LATIN GRAMMAR NOTEBOOK

LATIN GRAMMAR NOTEBOOK

Your personal resource to organize all those charts and rules, provided you

follow my instructions perfectly.

Verb Facts: The single most important word of the sentence

Verb Facts: The Most Important Words in Any Sentence

• What is a verb?– Denotes an action or a state of being– Essential to the sentence because it’s what is

happening!

Examples:

Types of Verbs

• Helping Verbs: – In English, helping verbs tell when a verb is

happening ( was, is, had,have et al.)– Latin never uses helping verbs; we use endings to

show when a verb happens• Example

– Rex was laughing. Rex ridebat.– Rex will laugh. Rex ridebit.

Types of Verbs

• Linking verbs: show a state of being and link two ideas– Acts like a chain or an equals mark (=)– The most common linking verb is sum ,esse, fui,

futurus in all its lovely forms– Example• Rex is a boy. (Rex = boy) Rex est puer

Types of Verbs

• Transitive verb: action verb which takes a direct object ( a noun that answers who or what after the verb)– The action transfers to another word– Example

• Rex hits Claudius. Rex Claudium pulsat.

• Intransitive verb: action verb that cannot take an object– The action stops at the verb and does not cross over to a

noun.– Example

• Rex is sleeping. Rex dormit.

Agreement

• A singular verb must have a singular subject; a plural verb must have a plural subject.– Compound subjects are usually treated as plural

subjects– Examples• The girl is running. Puella currit• The girls are running. Puellae currunt.

Principal Parts• Most verb have four principal parts, always listed in a

specific order. These parts are used to make all the other verb forms.

• Notice the patterns– 1st principal part ends with “o”

• Used for present tense– 2nd ends with “re”

• Present infinitive; used for present, imperfect, future– 3rd end with “I”

• Perfect active; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active– 4th ends with “um” or “us”

• Perfect participle; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive

Conjugations

• The conjugation of a verb is determined by the second principal part (infinitive)– ARE = 1st

– *ERE = 2nd (1st pp. will end with “eo”)– ERE = 3rd

– IO, ERE = 3rd IO– IRE = 4th

Qualities of a Verb

• Number– Singular or plural

• Person– 1st = I, we– 2nd = you– 3rd = he,she, it, they

Qualities of a verb

• Voice: active or passive– Refers to relationship between subject and verb– Active voice : subject performs the verb

• Aurelia sells the slave. Aurelia vendit servum– Passive Voice: The subject does not perform the verb

but the verb happens to the subject• The slave is sold by Aurelia. Servus venditur ab Aurelia• The person or thing doing the verb goes into the ablative.

– No preposition for things (means), “a, ab” for people (personal agent)– Miles vulneratur gladio.– Miles vulneratur ab amico.

Qualities of a Verb

• Mood– Indicative = states a fact or asks a question– Imperative = makes a command– Subjunctive = special clauses

• Tense– Shows when the verb happens– Present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect,

future perfect

Tense Continuum

• Pluperfect: in the past before something else in the past (August 24)

• Perfect : completed in the past (august 25)• Present : now (august 26)• Future perfect: before something else in the

future (august 27)• Future : in the future (august 28)• Imperfect: in the past over a span of time ( august

24 and August 25)

Tense Continuum

• Pluperfect : He had taken a shower before he ate breakfast

• Perfect: He ate breakfast• Present: He is walking to the car.• Future Perfect: He will have driven twenty miles

before he returns home.• Future: He will return home• Imperfect: He was driving to school behind a very

slow bus.

Verb Bases• Present Tense : Use infinitive– Exception : 1st sing passive use 1st pp.– Are = remove the “re”

• Exception : 1st person singular remove the “are” active

– *ere = remove the “re”– Ere = remove “ere” , add “I”

• Exception : 3rd person pl add “u” instead of “I”– Io, -ere = remove “ere” , add “I”

• Exception: 3rd person pl add “iu”– Ire = remove “re”

• Exception: 3rd person pl. remove “re” , add “u”

Verb bases

• Imperfect : use infinitive– Are = remove “re”– *ere = remove “re”– Ere = remove “re”– Io, ere = remove “ere” add “ie”– Ire = remove “re” add “e”

Verb bases

• Future: Use infinitive– Are = remove “re”– *ere = remove “re”– Ere = remove “ere”– Io, ere = remove “ere”, add “I”• Exception : 2nd person singular don’t add “i”• Ire = remove “re”

Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active

• 3rd principal part minus “I”– Usually leaves one of the following before the

ending– U– V– S– X

Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive

• 4th principal part minus “us” or “um”

Present active Indicative

• Endings– o = I 1st sing– s = you 2nd sing– t = he, she, it 3rd sing– mus = we 1st pl– tis = you pl. 2nd pl– nt = they 3rd pl

• Translations– Verb __________, is, am, are ____ing, do, does ____

Present passive indicative

• Endings– R = I am _____ed– Ris = you are ______ed– Tur = he, she, it is _______ed– Mur = we are _______ed– Mini = you pl. are ______ed– Ntur = they are _______ed

• Translations– Is, am, are ______ed, – Is, am, are being _______ed

Imperfect active Indicative

• Endings– Bam = I– Bas = you– Bat = he, she,, it– Bamus = we– Batis = you pl.– Bant = they– Translations must show action over a period of time in

the past, habitual or continuous• Was/were, used to, kept on, began to, past tense

Imperfect passive indicative

• Endings– Bar = I– Baris = you– Batur = he, she, it– Bamur = we– Bamini = you pl– Bantur = they– Translations:

• Was/were being ______ed, kept on being _______ed, used to be _______ed, began to be ______ed

Future Active Indicative for –are, *ere (1st and 2nd conjugations

• Endings– Bo I will– Bis you will– Bit he, she, it will– Bimus we will– Bitis you pl. will– Bunt they will

• Translations: will, shall• Must show action to occur in the future

Future Passive Indicative for –are, -*ere

• Endings– Bor I will be -----ed– Beris you will be ----ed– Bitur he, she, it will be-----ed– Bimur we will be-----ed– Biminiyou pl. will be ----ed– Buntur they will be-----ed

• Translations: will be -----ed, shall be ----ed

Future Active Indicative for ere, ire (3rd, 3rd io, 4th)

• Endings– am I will– es* you will– et* he, she, it will– emus* we will– etis* you pl. will– ent they will

• Translation : will, shall

Future Passive Indicative for –ere, -ire(3rd, 3rd io, 4th)

• Endings– ar I will be ----ed– eris you will be ----ed– etur he, she, it will be ----ed– emur we will be -----ed– emini you pl will be -----ed– entur they will be -----ed

– Translations: will be _____ed, shall be ____ed

Perfect Active Indicative

• Endings– i i– isti` you– it he, she, it– imus we– istis you pl– erunt they

• Usually preceded by u,v,s,x from the 3rd pp.

