viejor mayorJoven menor

* To say “more than” or “less than” with numbers….use “mas de” or “menos de” + number

Connector words

Aunque- even though

Por lo tanto- therefore

Mientras- while

Pero- but

Tambien- also

A pesar de- in spite of

Sin embargo/ no obstante- nevertheless

Infinitivo + é Infinitovo + emos

Infinitive + ás Infinitivo + éis

Infinitive + á Infinitivo + án

Irregulares

El Futuro

Decir Dir Hacer harPoner PondrSalir SaldrTener TendrValer ValdrVenir VendrPoder Podr

Querer Querr Saber SabrCaber CabrHaber Habr

Trigger words- Futuro

Mañana El proximo día En dos días

When to use POR….

Passing through…PORtal General rather than specific

location….PORtugal How long something lasts….PORever The cause of something…PORpuse An exchange…imPORt/esPORt Doing something in place of or instead of

someone else….I’m POR, pay for me A means of

transportation….transPORtation

When to use PARA…

For whom something is done…surprise PARAty

Destination….PARAguay The purpose for which something is

done…PARAchute To express an opinion…PARAdon me To contrast or compare…comPARA Tp express idea of deadline…

PARAmedic

Conditional TenseWhen

to use?To make polite

requests

Express probability

The future- in relation to a past

event or past habitual actions

How to

use?Infinitive + endings

Example:

Hablar ---> infinitive

Add ending

hablaría

Comer

Comerías

Escribir

Escribían

ía

ías

ía

íamos

íais

ían

Conditional Irregulars Decir Dir__

Haber Habr__

Poder Podr__

Poner Pondr__ Saber Sabr__

Tener Tendr__

Valer Valdr__

Venir Vendr__

Caber Cabr__

Querer Querr__

Salir Saldr___

A compound tense that is formed with the present and the verb “haber” and the past participle of the other verb

Present Perfect

-- Ar ado -- Er ido

--Ir ido

Past Perfect The past perfect is

compound tense where two verbs have to be present› Main verb› Auxiliary verb

(“had”) Use the verb

“had” with a past participle

Había

Habías

Había

Habíamos

Habían

Haber

IrregularsAbrir…..abierto

Cubrir….cubierto

Decir….dicho

Escribir…..escrito

Hacer…..hecho

Morir……muerto

Resolver…..resuelto

Romper…..roto

Ver……visto

Volver….vuelto

Ir ….ido

Poner…..puesto

Subjuntivo PerfectoWhen

to use?

When a verb or expression

requiring the subjunctive is in

the present, future or present

perfect

Comparison to

Present Use the present

subjunctive when the dependent clause is in the

present or future

Present perfect subjunctive used when dependent clause is in the

past

Example:

*use “haber” plus the past participle

Dudo que lo hayas hecho.

HaberHaya hayamos

Hayas

Haya hayan

Tan + Adjective or Adverb + Como

Ex. Wal-Mart es tan bueno como Target.

Tanto (-os, -a, -as)+ Noun + como

Ex. Fernando tengo tantos libros como

Juan

Tanto y Tan

Impersonal “se”

You will use the impersonal “se” when the person doing the action of the verb is not specified.

The impersonal “se” can be used in all tenses

* The verb is always in 3rd person when using “se”

Saber

• Facts and information

When to use?

How to use? • Yo sé matematicas.

Example

sé

sabes

sabe

sabemos

saben

Conocer

• People, places and literature

When to use?

How to use?

• Yo conozco mi abuelo.

• Ella conoce Nuevo York.

