Grammar notebook part four pronouns

Pronouns

• Lovely little words that take the place of nouns• Pronoun agreement: gender and number

come from antecedent(replaced noun) but case comes from use in clause

• Types of Pronouns– Personal pronouns : 1st, 2nd, 3rd. ( I, we, me, us,

you, he, she, it, they)

– Demonstrative Pronouns: points out which one• This, that, these, those• Can also be used as personal pronouns

– Relative pronouns: introduce relative clauses and give more information about the antecedent• Who, which, whom, whose, what

– Interrogative Pronouns: introduce questions• Who, what, which, whose, whom

– Reflexive: refer to the subject• Himself, herself, itself, themselves, myself, yourself

• Possession: special adjectives to show possession (meus, noster, tuus, vester, suus)

• Intensive pronoun: provides emphasis for a noun– -self

• Indefinite pronoun: vague antecedent; points which one but not specifically

Personal Pronouns

• FIRST PERSON I, ME WE, US• NOMEGO NOS• GEN MEI** NOSTRUM**• DAT MIHI NOBIS• ACC ME NOS• ABL*** ME NOBIS• **TO SHOW POSSESSION, USE THE ADJECTIVES MEUS,

MEA,MEUM OR NOSTER, NOSTRA, NOSTRUM• ***mecum, nobiscum = with me/ with us

• 2ND PERSON YOU YOU, Y’ALL• NOM TU VOS• GEN TUI** VESTRUM**• DAT TIBI VOBIS• ACC TE VOS• ABL *** TE VOBIS• **TO SHOW POSSESSION, USE THE ADJECTIVES

TUUS, TUA, TUUM OR VESTER, VESTRA, VESTRUM• ***TECUM , VOBISCUM = WITH YOU

• 3rd person singular• Masc fem neuter

– IS EA ID– EIUS EIUS EIUS– EI EI EI– EUM EAM ID– EO* EA* EO

• 3RD PERSON PLURAL• MASC FEM NEUTER

– EI EAE EA– EORUM EARUM EORUM– EIS EIS EIS– EOS EAS EA– EIS EIS EIS

Demonstrative Pronouns: this, these

• Points out which one• Can be used as pronoun or adjective• Singular– Mascu fem neuter– Hic haec hoc– Huius huius huius– Huic huic huic– Hunc hanc hoc– Hoc* hac* hoc*

• Plural– Masc fem neuter– Hi hae haec– Horum harum horum– His his his– Hos has haec– His his his

Demonstrative Pronoun: that, those

• Also points out which one but further away than this, these

• Singular– Masc fem neut– ille illa illud– illius illius illius– illi illi illi– Illum illam illud– illo* illa* illo*

• Plural– Masc fem neut– illi illae illa– illorum illarum illorum– illis illis illis– illos illas illa– illis illis illis

Demonstrative Pronouns

• The pronoun “is, ea, id “ found on page _____ can also be used as a demonstrative pronoun.– It can be used to mean “this, that, those, these”

• All demonstrative pronouns can also be used as third person (he, she, it, they, him, her, them) personal pronouns as long as they are not reflexive to the subject. – For reflexive pronouns for third person see page

______

Emphatic Demonstrative

• Translates as “the same”• Singular– Idem eadem idem– Eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem– Eidem eidem eidem– Eundem eandem idem– Eodem eādem eodem

• Plural– Eidem eaedem eadem– Eorundem earundem eorundem– Eisdem eisdem eisdem– Eosdem easdem eadem– Eisdem eisdem eisdem

Relative Pronouns

• Function: introduces a relative clause– Gives more information about the antecedent– Relates back to the antecedent• I know that boy who was running down the street.• Scio illum puerum qui currebat de via.