• Translations: ----ed, past tense, has/have ---ed, did –– Must show action completed in the past

Perfect Passive Indicative

• 4th principal part minus “us”– Singular• -us,-a,-um sum I was _____ed, have been ___ed• -us, -a, -um es you were ____ed, have been __ed• -us,-a, -um est he, she, it was ___ed, has been

__ed• Plural• -i, -ae, -a sumus we were –ed, have been –ed• i, -ae, -a estis you were ---ed, have been –ed• i, -ae, -a sunt they were –ed, have been --ed

• The 4th principal part must be adjusted so that it agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case.– Marcus was wounded– Marcus vulneratus est.– Silvia was wounded.– Silvia vulnerata est.– The men were wounded.– Viri vulnerati sunt

Pluperfect Active Indicative• Endings

– eram I– eras you– erat he, she, it– eramus we– eratis you pl.– erant they

• Translation: had ----ed• Must show action completed in the past before another action• The endings must be attached to the 3rd pp minus “I”; cannot be by

itself or it’s the imperfect of sum– Ambulaveram in silva. I had walked in the woods.– Eram in silva. I was in the woods.

Pluperfect passive Indicative

• 4th principal part minus “us” or “um”• Singular– -us, a, um eram I– -us,-a, -um eras you– -us,-a, -um erat he, she, it

• Plural– -i,-ae, -a eramus we– -i, -ae, -a eratis you pl.– -i, -ae, -a erant they

• Translation: had been -----ed

• Fourth pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender, number, and case– Marcus had been seen.– Marcus visus erat.– Cornelia had been seen.– Cornelia visa erat.

Future Perfect Indicative• Endings

– ero I will have– eris you will have– erit he,she, it will have– erimus we will have– eritis you pl will have– erint they will have

• Translations: will have ----ed, shall have ----ed• Must show action that occurs in the future before something else

in the future• Frequently used in conditional (if) clauses

Future perfect passive• Endings 4th principal part minus “us” plus

– Singular– -us,-a, -um ero I– -us,-a, -um eris you– -us, -a, -um erit he,she, it– Plural– -i, -ae,-a erimus we– -i. –ae, -a eritis you pl.– -i, -ae, -a erunt they

• Translations: will have been ---ed, shall have been –ed• 4th pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender, number, and

case

Pronoun Subjects for Active

• O/M/I = I• S/ISTI = you• T = he,she, it• MUS = we• TIS = you pl• NT = they

Tense signs and translations for active

• BA = was,were,usedto, kept on, began to• BO, BI, BU, A, E = will, shall• U,S,V,X, followed by I, ERU = past tense, have,

has, did• ERA = had• ERO,ERI = will have, shall have• A,E,I,U = is, am, are, do, does

Pronoun subjects for passive

• R = I• RIS = you• TUR = he, she, it• MUR = we• MINI = you pl• NTUR = they

Tense sign and translation for passive

• BA = was/were being ---ed, kept on being ---ed, used to be –ed, began to be ---ed (imperfect)

• BI, BE, BU (are, *ere) or A, E (ere, ire) = will be ---ed (future)

• A, I, E, U = are,is, am ----ed (present)

Passive Person

Part One• Us = masc sing• A = fem sing• Um = neuter sing

• I = masc. Pl.• Ae = fem pl• A = neut pl

Passive Tense Sign for Two Part Verbs: Part Two

• Su or e– Was/were -----ed– Has/have been -----ed

• Era– Had been ---ed

• Eri– Will have been ----ed

• Part three• m/o = I• S = you• T = he,she, it

• Mus = we• Tis = you pl• Nt = they

Irregular verbs

• Use the personal endings (o/m,s,t,mus, tis, nt or r,ris,tur,mur,mini, ntur)– Base is the irregular part

• Mainly irregular in the present tense:– Sometimes irregular in future and imperfect– No irregular verbs in perfect, pluperfect, future

perfect

Irregular Verbs

• Very commonly used verbs– Sum, esse, fui, futurus• To be: linking verb

– Possum, posse, potui• Be able, can• Always used with an infinitive

– Volo, velle, volui• To wish

– Fero, ferre, tuli, latum• To bring, to carry

– Malo, malle, malui• To prefer

– Nolo, nolle, nolui• Don’t want

– Eo, ire, ivi, itus• go

Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus

• Most common verb in Latin• Linking verb• Irregular in the present indicative and

subjunctive, imperfect indicative, future indicative, and in its principal parts

• Regular in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect both indicative and subjunctive– Base = fu

Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus

• Present indicative Present subjunctive– sum sumus sim simus– es estis sis sitis– est sunt sit sint

• Imperfect Indicative– Eram eramus– Eras eratis– Erat erant

• Future indicative– Ero erimus– Eris eritis– Erit erunt

Irregular Verbs: Possum, posse, potui

• Definition: Be able, can– Always used with a complementary infinitive

• Irregular in the present indicative and subjunctive, imperfect indicative, and future indicative; usually like sum just with pot in front

• Regular in all other tenses

Irregular Verbs : possum• Present Indicative Present Subjunctive

– Possum possumus possim possimus– Potes potestis possis possitis– Potestpossunt possit possint

• Imperfect Indicative– Poteram poteramus– Poteras poteratis– Poterat poterant

• Future Indicative– Potero poterimus– Poteris poteritis– Poterit poterunt

Irregular verbs: volo, nolo, malo

• Present tense indicative active• Volo nolo malo• Vis non vis mavis• Vult non vult mavult• Volumus nolumus malumus• Vultis non vultis mavultis• Volunt nolunt malunt

Volo, nolo, malo

• Imperfect bases:– Vole– Nole– male

• Future Tense bases: treat like 3rd conjugation(ere)– Vol– Nol– Mal

Volo, nolo, malo

• Present active subjunctive• Velim nolim malim• Velis nolis malis• Velit nolit malit• Velimus nolimus malimus• Velitis nolitis malitis• Velint nolint malint

Irregular Verbs: Fero, ferre, tuli, latum

• Present Active Indicative– Fero ferimus– Fers fertis– Fert ferunt

• Imperfect base: fere• Future base: fer– Use 3rd conjugation

• Present subjunctive: treat like 3rd conjugation

Irregular verbs: eo, ire, ivi, itus

• Present Indicative Active– Eo imus– Is it is– It eunt

– Imperfect base: i– Future base: i• Use bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt

Imperatives

• States a command– Can be negative or positive– Always treated like a second person verb

• Can be singular or plural– Frequently used with vocative nouns

• Formation– Singular: Remove “re” from infinitive

• Exceptions– Dicere = dic– Ducere = duc– Facere = fac– Ferre = fer

Imperative

• Examples– Vocare = Voca!– Sedere* = Sede!– Recumbere = recumbe!– Venire = veni!– Stare = sta!