Example

Conozco

Conoces

Conoce

Conocemos

Conocen

LOS MANDATOS

Affirmative Usted/es

1st step

•Take the “yo” form of the verb

2nd step

•Drop the “o” and add the opposite ending

•-Ar - e•-Ir/-Er- a•If it is plural add an “n”

Example

•Hablar - Hablo- Hable

•Comer- Como- Coma

Usted/es Irregulars

Tener---> tenga

Venir---> venga

Dar/Decir---> dé or diga

Ir---> vaya

Ser--->sea

Hacer---> haga

Estoy---> esté

Saber---> sepá

Affirmative Tú

Conjugate to the tú form

Drop the “s”

Example: Hablar Hablas habla

Irregulars

•Decir- di

•Hacer- haz

•Ir- ve

•Poner- pon

•Salir- sal

•Tener- ten

•Venir- ven

Negative Tú

Change the verb to the “yo” form

Drop the “o”Add the

opposite tú ending

Ex. Comer Como

Coma No comas

Irregulars

Tener- tengas

Venir- vengas

Decir- digas

Ir- vayas

Ser-sayas

Hacer- hagas

Estoy- estes

Saber- sepas

IOP/DOP placement

•Object pronouns are attatched directly to the end of the imperative for m of the verb

Affirmative commands

•Cómprelo (Usted)•Cómpralo

Example •If the direct and indirect object pronouns are attatched

•Indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun

•Cómprelo•Cómpremelo

Example

IOP/DOP placement

•Object pronouns come before the imperative form of the verb

Negative Commands

•No lo compre

Example •If there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun

•No me lo compre

Example

Change the verb to “yo”

formDrop the “o”

Add the opposite

“nosotros” ending

Ex. Hablar Hablamos Hablemos

Nosotros Commands

“Mono” verbs

Use with reflexive

verbs

Drop the last “s” of the command

form

Attach the reflexive pronoun

Ex. Levantemos

+ nos levantéMONOs

When to

use?Attitudes (uncertain events or actions)

Uncertainity

Hypothetical

How to

use?

Change to "yo" form

Add opposite ending (*-ar changes to -er/-

ir ending)(*-er/-ir changes to

-ar ending)

Example:

Hablar ---> infinitiveHablo---> "yo" formHable---> opposite

ending

ComerComoComa

EscribirEscriboEscriba

T

• Tener --> Tenga

V

• Venir--> Venga

D

•Dar--> Dé•Decir--> Diga

I

•Ir--> Vaya

S

• Saber --> Sepa

H

• Hacer --> Haga

• Haber--> Haya

E

• Estar --> Este

S

• Ser --> Sea

•Es bueno que....embellezca el mundo.

•Es incierto que.....pueda manejar.

•Es importante que.....estudie para el examen.

•Es mejor que.....coma verduras.

•Es urgente que.....llame la policía

•Es necesario que.....pase una prueba.

Expressions of Emotions

Subjunctive

*when there is no change in the subject you will use the infinitive

Ex. Temo llegar tarde

Main clause + the subordinate clause

Ex. Siento que ella esta triste.

Use the subjunctive when expressing emotions

Hope, fear, Joy, Pity , Happy or Sad

Examples: Expressions of Emotions

•Alegrarse de…

•Esperar..

•Sentir…

•Soprender…

•Temer…

•Es triste…

•Ojalá que…(Always subjunctive)

•Using “que” is optional

Conjunctions of Time

When to use?

Take the indicative when the action in

the subordinate clause is habitual or

in the past

The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command

or in the future

Example:

Trabajé hasta que mis niños me llamaron.

Conjunctions of time

•Así que….as soon as

•Cuando…when

•Despues de que…after

•En cuanto…as soon as

•Hasta que…until

•Luego que…as soon as

•Tan pronto como…as soon as

Demonstrative Adjectives/ Pronouns

this” “that “these” “those” Ejemplos:

› Adjectives:- Este libro es facil.

- This book is easy.- Yo quiero esta taza.

- I want that cup

› Pronouns- Yo quiero este.

- I want that.- ¿Que es ese?

- What is that?

Singular

Male Female

este esta (this)

ese esa (that)

aquel aquella (that over there)

Plural

Male Female

estos estas (this)

esos esas (that)

aquellos

aquellas (that over there)