Grammar & Usage 2 Unit 2 Attributive clause relative adverbs.
Grammar (Clause Within Clause)
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Transcript of Grammar (Clause Within Clause)
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CLAUSES WITHIN
CLAUSES
Hardiansyah1502896
A
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Clauses
Finite sub-clauses:DeclarativeInterrogativeRelative
Non-fnite sub-clauseBare infnitive
To-infnitive-ing participle
Passive participle
Subjectless clauses
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Clauses
Clause: The unit formed around a lexical ver!
"xam#le: He can sing a song.
Ty#es of Clauses
$ %ain Clause:Clause that forms a sentence
$ &u$Clause: Clause that form #art of some other clause
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Main Clause an Sub-clause
We can listen to records
Main Clause
and i'll probably dream up a few song
Main Clause
But It's very nice to get married
Main Clause
i don't want to make a habbit of it
Main Clause
Coordination
I swear that ' didn(t dream it!
&u$ Cluase
%ain Clause
BUT
Co-ordin
THAT is a com#lementi)er
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T!e C!aracteristics o" Sub-clauses*
T!e# $a# be introuce b# co$pli$enti%esuc! as that
&': I wish that I had gone that day.
I wish I had gone that day.
* So$e o" t!e$ can not !ave a
co$ple$enti%er&': We can make the characters act the wareal kids act.
* So$e o" t!e$ lac( subjects
&': We intend to grow our hair even longer
for the cause.
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Si%es o" o" Sub-clauses
* ) "ull clause *it! a co$ple$enti%er +S,
I s*ear that I didn’t dream it.
* ) "ull clause *it!out a co$ple$enti%er +S
.o!n $ae the journalist look stupid.
* ) clause *it! no co$ple$enti%er an nosubject +/P
0e inten to grow our hair even longer fothe cause
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S
NP /P
I / S1
s*ear C2MP S
t!at3+ ,- .-
i
in1t rea$ it
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S
NP /P
.o!n / S
$ae NP /P +B)R&
t!e journalist / )P
loo( stupi
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S
S /P
NP /P / /P+INF
0e inten to
gro* our !air even longer "or t!e c
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Ty#es of su$clauses
/inte su$clauses:
eclarative
'nterroativeelative
,on$finite su$clauses:
3are infinitiveTo$infinitive
$in #artici#le-assive #artici#le
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eclarative
&u$Clauses
That Clause They can al4ays have com#lementi)er
/unction ect : ' 4ish that i had gone that day
&uect : hat there is no sick dog is odd
&uect Com#lement : The horrile story is
Another /untion of this &u$clauses is as Adverial
/unction
't ans4ers 7uestions lie why! when! how
hich com#lementi)er that is used de#en
function of the adverial clause!
e! : As i come from ondon; ' lauhed nereason!
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'nteroative &u$Clauses
yes"no 7uestion The suordinate clause #arallel to amared y one of t4o com#lementi)
"!: ho ne4 if this was going to
't can occur in the same #osition as"! : <ou as me whether I am gay
'n some #ositions; you can ony hav
and not an If clause! ='n a suect cextra#osed>
"! : hether he is a teacher or a d
'f the suect is extra#osed; eitherthe o!
#.g$ It wasn%t clear if&whether eff (
brothers or gay couple
hether can also occur in to"infini
4hereas if cannot
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'nteroative &u$Clauses
h$7uestions Wh"clause has the same form as a main c
interrogative 4ith the usual difference that
o#erator inversion!
Wh"sub"clauses can occur in the same #oclauses!
"! : ' 4onder why he was staring at me
Wh"sub"clauses can function as adverial
"! : When i I got back home! ' tried a little
ex#eriment!
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elative clauses Wh"clauses often appear in functions in which *+s could also
This clause is used to add information so; the hearer can et s#ecific information and et the correct one! 't is called a restr
relative clause.
"! : a #icture which appeared within the sleeve of a ,ennon
Non-restrictive relative clause: To a inciental in"or$ation o" NP T!ere are co$$as aroun relative clause4
&4g: M# *i"e5 *!o live in Ne* 6or(4
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?Who% indicate the suect =#eo#le and #ets> #.g$ The oy who she loves the
7Which’ iniacate non-!u$anantecenents
#-ample$ The oo Which I b
7whose’ possessive eter$iner o" noun #-ample$ ona; whose sister
‘Whom’ is use to replace t!eobject4
.g:t!e little bo# at t!e birt!a# part# whomto talk to.t!e little bo# at t!e birt!a# part# to w
wants to talk.7pie piping, place t!e preposition atrelative pronun4
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That-clauses versus relative clauses with that
The differences are:
'n the relative clasuse; that can al4ays e re#laced y who or w
in relative clause; there is al4ays some elements missin @
this is the constituent re#resented y the relative #ronoun!