Imperative Plurals

• Remove “re” from the infinitive and add “te”– Exception

• 3rd conjugation (ere)• Remove “ere” add “ite”

– Examples• Dare = date!• Sedere* = sedete!• Ducere = ducite• Facere = facite• Audire = audite

Negative imperatives

• Singular– Noli with the infinitive• Noli dicere! Don’t talk!

• Plural– Nolite with the infinitive• Nolite dicere! Don’t talk!

Deponent Verbs• Deponent verbs are special verbs that have only passive

forms but active translations.– Example locutus sum I was talking

• They only have three principal parts and follow the –r, -i, - us/um sum pattern.– Example loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak

• Follow the same rules for bases and endings as for normal verbs, just don’t ever make an active form.– For 3rd conjugation you have to remake the present active

infinitive. Take the “i” off the 2nd pp. and add “ere”; then just follow the normal rules.

Deponent verbs

What are they? How do they function? What do you need to

know about them?

What is a Deponent Verb?• Special verbs with passive forms but active meanings

Secutus est He followed.Recognize by having only three forms in the vocabulary

listing----r, ---i,----us sum

conor, conari, conatus sum try deponenttempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatus try

not deponent

Deponent Imperatives

• For most deponent verbs, take the second principal part:– Remove the “I”– Add “e”– Will look like an infinitive but translate like a

command• Conor, conari, conatus sum Conare! Try!

Deponent imperatives for 3rd conjugation

• For third conjugation deponents:– Recognize by not having “r” before the “i” on the

second principal part– Remove the “I” – Add “ere”– Example• Sequor, sequi,secutus sum = sequere Follow!

Active forms for deponents• Future infinitive– Secuturum esse to be about to follow

• Present participle– Sequens, sequentis following

• Future Participle– Secuturus, -a, -um about to follow

• Gerund– Sequendum following

• Perfect Participle– Secutus, -a, -um having followed

First Conjugation Vocabulary list for deponents

Hortor, hortari, hortatus sum urge, encourage• Arbitror, -ari, -atus sum think• Conor, -ari, -atus sum try• Miror, -ari, -atus sum wonder• Moror, -ari, -atus sum delay• Recordor, -ari, -atus sum recall• Vagor,-ari, -atus sum wander• Osculor, -ari, -atus sum kiss

Second conjugation

• Fateor, fateri, fassus sum confess• Confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum confess• Polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum promise• Vereor, vereri, veritus sum fear

Third conjugation

• Loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak• Nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum find, obtain• Nascor, nasci, natus sum be born• Proficiscor, profisci, profectus sum set out• Sequor, sequi, secutus sum follow• Utor, uti, usus sum use

Third conjugation

• Collabor, collabi, collapsus sum collapse• Consequor, consequi, consecutus sum catch

up to, overtake

3rd io conjugation

• Gradior, gradi, gressus sum walk• Egredior, egredi, egressus sum go out, leave• Morior, mori, mortuus sum die• Patior, pati, passus sum endure, suffer• Ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum go in, enter• Regredior, regredi, regressus sum go back, return

Fourth conjugation

• Experior, experiri, expertus sum test, try• Orior, oriri, ortus sum rise• Potior, potiri, potitus sum get

possession of

Deponent verbs

• You will usually translate it correctly because it won’t make sense otherwise.

• Will not be used with ablative of personal agent (a,ab plus ablative)– Ingredior villam a via. I am entering the house

from the street.• I am being entered the house by the street. makes no

sense.

Semi-Deponent Verbs

A small group of verbs which are deponent only the the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses

Three principal parts -o, -e, -us sum

Most commonly used semi-deponents areaudeo, audere*, ausus sum daregaudeo, gaudere*, gavisus sum rejoicesoleo, solere*, solitus sum be accustomed

Deponents 2

• They have a perfect active participle which is really useful. Normal verbs don’t have this.

Infinitives• Present Active

– 2nd principal part of the verb– Usually ends with “re”– Translate as “to + verb”

• Present Passive– Begin with present active infinitive, remove “e” and add “i“

• E.g. Amare = amari• 3rd conjugation (ere) remove “ere” add “i”

– E.g. Ducere = duci

– Basic translation: to be _______ed

Possible confusion with “re”• “ere” can be substituted for “erunt” in the perfect

active tense– amaverunt = amavere– If the “ere” is attached to the third principal part of a verb,

it is not an infinitive. • Remember that many third principal parts end with “u” or “v” or

“s” or “x”; this will help you recognize this alternate form.

Perfect active Infinitives

• Start with the third principal part• Remove the “i”• Add “isse”– amavisse

• Translation : to have ________• most commonly used in indirect statements– Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum– He knew that he had killed his friend

Perfect Passive Infinitives• Begin with the 4th principal part• Remove the “us” or “um” whichever is there.

– You will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is receiving the action; most commonly it will be accusative because of the indirect statement

– UM/OS MASCULINE– AM/AS FEMININIE– UM/A NEUTER

• Add “esse” as a separate part– amatam esse to have been loved

• Most commonly used in indirect statement– Scivit suum amicum interfectum esse a se.– He knew that his friend had been killed by him.