• Basic translations: who, which, what, whose, whom

• Agreement: must agree with the antecedent in gender and number but gets its case from the use in the relative clause– I know the boy who was running down the street.– Who refers to boy• Therefore it will be masculine and singular• It is the subject of its clause–Therefore it will be nominative

Relative Singular

• Singular– Masculine feminine neuter– QUI QUAE QUOD– CUIUS CUIUS CUIUS– CUI CUI CUI– QUEM QUAM

QUOD– QUO* QUA* QUO*

Relative Plural

• Plural• Masculine feminine neuter• QUI QUAE QUAE• QUORUM QUARUM QUORUM• QUIBUS QUIBUS QUIBUS• QUOS QUAS QUAE• QUIBUS QUIBUS QUIBUS

Interrogative Pronouns

• Introduce a question• Follow the rules of agreement• Singular– Masc fem neuter– Quis quis quid– Cuius cuius cuius– Cui cui cui– Quemquam quid– Quō quā quō

• Plural• Masc fem neuter• Qui quae quae• Quorum quarum quorum• Quibus quibus quibus• Quos quas quae• Quibus quibus quibus

• Examples– Quis es tu?– Who are you?– Quid facis?– What are you doing?

Third Person Reflexive Pronoun

• Forms– Nominative None– Genitive **sui– Dative sibi– Accusative se or sese– Ablative se or sese– Vocative none– **use the possessive adjective suus, sua, suum

declined in the first and second declension to show possession.

Usage of Reflexive Pronouns

• Must reflect the subject• Usually translated by adding “-self”• Must be essential to the sentence; removing

the pronoun would change the meaning.– Interfecit se. He killed himself. ( “Himself” is

essential and reflexive)– Interfecit militem ipse. He killed the soldier himself.

(“Himself” only add emphasis and can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence)

Personal Possession

• To show possession with 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person reflexive– Use possessive adjectives which agree in gender,

number, and case with the modified noun.– I lost my book. Meum librum– I lost your book tuum librum– I lost our book nostrum librum– I lost your (pl) book. Vestrum librum

• In spite of the fact that I am feminine, I use the masculine to agree with the book which is masculine.

Non-reflexive possession

• Use the genitive to show non-reflexive possession( meaning doesn’t belong to the subject)– Mychal non amat suum canem. ( The dog belongs

to Mychal)– Mychal non amat eius canem (the dog belongs to

someone else)

Intensive Pronouns• Only provide emphasis; can be removed without changing

the meaning• Translate with –self• Singular• Masc fem neut• Ipse ipsa ipsum• Ipsius ipsius ipsius• Ipsi ipsi ipsi• Ipsum ipsam ipsum• Ipso ipsā ipso

• Plural• Ipsi ipsae ipsa• Ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum• Ipsis ipsis ipsis• Ipsos ipsas ipsa• Ipsis ipsis ipsis

Indefinite Pronouns

• Definition: some, certain• Forms– Quidam quaedam quoddam– Cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam– Cuidam cuidam cuidam– Quendam quandam quoddam– Quodam quādam quodam

• Quidam quaedam quaedam• Quorundam quarundam quorundam• Quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam• Quosdam quasdam quaedam• Quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam

Those Awful “q” words

• 1. It’s perfectly okay to hate them.• 2. “Qui Quae Quod” are relative pronouns

• Will give more information about a noun or pronoun• Will be in a sentence with at least two verbs• Marcus est puer qui amat Ferocem.

• 3. Interrogative Pronouns “Quis, Quid”• Usually asks a direct questions although sometimes asking an

indirect question ( will have subjunctive verb)• Quid facit illum strepitum? What is that noise?• Rogavi quis faceret illum strepitum. I asked who was making

that noise.

• 4. Quod– If there’s a neuter noun, it might be a pronoun

meaning “which”• Faciemus iter quod cras incipiet.• We will make a journey which will begin tomorrow.

– If there is no neuter noun, probably a conjunction meaning “because”• Discessimus quod non amavimus illam cenam.• We left because we didn’t like that food

• 5. Quam– If only one verb, probably not a pronoun. It needs

something feminine to refer to.– If used with an adverb, it means “how”• Quam celeriter currit!

– With a comparative it means “than”• Sextus est molestior quam Marcus

– With a superlative it means “as possible”• Sextus currit quam celerrime.