Florence NightingaleMOTHER OF MODERN NURSINGBy: Ezra Viktoria R. Haduca

“Lady with the Lamp”

o Place: Florence, Italyo Birth: May 12, 1820 (International Nurses Day)

o Her father provided her with reputable education which was uncommon for a Victorian woman.

o According to Sir Thomas Cook, she was a linguist.o She was a wife of an aristocrat.o She was a Unitarian Christian and believed she had a

religious calling.

o Death: August 13, 1910

First Nurse Educator

Germany: place of the first nursing schoolPastor Theodor Fleidner: a protestant pastor who opened a hospital in Kaiserswerth, Germany with no staff thus designed a school of nursing.Nightingale applied with a 12-page handwritten curriculum and became the 134th nursing student to attend the school.She developed skills in both nursing care and management and used her gained knowledge as a reformer for the well-being of the citizens.

Crimean WarEnglish VS. Turkish

-Hospital barracks were infested with fleas and rats.

-Sewage flowed under the wards

-Mortality rate at the hospital was 42.7% of those treated;higher from disease than from war injuries-Six months later, mortality rate dropped to 2.2% and

wasachieved by attending to the environment of the soldiers.

-Heroine in Great Britain-Awarded with Order of Merit by Great Britain

Writings

Notes on Matters Affecting HealthNotes on HospitalEfficiency and Hospital Administration of the British ArmyReport on Measures Adopted for Sanitary Improvements in India

Notes on Nursing

Nightingale’s Environmental TheoryTheory basis: the inter-relationship of a healthful environment with nursing

External influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death

Theory goal: Nurses help patients retain their own vitality by meeting their basic needs through control of the environment

Nursing’s Focus: control of the environment for individuals, families & the community

Nightingale’s Environmental TheoryThe first published nursing theory (1860)

Persons are in connection with the environment

Gives emphasis on the healing properties of the physical environment (fresh air, light, warmth and cleanliness)

Nursing puts patients in the “best conditions” for nature to act upon them

Health is “the positive of which the pathology is the negative”

Nightingale’s Environmental Theory“Nature alone cures”

When aspects of the environment are out of balance, the client must use energy to counter these environmental stresses

Viewed disease as a reparative process

The health of the home/community are critical components in an individual’s health

Environmental Factors Affecting Health

Ventilation and warmth-check the patient’s body temperature, room

temperature, ventilation and foul odors

Light-check room for adequate light (sunlight is beneficial

to the patient)-create and implement adequate light in the room

withoutplacing the patient in direct sunlight

Environmental Factors Affecting Health

Cleanliness-check and keep room from dust, dampness and dirt

Health of houses-check surrounding for fresh air, pure water,

drainage, cleanliness and light-remove garbage and stagnant water

Noise-check and attempt to keep noise level in minimum

Environmental Factors Affecting Health

Bed and Bedding-keep the bed dry, wrinkle-free and lowest

height to ensurecomfort

Personal Cleanliness-keep the patient dry and clean at all times

Variety-attempt to accomplish variety in the room

Chattering hopes and advices-respect the patient and avoid personal talk

Environmental Factors Affecting Health

Taking food-document the plan of care and evaluate the outcome

to ensure continuity of care

Petty Management-check the diet of the patient-note the amount of food and liquid ingested by the

patient in every meal

Observation of the Sick-observe the patient’s environment and record

anything about the patient

Metaparadigm in Nursing(PERSON)

-Referred to by Nightingale as “the patient”

-Recipient of nursing care

-A human being acted upon by a nurse, or affected by the environment

-Has reparative powers to deal with disease

-Recovery is in the patient’s power as long as a safe environment exists

Metaparadigm in Nursing(HEALTH)

-Holistic level of wellness that the person experiences

-Maintained by using a person’s healing powers to their fullest extent

-Maintained by controlling the environmental factors so as to prevent disease

-Disease is viewed as a reparative process instituted by nature

-Health and disease are the focus of the nurse-Nurses help patients through their healing

process

Metaparadigm in Nursing(ENVIRONMENT)

-The foundational component of Nightingale’s theory

-The external and internal aspects of life that influence the person

-Includes everything from a person’s food to a nurse’s verbal and nonverbal interactions with the patient

Metaparadigm in Nursing(NURSING)

-Nursing is essential for everybody’s well-being

-It is having the responsibility for someone else’s health.

-Notes on Nursing: provides women with guidelines for caring for their loved ones at home and gives advice on how to “think like a nurse”

*Trained nurses however, applies additional scientific principles to their work and more skilled in observing their patients.

Acceptance By The Nursing Community

EDUCATION

Nightingale’s principles of Nursing training provided a universal template for early nurse training school beginning with St. Thomas Hospital

Acceptance By The Nursing Community

RESEARCHNightingale’s interest in scientific inquiry and statistics continues to define the scientific inquiry used in nursing research.

Concepts that Nightingale identified served as the basis of research to test modern theories

Acceptance By The Nursing Community

PRACTICE

The environmental aspects of her theory (ventilation, warmth, quiet, diet and cleanliness) remain integral components of nursing care.

CRITIQUE

SIMPLICITYThree Major Relationships:

A. Environment to PatientEnvironment was the main

factor creating illness in a patient B. Nurse to Environment

Nurses need to manipulate the environment to enhance the patient’s recovery

CRITIQUE

C. Nurse To Patient Suggests collaboration

and cooperation between the nurse and the patient

The protection of the patient from emotional distress

Conservation of energy while allowing the patient to participate in self-care

CRITIQUE

GENERALITY

Nightingale’s theory has been used to provide general guidelines for all nurses The universality and timelessness of her concepts remain pertinentThe relation concepts (nurse, patient and environment) are applicable in all nursing settings today

CRITIQUE

EMPIRICAL PRECISION

Nightingale’s theory are presented as truths rather than tentative, testable statementsShe advised nurses that their practice should be based on their observation and experiences rather than systematic, empirical research

CRITIQUE

DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES

Deeply religious, she viewed nursing as a means of doing the will of God (Nursing is a divine calling)Her encouragement for a measure of independence and precision guides and motivates nurses today as the profession continues to evolve

FIN ~