Future Active Infinitive• Begin with the fourth principal part.• Remove the “us” and add”ur”; you will have to adjust

this part to agree with whoever is doing the action. It will usually be accusative because of the indirect statement.– UM/OS MASCULINE– AM/AS FEMININE– UM/A NEUTER

• Add “esse” as a separate part.– amaturam esse to be about to love

• Translation “to be about to_________”

Uses of the Infinitive

Historical, subjective, objective, complementary, and the indirect

statement

Historical infinitives

• usually used for a series of actions• translated as an imperfect tense verb to show a

continuous series• example– Femina ambulare de via, viri mirari, omnes viri cadere in

fossam.– The woman was walking down the street, the men were

amazed, all the men fell into the ditch.

Infinitive Usage

• Complementary Infinitives– Completes the meaning of an incomplete verb– Most commonly used with• Possum be able, can• Volo, nolo, malo wish, don’t wish, prefer• Cupio wish• Debeo ought, owe• Coepi begin• Necesse est it is necessary• Et al.

Subjective Infinitives

• functions as the subject of the sentence• grammatically treated as a neuter singular

noun• in English can be translated as a gerund or an

infinitive• Example– Errare est humanum.– To err is human.

Objective Infinitives

• functions like a direct object• most commonly used with iubeo, iubere, iussi,

iussus• treated like a neuter noun• example – Iubeo disciplinos studere.– I order the students to study.

Complementary Infinitives• complete the meaning of an incomplete verb• most commonly used with a form of possum,

debeo, paro, coepit, volo, nolo, cupio, incipio, necesse est, prohibeo and many other verbs that leave the reader hanging as to what is happening

• examplePlinius poterat videre Montem Vesusium de suam villam.Pliny was able to see Mount Vesuvius from his home.

ExampleNecesse est audire Roberto.It is necessary for Robert to listenPotest audire Robertus.Robert is able to listen.

The Indirect Statement• used to report a statement• follows a verb of mental action such as saying, thinking,

understanding, knowing, perceiving, et al.• subject of the indirect statement will used the accusative• verb of the indirect statement will be an infinitive• example

– Scio Caesarem mortuus esse. – I know that Caesar is dead.

The Infinitive of the Indirect Statement

• The choice of the tense of the infinitive is relative to the main verb– same time = present– before = perfect– after = future– The first part of the perfect passive and future

active infinitive will be in the accusative and will agree with the accusative subject.

Examples

• scio eum stare in via.– I know he is standing in the road.

• same time

• Scio eum stetisse in via.– I know that he was standing in the road.

• before

• Scio eum staturum esse in via.– I know that he will stand in the road.

• after

Indirect Statement issues• The subject cannot be left understood; the

accusative noun must be there.• If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as

the main clause, you will use the reflexive pronoun.– example

• Caesar scivit se debere non ferre Cleopatram Romam.• Caesar knew that he ought not to bring Cleopatra to Rome

– debere is the indirect statemnent; ferre in complmentary, se is the subject accusative reflexive.

Infinitives Issue #2

• A LATIN infinitive cannot ever be used to show purpose. To show purpose, you must use a subjunctive or a gerund/gerundive.– Example• I went to the store to buy shoes.• Ivi ad tabernam ut emerem soleas.

Special verbs in special clauses

Subjunctives

• POSITIVE PURPOSE ( POSITIVE MEANS IT HAPPENS)– INTRODUCED BY UT– SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF AN ACTION

• EXAMPLE

–Plinius scripsit ut laudaret suam uxorem.–Pliny wrote so that he might praise his

wife.

PURPOSE CLAUSES

• NEGATIVE PURPOSE ( WON’T HAPPEN)– INTRODUCED BY NE– SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF NOT DOING AN ACTION– EXAMPLE• Cicero comprehendit Catilinae manum ne patriam

vastarent.• Cicero arrested Catilina’s band of men so that they

would not destroy the country.

PURPOSE CLAUSES

• INTRODUCED BY UBI• SHOWS WHY THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

AS DONE SOMETHING• EXAMPLE

• Cicero tempus exspectabat ubi Catilinam verbis oppugnaret.• Cicero was awaiting a time when he might attack

Catilina with words.

ADVERBIAL PURPOSE

• Introduced by a form of qui, quae, quod• Gives the purpose more closely connected with a

noun or pronoun than a verb• Example– Cicero accepit epistulam quae explicaret Catilinae

coniurationem.– Cicero received a letter to explain Catilina’s conspiracy – Cicero received a letter which explained Catilina’s

conspiracy.

Relative clause of purpose

Primary tenses (present, future, future perfect)

If the main verb is a primary tense, use the following subjunctives to show proper relationship to the main verb:

same time/after: present subjunctive

before: perfect subjunctive

• If the main verb is a secondary tense, use the following subjunctives to show proper relationship to the main verb:– same time/after:

imperfect subjunctive– Before: pluperfect

Sequence of tensesSecondary Tenses (imperfect, perfect, pluperfect)

• Caesar wrote the Gallic Commentaries so that people would not forget him.

• Sallust wrote so that he might explain the Catiline conspiracy.

• Brutus was awaiting a time when he might betray Caesar with a knife

Sequence of tenses

• Shows the result of the main verb– Madge was so angry that she threw a platter at Herb.

• Introduced by ut for something that did, will, or could happen

• Introduced by ut plus a negative (ne, non, nullus, et al.) for something that did not, will not, could not happen

• The main clause will usually contain a word that means “so” such as tam, sic, talis, tantus, tot, adeo;

• These words should act as signals that a result clause is coming.– Pompeuis Iuliam tam amavit ut civitatem neglegaret.

Result Clauses

• Temporal: establishes the time when something occurs– Verb will be indicative– Cum translated as when

• Circumstantial: explain the circumstances under which something occurs– Verb will be subjunctive– Cum translated as since or when

Cum Clauses

• Causal: explains the reason something happens

• Verb will be subjunctive• cum will translate as since or because

• Concessive: explains something that may have blocked or hindered the main verb–Verb will be subjunctive– Cum will translate as although

Cum Clauses continued

• Indirect questions– Whenever a question is reported in a statement, this

is an indirect statement.• I know what you are planning. Scio quid facias.

– The main verb wil be a verb or asking or telling such as rogo, peto, quaero

– The verb of the question portion will be subjunctive.– The question portion will be introduced by an

interrogative word such as ubi, cur, quare, quo. Quis, quid, quo modo, quantus, qualis et al.

Subjunctives in Indirect Speech

• Indirect command: reports a direct command– Command portion will be subjunctive– Main verb will be a verb of commanding or

persuading such as mando, impero, persuadeo, suadeo, moneo, oro, et al

– The command portion will be introduced by ut for positive, ne for negative• Caesar imperavit milites ut hostem oppugnaret.

