Florence Nightingale English

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Florence Nightingale

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Jump to:navigation,searchFlorence Nightingale

Born12 May 1820Florence,Grand Duchy of Tuscany

Died

13 August 1910 (aged 90)Park Lane, London, England, UnitedKingdom

Known for Pioneering modernnursing

Signature

Medical career

Profession NurseandStatistician

InstitutionsSelimiye Barracks,Scutari

Specialism Hospitalhygieneandsanitation

Florence Nightingale,OM,RRC(/flrnsnatel/; 12 May 182013 August 1910) wasa celebratedBritishsocial reformer andstatistician, and the founder of modernnursing. Shecame to prominence while serving as anurseduring theCrimean War, where she tended towounded soldiers. She was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of makingrounds at night.

Early 21st century commentators have asserted Nightingale's achievements in the CrimeanWar had been exaggerated by the media at the time, to satisfy the public's need for a hero, buther later achievements remain widely accepted. In 1860, Nightingale laid the foundation of

professional nursing with the establishment of hernursing schoolatSt Thomas' Hospitalin

London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, now part ofKing's CollegeLondon. TheNightingale Pledgetaken by new nurses was named in her honour, and the
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annualInternational Nurses Dayis celebrated around the world on her birthday. Her socialreforms include improving healthcare for all sections of British society, improving healthcareand advocating for better hunger relief inIndia, helping to abolish laws regulating

prostitution that were overly harsh to women, and expanding the acceptable forms of femaleparticipation in the workforce.

Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her lifetime much of her published workwas concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were written in simpleEnglish so they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills. She also helped

popularise the graphical presentation of statistical data. Much of her writing, including herextensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously.

Contents

1 Early life

2 Crimean Waro 2.1 The Lady with the Lamp

3 Later career 4 Relationships 5 Death 6 Contributions

o 6.1 Statistics and sanitary reformo 6.2 Literature and the women's movemento 6.3 Theology

7 Legacy and memoryo 7.1 Nursingo 7.2 Hospitalso 7.3 Museums and monumentso 7.4 Audioo 7.5 Theatreo 7.6 Televisiono 7.7 Filmo 7.8 Banknoteso 7.9 Photographyo 7.10 Biographieso 7.11 Other

8 See also 9 Works 10 Sources 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

Early life
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le#Statistics_and_sanitary_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale#Contributionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale#Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale#Relationshipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale#Later_careerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale#The_Lady_with_the_Lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale#Crimean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nurses_Day


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Embley Park, now a school, was one of the family homes of William Nightingale

Young Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was born into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at theVilla Colombaia,[1]near thePorta RomanaatBellosguardo (Florence), Italy, and was namedafter the city of her birth. Florence's older sisterFrances Parthenopehad similarly beennamed after her place of birth,Parthenopolis, aGreeksettlement now part of the city of

Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in thefamily's homes atEmbleyandLea Hurst.[2][3]

Her parents wereWilliam Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore(17941874) andFrances ("Fanny") Nightingale ne Smith (17891880). William's mother Mary ne Evanswas the niece of one Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William inherited hisestate at Lea Hurst inDerbyshire, and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's

father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was theabolitionistandUnitarianWilliam Smith.

[4]

Nightingale was educated mainly by her father.[3]

Nightingale underwent the first of several experiences that she believed were calls from Godin February 1837 while atEmbley Park, prompting a strong desire to devote her life to theservice of others. In her youth she was respectful of her family's opposition to her working asa nurse, only announcing her decision to enter the field in 1844. Despite the intense anger anddistress of her mother and sister, she rebelled against the expected role for a woman of herstatus to become a wife and mother. Nightingale worked hard to educate herself in the art andscience of nursing, in spite of opposition from her family and the restrictive social code foraffluent young English women.
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i/Embley_Park


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As a young woman Nightingale was attractive, slender and graceful. While her demeanor wasoften severe, she could be very charming and her smile was radiant. Her most persistentsuitor was the politician and poetRichard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, but after anine-year courtship she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her abilityto follow her calling to nursing.

In Rome in 1847, she metSidney Herbert, a politician who had beenSecretary at War(18451846). Herbert was on his honeymoon; he and Nightingale became lifelong close friends.Herbert would be Secretary of War again during theCrimean War; he and his wife wereinstrumental in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in the Crimea. She became a keyadviser to him in his political career, though she was accused by some of having hastenedHerbert's death fromBright's Diseasein 1861 because of the pressure her programme ofreform placed on him.

Nightingale also much later had strong relations withBenjamin Jowett, who may havewanted to marry her.

Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and Selina Bracebridge) as far as Greeceand Egypt. Her writings on Egypt in particular are testimony to her learning, literary skill and

philosophy of life. Sailing up the Nile as far as Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote

"I don't think I ever saw anything which affected me much more than this." And, consideringthe temple: "Sublime in the highest style of intellectual beauty, intellect without effort,without suffering... not a feature is correctbut the whole effect is more expressive ofspiritual grandeur than anything I could have imagined. It makes the impression upon onethat thousands of voices do, uniting in one unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm oremotion, which is said to overcome the strongest man."