#-ample$
that"clause$ )nd what about the rumours that you slept with you
co"star /)01233$345
relative clause: And 4hat aout the rumours that you spread wi
co"star
elative clause function as a modifier of the noun; 4hereas thefunction as the com#liment of the noun!
#-ample$
the rumour that you slept with your male co"star that you cate
com#lement modithat"clause relative
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3are infinitive
To$infinitive
$in #artici#le
-assive #artici#le
,on$finite su$clauses:
'n non$finite clause; com#lementi)er is never o4hether it has to e there or it cant e there!
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3are 'nvinitive
't cannot have com#lementi)er and the ver strinonly consist of one ver
3are infinitive can have a suect;ut enerally in a form of oect!
"! : ather than him leave his 4ife; i thin they should sell the do!
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To$infinitive
/untions
't ca e a suect; either extra#osed or in the normal suect
#osition!"!
"xtra#osed &uect: 't 4as fun to createcatch #hrases
't modifies the adective!
't can e an oect of a ver
"!Chanes in leislation; re7uirin people to provide two forms of
I6.
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't can functions as adverial
"!'t 4as fun for matt to create catch phrases
't can funtions as a modifier to a ,-
"!
u#ert %urdoch has a lot to than 3art &im#son for
To$infinitive can occur 4ith or 4ithout suect! 4hen 4e inserted the
suect; 4e also had to insert element for.
"!'ll have to et a little man to change them over
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-ing participle* T!e "untions
* It can be a subject5 object5 co$ple$ent o" a noun 5 an $oifer o" t!e nou
". #sking for identi$cation from the vurnera!le is totall# *rong4 +Subject
84 I i$agine popping in my coin. +2bject
94 o$eless people loo(ing "or a !ostel acco$oation4 +co$ple$ent o" a no
;4 is S(inn#-ipping client + $oifer o" a noun
,on finite clauses uilt around the in$#artici#le often function as adverial! 4hen they f
adverial clauses; $in clauses are often introduced y a #re#osition!
"! : 'n %osco4 a #erformer 4ith the state circus ex#ired after attempting to swallow an
bowling ball.
$in$#artici#le can have a suect; and such suects can occur either in usual oect fo
#ossesive form!
": His mother doesnt lie him sleeping rough
His mother doesnt lie his sleeping rough
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Passiveparticiple
* T!e "untions
* It can be an object o" verbs an averbial
<4 0e s!oul !ave !a the kids checked for %&' compliance.
84 I iscovere t!at 5 when e+pected to speak foreign languaDutc! can strangel reticent4 +averbial
* It can $oi"# nounst!e boo(, edited !y professor artley ean from /uton 0nive
* sa$e as ing-participle5 a passive participle can never !ave co$ple$enti%er4
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S=B.&CT>&SS C>)=S&S
<4 Controlle Subject0!en t!e $eaning o" t!e $issing subject is t!e sa$
t!at o" so$e ot!er ele$ent in t!e sentence4
For e'a$ple: 7 S$iling c!eer"ull#5 she t#pe t!e let
84 )rbitrar# Re"erence
0!en t!e $eaning o" t!e subject can,t be "oun inssentence so t!at t!e interpretation beco$es gen
For e'a$ple : )s(ing "or ientifcation "ro$ t!e vulnis totall# *rong
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Trees
* In ter$ o" s#ntactic categor#5 ever# sub-clause bto one o" t!ree categories :
& if it has a com#lementi)er; or could have had a com#lementi)er!
& if it cannot have com#lementi)er ut has a suect!
.- if it has neither a com#lementi)er nor a suect
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* Subject: &'trapose Subject To stu# &nglis! is "un
S S
S13S3/P /P S S13S3/P
To stu# &nglis! /gp )P NP /P
)u' / ) /gp )P
Tense )u' / )
+Pres is "un Tense
It +pres is "un to stu# &nglis!
S 2bject3
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S 2bject3Co$ple$ent
NP /P
I / S1
s*ear C2MP S
t!at3+ ,- .-
i
in1t rea$ it
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)veS
S13S3/P S
NP /P
To be ?uite onest5 I li(e T!e Si$psons
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Co$ple$ent o"
NP
Det N1
a N1 S1
N C2MP S
picture *!ic! /P
appeare *it!in t!e sleeve o" a >ennon >P
B I f iti
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S
NP /P
.o!n / S
$ae NP /P +B)R&
t!e journalist / )P
loo( stupi
Bare InfnitiClause
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-ing-clause
S
/P S
/ NP NP /P
Stubbing out $# cigarette i bi(e
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Passive particlause
NP
Det N1
T!e N1 /P +PP)RT
N /1 PP
boo( / b# pro"essor D "ro$ >=
eite