Subjunctives in Indirect speech

• Clauses of fearing: with verbs or expressions of fear, what is feared will use the subjunctive–Use ne if you fear something will happen• Calupurnia timet ne Caesar interfectus esset a

Bruto.Use ut if you fear something will not happen.

Brutus timet ut civitas supersit.

Subjunctives in Indirect Speech

Expression of FearWords of fear

timeo, timere, timuivereor, vereri, veritus

summetus, metuspavor, pavoristerror, terrorisextimesco, extimescere,

extimuipertimesco,

pertimescere, pertimuiformido, formidinisformido, formidaretimor, timoris

• If you have a subordinate clause such as a relative clause inside an indirect statement, indirect question, or indirect command, put the verb of the indirect statement in the subjunctive

• These sentences usually have three verbs.– Turducken sentences

• Caesar ordered the soliders to attack the enemy who was hiding in the ditch.– Ordered main clause– Attack indirect command– Hiding discourse

Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse

• Characterizes or describes a general or indefinite antecedent

• Common after phrases such as est qui, sunt qui, nemo est qui, quis est qui

• Use a subjunctive verb for the relative clause part

• Usually translate as– Of that sort, the kind that …..– Quis est cliens quo interficiat suum patronum?

Relative Clause of Characteristic

• When an action is anticipated, when dum means until, and antequam or priusquam means before, use the subjuntive.

• If these words introduce an actual fact, use the indicative.

Anticipation

• Introduced by mostly by si, nisi, an• Simple Conditions will probably happen and use

indicative verbs regardless of the tense.• If Caesar conquers Gaul, he will be powerful• Si Caesar vincit Galliam, erit potens.

• Future Conditionals can be one of two types: more vivid which will probably happen and uses future perfect and future indicative verbs and less vivid which is not likely to happen and uses the present subjunctive.

Conditionals

• More Vivid– If she sees him, she will run.• Si viderit eum, curret.

• Less Vivid– If she should see him, she would run.• Si videat eum, currat.

• The writer uses the grammar to inform the reader of the likelihood of the conditional occurring.

Conditionals Continued

• Contrary to Fact– Cannot happen or will not happen– Use imperfect subjuncive if English present– Use pluperfect subjunctive for past

– If I were you, I would not do that.• Si essem te, ego non facerem id.

– If I had known the facts, I would have acted more quickly.• Si cognovissem facta, egissem celerius.

Conditionals continued

• Expresses a mild command or exhortation• Uses only the present subjuncitves • No introductory word for positive; use ne for

negative• Translate with let or may– Ludi incipiant. Let the games begin.

• Frequently used for blessing and curses

Main Verb Subjunctive: Hortatory

• Rhetorical questions implying doubt, indignation, surprise or impossibility

• Usually introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adverb, or adjective

• The writer is not expecting an answer.• Example– Why would anyone trust Brutus now?– Cur aliquis credat Bruto nunc?

Main Verb Subjunctive: Deliberative Questions

• Expresses a wish • If the wish can come true, use the present

subjunctive.• If the wish cannot come true, use imperfect

subjunctive for present, pluperfect for past• Frequently introduced by utinam• Utinam Caesar non credidisset Bruto• If only Caesar had not trusted Brutus

Main verb Subjunctive: Optative

Nouns

• Definition: a word which shows a person, place, thing, or idea

• Classification:– Number: singular or plural– Gender : masculine, feminine, neuter– Case: nominative, genitive, dative,

accusative, ablative, vocative, locative

• Declension: based on genitive singular (second form of vocabulary listing)– ae 1st

– i 2nd

– is 3rd

– us 4th

– ei 5th

• Base: remove the genitive singular ending• Mater, matris = matr

• Vocabulary Listing– Nominative singular– Genitive singular– Gender– Definition– Example• Ursus, ursi m. bear

First declension

• Singular plual• Nom a ae• Gen ae arum• Dat ae is• Acc am as• Abl a* is• Voc a ae

2nd masculine

• Singular plural• Nom us/er i• Gen i orum• Dat o is• Acc um os• Abl o* is• Voc e/er/i i

2nd Neuter

• Singular plural• Nom um a• Gen i orum• Dat o is• Acc um a• Abl o is• Voc um a

3rd declension masculine and feminine

• Singular plural• Nom varies es• Gen is um, ium*• Dat i ibus• Acc em es• Abl e ibus• Voc repeat nom. es

I-stem Rules

• For masculine and feminine nouns using “ium” for genitive plural– Mono syllable nom. Sing with base ending in two

consonants• Nox, noctis yes• Pax, pacis no

– Nominative singular ends with “is” or “es” and genitive and nominative have same number of sylables (parasyllabic)

I-stem rules

– Nominative singular ends with “ns” or “rs”• Pars, partis yes

• For Neuter nouns: use “ium” for gen.sing, “ia” for nom. Pl, acc. Pl, voc pl. and “i” for abl. Sing– Basically just these nouns• Animal, animalis (animal)• Mare, maris(sea)• Calcar, calcaris(spur)

4th declension masculine and feminine

• Singular plural• Nom us us• Gen us uum• Dat ui ibus• Acc um us• Abl u ibus• Voc us us

5th declension masculine and feminine

• Singular plural• Nom es es• Gen ei erum• Dat ei ebus• Acc em es• Abl e ebus• Voc es es

The Neuter Rule

• All neuter nouns, adjectives, and pronouns repeat their nominative form for their accusative and vocative. You must use subject verb agreement and context clues to determine the noun’s function in these cases.

2nd dec neuter

• Sing pl• Nom um a• Gen i orum• Dat o is• Acc um a• Abl o is• Voc um a

3rd declension neuter

• Sing pl• Nom varies a, ia• Gen is um, ium• Dat i ibus• Acc repeat nom. a, ia• Abl e ibus• Voc repeat nom. a, ia

4th dec neuter

• Sing pl• Nom u ua• Gen us uum• Dat u ibus• Acc u ua• Abl u ibus• Voc u ua

Irregular Noun: vis, vis f. Force, violence

• Sing pl• Nom vis vires• Gen vis virium• Dat viri viribus• Acc vim vires• Abl vi viribus• Voc vis vires

Nominative Case

• Subject: main noun of the sentence– With active verb, person or thing doing the verb

• Quintilla servat infantem.– With passive verbs, person or thing receiving the verb

• Infans servatur a Quintilla.– Subject verb agreement:

• A singular verb takes a singular subject.• A plural verb takes a plural subject• Examples

– Puella vocat– Puellae vocant

Nominative Case

• Predicate Nominative: renames the subject after a linking verb ( some form of sum, esse, fui, futurus)– Quintilla est ancilla.

