CLAUSE A clause is a part of a sentence

in grammar.

By Nargis, M.Hum

Esa Unggul University

INTRODUCTORYWhat is a sentence and a

clause?Page 71 in your TOEFL book

Answer these questions Give example :

1. Sentences

2.A Simple Sentence is

3.A. Compound sentences is ……………………………………

coordinating conjunction (……………..)

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4. A complex sentence ( clause) is …………………………………

Main clauses ……………………………..

Dependent (subordinate ) clauses

1.Adverb clauses (page 85)…………………..

2.2noun clauses. ( page 90)……………..

3.3. adjective clause ( page 77)…………….04/19/23 3

PRETEST Are they sentences or clauses ?

1.Although the price went down recently, the company made a huge profit.

2. I live too far away to visit you often.

3.The people who live next to me have three cars.

4.Read the instruction and do the exercise carefully.

5.What Alicia said made her friends cry.

6.6. He didn't realize that the stove was off.

7.My cousin is the owner of Gold store.04/19/23 4

What is a adverb clause?to join two English sentences by

……………………………….

Example :

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• Adverb clause Marker

1. Time • While, when, as, since, until, once, before, after

Some people like to listen to the music while they are studying

2. Causes• Because, since.

We didn’t have the class because the teacher was absent

• Adverb clause + comma+ main clause• Because he was thirsty, he drank water.

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• Adverb clause Marker

3. Opposition • Although, even though

4. Condition• If and unless

5. Contrast • While

Some people arrived in taxis whiles others took the subway.

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What is a adjective clause?to join two English sentences, or to give

more information about something.

EX:• I bought a new car. It is very fast.

→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

• She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.

→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

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Adjective clause

• The girl who is doing her task is very nice.

• The boy whom I called him just know is our best friend.

• The teacher whom we like him very much

is very friendly.

The notebook which is on the table has four sections.

The woman is filling the glass that is on the table04/19/23 9

Defininga. the subject: • use ‘who’, ‘which’ or ‘that’. • can come after the subject or the object

of the sentence. can’t drop it.

clause after the object of the sentence:• I’m looking for a secretary who / that can

use a computer well.

clause after the subject of the sentence:• The house which / that belongs to

Julie is in London.04/19/23 10

Defining b. the object:

can drop if we want to.

the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence.

clause after the object of the sentence:• She loves the chocolate (which / that) I

bought.

clause after the subject of the sentence:• The university (which / that) she likes is

famous.04/19/23 11

Non Defining • don’t use ‘that’, so use ‘which’ if the

pronoun refers to a thing,

‘who’ if it refers to a person.

• can’t drop, even if it is the subject(clause comes after the subject)

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

(clause comes after the object)• Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who

lives in New York.04/19/23 12

relative clauses~ Whose always the subject

can’t be left out.

replaces a possessive.

for people and things.

The dog is over there.

The dog’s / its owner lives next door.→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The woman is coming tonight.

Her car is a BMW.

→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

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Remember that a noun clause answers questions like "who(m)?" or "what?";

an adjective clause answers questions like "which (one)?"; and

an adverb clause answers questions like "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".

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Noun clause Noun clause adalah clausa yang

menjelaskan kata benda. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan dengan question word Ex : "who(m)?" or "what?"; “where”?; “how”?; “when”?susunan clause setelah kata tanya berbentuk positif

The instructor explained where the computer lab located was.

The manager explained how he wanted the work done.

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Noun clause

Noun clause juga bisa menjawab clause kalimat tanya dengan kata kerja bantu dengan connectors “If” atau “whether”

We never know whether we will get paid or not.

Do you want to know if it is going to rain tomorrow.

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The citizens worry about ____ is doing.

(A) what the government(B) the government(C) what(D) what the government it

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Kalimat ini terdiri dari the main subject and verb, the citizens worry, and is doing. Kalimat ini membutuhkan connector dan subject pada clausa anak kalimat jadi jawaban yang benar (A) because it has the connector what and the subject government.

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• ………..was late caused many problemsA. That heB. The driverC. ThereD. BecauseAnswer (A)In this example, there are two verbs (was and caused) and each verb needs SUBJECT. The best answer is (A). That is the SUBJECT of CAUSED and HE is SUBJECT of WAS.

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Adjective clause

Clausa menjelaskan yang mana.

Who menjelaskan subjek yang mana

Whom menjelaskan objek yang mana,dst

The house which is situated near my house. is being renovated

We study in a famous college which has 1000 students each year.

The girl whom you like is a smart girl.04/19/23 20

Adverb clause

an adverb clause menjawab pertanyaan : "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?". Dengan menngunakan connector yang tepat.

She didn’t do the task because her mother was in the hospital.

Since he is not interested in classical music, he decided not to go the concert music.

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POST TEST Are the dependent clause , adjective clause, noun

clause or adverbial clause

1. Many people hope that Canada can resolve its economic problems.

2. Which one is the person who stole your car?

3. The books which the professor assigned were very expensive

4. Some people buy expensive cars simply because they can

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Do these exercise

Prepositional phrases with the same meaning as adverb clauses (page 86)

Pay attention to the example and do the exercise page 88-89

Noun clauses (page 90 )

Pay attention to the example and do the exercise page 91-92

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The more often you do TOEFL exercise, the higher TOEFL

score you will get.

Believe you can and you are half way there.

Thank u for your attention04/19/23 24