Vocative Case

• Used to call someone or something– Frequently used with imperatives and questions– Same endings as nominative except second

declension masculine which uses an “e”– Example:• Sylvia, fer aquam!

Genitive case “of”

• Possession– Whoever/whatever owns something = genitive

• Cerberus erat Plutonis canis.

• Description– With an adjective, the genitive can modify a noun.– Caesar erat dux magnae virtutis.

• Quantity– Used with special adjectives that denote quantity such as

satis, nimium, nimis, plus, plenus et al.– Whatever you have a quantity of uses the genitive

• Titus bibit nimium vini.

Dative Case “to, for”

• With necesse est– The person or things for whom it is necessary will

use the dative– Necesse est matri adiuvare suos liberos.

• Indirect Object– Shows to whom or for whom something is given,

shown or told– Dedit Marco pecuniam.

Dative

• Special verbs– A group of verbs that take their direct object in

the dative instead of the accusative– Some of these are:• Noceo, credo, pareo, placeo, placet, faveo, studeo,

persuadeo, respondeo, appropinquo, obsto, prosum, expedio, cedo, licet, fido,opitulor, medeo, parco, resisto, invideo, irascor, minor, studeo, displicet, impero, suadeo, dissuadeo, libet• Credo meae matri.

Dative

• With compound verbs– Many compound verbs will use the dative for their

direct object instead of the accusative– Verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, con, in,

inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super are most commonly used this way

– Example• Omnibus eius consiliis occurri.• I withstood all his plans• Occurri is a compound of ob and curro

Accusative Case

• Direct Object:– Follows an action verb and answers who or what

after the verb• This is noun the verb happens to• Caesar amat suam uxorem et uxores alterorum

quoque.

Accusative Case

• Object of prepositions– Most Latin prepositions use the accusative case for their

objects (ask what after the preposition)– In(into), ad (to,…) adversus (against), ante (before,…)apud (at,

…)circiter (about), circum (around), cis (this side of) contra (against), erga (toward), infra (below), inter (between), intra (within), iuxta (next to), ob (on account of), per (through), post (after, behind), prope (near), praeter (beyond, past…), propter (on account of), secundum (following…), super (over…) supra (above), trans (across), ultra (beyond)

– Ambulamus trans pontem.

Ablative

• Time: shows when– No preposition– Advenimus nocte.

• Special prepositions: These prepositions use the ablative for their objects.– A, abs, ab (from, by), de (from, down, about), e,ex

(from, out of), cum (with), prae (before, in front), pro ( for, in front of), sine (without), in (in), sub (under)

– Sine aqua mortui erunt.

Ablative

• Place where: shows location– Use “in” or “sub”– In villa habitamus.

• Place from: shows motion away from– Use “a,ab,abs,de,e,ex”– E villa ambulavi.

• Cause : shows reason why without preposition– Suis victoriis laeti sunt.

Ablative

• Manner: shows style or manner– Can use “cum” or can omit “cum” with an adjective– Currit cum celeritate.– Currit cum magna celeritate/magna celeritate.

• Means: shows means or instrument used to accomplish an action– No preposition in Latin but translate with “by: or

“with” into English– Vulneratus erat gladio.

Ablative

• Personal Agent: person who does the action of a passive verb– Use preposition “a,ab”– A Marco vulneratus est.

• Price: shows how much something costs– No preposition– Does not have to be money.– Vendam tibi porcum octo denariis.– Vendam tibi porcum duobus amphoris vini.

Time and Space Constructions

• Time– When = ablative without a preposition

• At the fourth hour, we will sail.• Quartā horā navigabimus.

– Within which= Ablative with no preposition• Establishes a time frame but not a duration• Within this month we will sail.• Hāc mense navigabimus.

– Duration of time = accusative with no preposition• Shows how long • For three months we will sail.• Tres menses navigabimus.

• Place– Place from = ablative with a, ab,e, ex, de• Shows motion away from • With names of cities, towns, and small islands, the

preposition can be omitted.– Navigabimus e Carthagine. ( optional preposition)– Navigabimus Carthagine. ( omitted preposition) – Navigabimus e Africā ( required preposition)

• Place to = accusative plus prepositions “ad” ( to, toward, near)in (into), sub( up to, at the foot of)– Preposition can be omitted with small islands, cities

and towns– Navigamus ad insulam. ( required preposition)– Navigamus ad Romam. ( optional preposition)– Navigamus Romam. (omitted preposition)– For domus (home) and rus ( country) use domum (to

the house, home) and rus ( to the country)

• Place where– For normal nouns, use the ablative and the preposition “in”

or “sub”• Habitavimus in multis villis.

– For cities, towns, small islands use the locative• First declension ae or arum• 2nd declension o or is• 3rd declension singular e or sometimes i• 3rd declension plural ibus• Habitavimus Romae.• For domus (home) or rus (country), domo for home, rure for

countryside

• Extent of space: shows how far without a preposition with the accusative– Navigabimus viginti milia passum.– We sailed for 20 miles.

Adjectives

Adjectives

• Definition: describes a noun or pronoun– What kind?– Which one?– How many?

• Agreement: must agree in gender, number, and case with the modified noun (word being described)– Puer territus cucurrit a cane magna.

Gender Rules

• 1st declension = mostly feminine• 2nd declension– “Us/er” nominative singular = masculine– “Um” nominative singular = neuter

• 3rd declension: usually what makes sense but not always– “tor” = masc– “trix” = feminine

• 4th declension – “us” nominative singular = masculine– “u” nominative singular = neuter

• 5th declension= mostly feminine

Substantives

• Sometimes the modified noun/pronoun is left out of the sentence. When there is no word which agrees in gender, number, and case with the adjective, you must supply in English the understood/implied noun based on the gender, number, and case.– Masc sing = man; masc pl. = men– Feminine sing= woman; feminine pl = women– Neuter sing = thing; neuter pl = things

• Bonus expectabat bona.• The good (man) was expecting good (things).

First and Second Declension Adjectives

• Nominative patterns: masculine, feminine, neuter– “us, a, um”– “er, a, um”

• Base = feminine nominative singular minus “a”– Bonus, bona, bonum = bon– Sacer, sacra, sacrum = sacr

Masculine

• Singular plural• Nom us/er i• Gen i orum• Dat o is• Acc um os• Abl o is• Voc e/i/er i

Feminine

• Singular plural• Nom a ae• Gen ae arum• Dat ae is• Acc am as• Abl a* is• Voc a ae

Neuter

• Singular plural• Nom um a• Gen i orum• Dat o is• Acc um a• Abl o is• Voc um a

Third Declension Adjectives

• Nominative patterns:– “er, is, e” = masc, fem, neut– “is, e” = masc and fem, neut– “?, is” = masc,fem, neut nom sing;

masc, fem, neut gen sing.• Base = remove “is”– Celer, celeris, celere = celer– Fortis, forte = fort– Audax, audacis = audac

Masculine and Feminine

• Singular plural• Nom ???? Es• Gen is ium• Dat i ibus• Acc em es• Abl i ibus• Voc repeat nom es

Neuter

• Singular plural• Nom ?????? ia• Gen is ium• Dat i ibus• Acc repeat nom. ia• Abl i ibus• Voc repeat nom. ia

Irregular Adjectives

• A small group of adjectives that show non-specific quantities are irregular in the genitive singular and dative singular. The plurals are normal

• Masculine feminine neuter• us/er a um• ius ius ius• i i i• um am um• o a o

Irregular Adjectives

• Listed below are the irregular adjectives:– Alius, alia, aliud other– Nullus, nulla, nullum none, not any– Ullus, ulla, ullum any, some– Solus, sola, solum alone, only– Totus, tota, totum total, whole, all– Unus, una, unum one, only– Alter, altera, alterum another– Uter, utra, utrum each

Pronouns

• Lovely little words that take the place of nouns• Pronoun agreement: gender and number

come from antecedent(replaced noun) but case comes from use in clause

• Types of Pronouns– Personal pronouns : 1st, 2nd, 3rd. ( I, we, me, us,

you, he, she, it, they)

– Demonstrative Pronouns: points out which one• This, that, these, those• Can also be used as personal pronouns

– Relative pronouns: introduce relative clauses and give more information about the antecedent• Who, which, whom, whose, what

– Interrogative Pronouns: introduce questions• Who, what, which, whose, whom

– Reflexive: refer to the subject• Himself, herself, itself, themselves, myself, yourself

• Possession: special adjectives to show possession (meus, noster, tuus, vester, suus)

• Intensive pronoun: provides emphasis for a noun– -self

• Indefinite pronoun: vague antecedent; points which one but not specifically

Personal Pronouns

• FIRST PERSON I, ME WE, US• NOMEGO NOS• GEN MEI** NOSTRUM**• DAT MIHI NOBIS• ACC ME NOS• ABL*** ME NOBIS• **TO SHOW POSSESSION, USE THE ADJECTIVES MEUS,

MEA,MEUM OR NOSTER, NOSTRA, NOSTRUM• ***mecum, nobiscum = with me/ with us

• 2ND PERSON YOU YOU, Y’ALL• NOM TU VOS• GEN TUI** VESTRUM**• DAT TIBI VOBIS• ACC TE VOS• ABL *** TE VOBIS• **TO SHOW POSSESSION, USE THE ADJECTIVES

TUUS, TUA, TUUM OR VESTER, VESTRA, VESTRUM• ***TECUM , VOBISCUM = WITH YOU

• 3rd person singular• Masc fem neuter

– IS EA ID– EIUS EIUS EIUS– EI EI EI– EUM EAM ID– EO* EA* EO

• 3RD PERSON PLURAL• MASC FEM NEUTER

– EI EAE EA– EORUM EARUM EORUM– EIS EIS EIS– EOS EAS EA– EIS EIS EIS

Demonstrative Pronouns: this, these

• Points out which one• Can be used as pronoun or adjective• Singular– Mascu fem neuter– Hic haec hoc– Huius huius huius– Huic huic huic– Hunc hanc hoc– Hoc* hac* hoc*

• Plural– Masc fem neuter– Hi hae haec– Horum harum horum– His his his– Hos has haec– His his his

Demonstrative Pronoun: that, those

• Also points out which one but further away than this, these

• Singular– Masc fem neut– ille illa illud– illius illius illius– illi illi illi– Illum illam illud– illo* illa* illo*

• Plural– Masc fem neut– illi illae illa– illorum illarum illorum– illis illis illis– illos illas illa– illis illis illis

Demonstrative Pronouns

• The pronoun “is, ea, id “ found on page _____ can also be used as a demonstrative pronoun.– It can be used to mean “this, that, those, these”

• All demonstrative pronouns can also be used as third person (he, she, it, they, him, her, them) personal pronouns as long as they are not reflexive to the subject. – For reflexive pronouns for third person see page

______

Emphatic Demonstrative

• Translates as “the same”• Singular– Idem eadem idem– Eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem– Eidem eidem eidem– Eundem eandem idem– Eodem eādem eodem

• Plural– Eidem eaedem eadem– Eorundem earundem eorundem– Eisdem eisdem eisdem– Eosdem easdem eadem– Eisdem eisdem eisdem

Relative Pronouns

• Function: introduces a relative clause– Gives more information about the antecedent– Relates back to the antecedent• I know that boy who was running down the street.• Scio illum puerum qui currebat de via.

• Basic translations: who, which, what, whose, whom

• Agreement: must agree with the antecedent in gender and number but gets its case from the use in the relative clause– I know the boy who was running down the street.– Who refers to boy• Therefore it will be masculine and singular• It is the subject of its clause–Therefore it will be nominative

Relative Singular

• Singular– Masculine feminine neuter– QUI QUAE QUOD– CUIUS CUIUS CUIUS– CUI CUI CUI– QUEM QUAM

QUOD– QUO* QUA* QUO*

Relative Plural

• Plural• Masculine feminine neuter• QUI QUAE QUAE• QUORUM QUARUM QUORUM• QUIBUS QUIBUS QUIBUS• QUOS QUAS QUAE• QUIBUS QUIBUS QUIBUS

Interrogative Pronouns

• Introduce a question• Follow the rules of agreement• Singular– Masc fem neuter– Quis quis quid– Cuius cuius cuius– Cui cui cui– Quemquam quid– Quō quā quō

• Plural• Masc fem neuter• Qui quae quae• Quorum quarum quorum• Quibus quibus quibus• Quos quas quae• Quibus quibus quibus

• Examples– Quis es tu?– Who are you?– Quid facis?– What are you doing?

Third Person Reflexive Pronoun

• Forms– Nominative None– Genitive **sui– Dative sibi– Accusative se or sese– Ablative se or sese– Vocative none– **use the possessive adjective suus, sua, suum

declined in the first and second declension to show possession.

Usage of Reflexive Pronouns

• Must reflect the subject• Usually translated by adding “-self”• Must be essential to the sentence; removing

the pronoun would change the meaning.– Interfecit se. He killed himself. ( “Himself” is

essential and reflexive)– Interfecit militem ipse. He killed the soldier himself.

(“Himself” only add emphasis and can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence)

Personal Possession

• To show possession with 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person reflexive– Use possessive adjectives which agree in gender,

number, and case with the modified noun.– I lost my book. Meum librum– I lost your book tuum librum– I lost our book nostrum librum– I lost your (pl) book. Vestrum librum

• In spite of the fact that I am feminine, I use the masculine to agree with the book which is masculine.

Non-reflexive possession

• Use the genitive to show non-reflexive possession( meaning doesn’t belong to the subject)– Mychal non amat suum canem. ( The dog belongs

to Mychal)– Mychal non amat eius canem (the dog belongs to

someone else)

Intensive Pronouns• Only provide emphasis; can be removed without changing

the meaning• Translate with –self• Singular• Masc fem neut• Ipse ipsa ipsum• Ipsius ipsius ipsius• Ipsi ipsi ipsi• Ipsum ipsam ipsum• Ipso ipsā ipso

• Plural• Ipsi ipsae ipsa• Ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum• Ipsis ipsis ipsis• Ipsos ipsas ipsa• Ipsis ipsis ipsis

Indefinite Pronouns

• Definition: some, certain• Forms– Quidam quaedam quoddam– Cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam– Cuidam cuidam cuidam– Quendam quandam quoddam– Quodam quādam quodam

• Quidam quaedam quaedam• Quorundam quarundam quorundam• Quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam• Quosdam quasdam quaedam• Quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam

Those Awful “q” words

• 1. It’s perfectly okay to hate them.• 2. “Qui Quae Quod” are relative pronouns

• Will give more information about a noun or pronoun• Will be in a sentence with at least two verbs• Marcus est puer qui amat Ferocem.

• 3. Interrogative Pronouns “Quis, Quid”• Usually asks a direct questions although sometimes asking an

indirect question ( will have subjunctive verb)• Quid facit illum strepitum? What is that noise?• Rogavi quis faceret illum strepitum. I asked who was making

that noise.

• 4. Quod– If there’s a neuter noun, it might be a pronoun

meaning “which”• Faciemus iter quod cras incipiet.• We will make a journey which will begin tomorrow.

– If there is no neuter noun, probably a conjunction meaning “because”• Discessimus quod non amavimus illam cenam.• We left because we didn’t like that food

• 5. Quam– If only one verb, probably not a pronoun. It needs

something feminine to refer to.– If used with an adverb, it means “how”• Quam celeriter currit!

– With a comparative it means “than”• Sextus est molestior quam Marcus

– With a superlative it means “as possible”• Sextus currit quam celerrime.

How to translate a Latin Sentence and remain sane

The Process

• 1. Read the whole sentence in Latin. If it clicks, consider yourself blessed. If not, start taking it apart like you would a math problem.

• 2. Always keep your sentence in context of the passage. Reread the previous sentence before you start. IT HAS TO MAKE SENSE! Make predictions in your mind about what that sentence might say.

• 3. Find the verb/verbs. This tells you how many clauses you have.– Three basic types of clauses:• Subject linking verb predicate nominative• Subject action verb direct object• Subject passive verbs ablative

–Figure out which kind of verb you have.•Linking verb some form of sum •Action/active verb

One formEnds with o/m/s/t/mus/tis/nt

Passive Verbcould be one form or two

part verbr/ris/tur/mur/mini/ntur

us,a, um /i,ae,a plus some form of sum

Pattern One: SLVPN

• Linking verb:– Figure out the subject:

• o/m I• S you• T he, she, it or a nominative singular• Mus we• Tis you pl• Nt they or a plural nominative

– Find the predicate nominative which will be in the nominative case and will rename the subject; sometimes you will have a predicate adjective to describe your subject.

Examples

1. Elephanti sunt ingentes.Sunt is a linking verb;Ends with nt; therefore the subject must be either THEY or a NOMINATIVE PLURALThe elephants are Is there a word in the nominative that either renames or describes the subjectThe elephants are huge.

Elephanti erant arma Hannibalis.Elephanti subjectArma predicate nominativeHannibalis genitive modifier

Pattern two: action verb

• Figure out your subject:– o/m I– S you– T he,she, it nominative singular– Mus we– Tis you pl– Nt they nominative plural– Then you know who is doing the verb.– Then look for the accusative to receive the verb.

Examples

• Stultus puer puellam pulsat.– Pulsat action verb

• Ends with t: nominative singular subject• Puer pulsat The boy hits• Puellam = accusative• The boy hits the girl.

• Puella stultum puerum pulsat.– Pulsat hits– Puella girl nominative singular– Puerum acc– The girl hits the stupid boy.

Pattern 3: Passive Verbs

• Passive verb– Two part verbs are easier; the endings on the first

part tells you the gender of the subject• R= I• Ris = you• Tur = he, she, it or nominative singular• Mur = we• Mini= you pl• Ntur= they or nominative plural

– Then look for the ablative to show who or what does the verb

Examples

• Puella pulsata est a puero.– Pulsata est she was hit– Puella nominative singular– The girl was hit– A puero ablative of personal agent– The girl was hit by the boy.

• Mea filia est disciplinus.• My daughter is a student.• Mea filia terram studet.• Me filia est disciplinus quae terram studet.

What do I do with all those other words?

• Translate using the Socratic method. Ask yourself questions.– Whose? Genitive– To whom/for whom dative– What kind? Genitive, adjective, ablative– How? Ablative– Why? Ablative, dative– When? Ablative– Where? Ablative– How far? Accusative

– To where? Accusative– From where? Ablative– How much? Ablative, genitive