Nightingale circa 1854

At Thebes she wrote of being "called to God" while a week later near Cairo she wrote in herdiary (as distinct from her far longer letters that her elder sister Parthenope was to print afterher return): "God called me in the morning and asked me would I do good for him alone

without reputation."[5]Later in 1850, she visited the Lutheran religious community atKaiserswerth-am-Rheinin Germany, where she observed PastorTheodor Fliednerand the
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deaconesses working for the sick and the deprived. She regarded the experience as a turningpoint in her life, and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution ofKaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her firstpublished work;[6]she also received four months of medical training at the institute whichformed the basis for her later care.

On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took the post of superintendent at the Institute for the Careof Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October1854.[7]Her father had given her an annual income of 500 (roughly 40,000/US$65,000 in

present terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career.

Crimean War

A print of the jewel awarded to Nightingale byQueen Victoria, for her services to thesoldiers in the war

A tintedlithographbyWilliam Simpsonillustrating conditions of the sick and injured inBalaklava

A ward of the hospital atScutariwhere Nightingale worked, from an 1856 lithograph
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"Nightingale receiving the Wounded at Scutari", a portrait byJerry Barrett

Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during theCrimean War, whichbecame her central focus when reports got back to Britain about the horrific conditions forthe wounded. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses that shetrained, including her aunt Mai Smith,[8]and fifteen Catholic nuns (mobilised byHenryEdward Manning)[9]were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to theOttoman

Empire. They were deployed about 295nautical miles(546 km; 339 mi) across theBlack SeafromBalaklavain theCrimea, where the main British camp was based.

Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 atSelimiye Barracksin Scutari (modern-dayskdarinIstanbul). Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was beingdelivered by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference.Medicineswere inshort supply,hygienewas being neglected, and massinfectionswere common, many of themfatal. There was no equipment to process food for the patients.

After Nightingale sent a plea toThe Timesfor a government solution to the poor condition ofthe facilities, the British Government commissionedIsambard Kingdom Brunelto design a

prefabricatedhospital which could be built in England and shipped to the Dardanelles. Theresult wasRenkioi Hospital, a civilian facility which under the management of Dr.EdmundAlexander Parkeshad a death rate less than 1/10th that of Scutari.[10]

The first edition of theDictionary of National Biography (1911) asserted that Nightingalereduced the death rate from 42% to 2% either by making improvements in hygiene herself or

by calling for the Sanitary Commission. However, death rates actually began to rise to thehighest of all hospitals in the region. During her first winter at Scutari, 4,077 soldiers diedthere. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such astyphus,typhoid,choleraanddysenterythan from battle wounds. With overcrowding, defectivesewersand lack of

ventilation, the Sanitary Commission had to be sent out by the British government to Scutariin March 1855, almost six months after Florence Nightingale had arrived. The commissionflushed out the sewers and improved ventilation.[11]Death rates were sharply reduced, but shedid not recognise hygiene as the predominant cause of death at the time and never claimedcredit for helping to reduce the death rate.[12]In 2001 and 2008 the BBC releaseddocumentaries which were critical of Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as weresome follow-up articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times. NightingalescholarL. McDonaldhas dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they arenot supported by the primary sources.[3]

Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor nutrition, lack of supplies and

overworking of the soldiers. After she returned to Britain and began collecting evidencebefore the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, she came to believe that most of the
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soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions. This experience influenced herlater career, when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance.Consequently, she reduced peacetime deaths in the army and turned attention to the sanitarydesign of hospitals.

The Lady with the Lamp

During theCrimean war, Florence Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with theLamp" from a phrase in a report in The Times:

She is a ministering angel without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as herslenderform glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at thesight of her. When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darknesshave settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a littlelamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds.[13]

The phrase was further popularised byHenry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1857 poem "SantaFilomena":[14]

Lo! in that house of miseryA lady with a lamp I seePass through the glimmering gloom,And flit from room to room.

Later career

In theCrimeaon 29 November 1855, the Nightingale Fund was established for the training ofnurses during a public meeting to recognise Nightingale for her work in the war. There wasan outpouring of generous donations. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fundand theDuke of Cambridgewas chairman. Nightingale was considered a pioneer in theconcept ofmedical tourismas well, based on her 1856 letters describing spas in theOttomanEmpire. She detailed the health conditions, physical descriptions, dietary information, andother vital details of patients whom she directed there. The treatment there was significantlyless expensive than in Switzerland.
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Florence Nightingale, circa 1858

Nightingale had 45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to set up the NightingaleTraining School atSt. Thomas' Hospitalon 9 July 1860. The first trained Nightingale nurses

began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Now called theFlorence

Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, the school is part ofKing's College London.She also campaigned and raised funds for theRoyal Buckinghamshire HospitalinAylesburynear her sister's home,Claydon House.

Nightingale wroteNotes on Nursing(1859). The book served as the cornerstone of thecurriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools, though it was writtenspecifically for the education of those nursing at home. Nightingale wrote "Every daysanitary knowledge, or the knowledge of nursing, or in other words, of how to put theconstitution in such a state as that it will have no disease, or that it can recover from disease,takes a higher place. It is recognised as the knowledge which every one ought to havedistinct from medical knowledge, which only a profession can have".[15]

Notes on Nursingalso sold well to the general reading public and is considered a classicintroduction to nursing. Nightingale spent the rest of her life promoting and organising thenursing profession. In the introduction to the 1974 edition, Joan Quixley of the NightingaleSchool of Nursing wrote: "The book was the first of its kind ever to be written. It appeared ata time when the simple rules of health were only beginning to be known, when its topics wereof vital importance not only for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals wereriddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant, uneducated

persons. The book has, inevitably, its place in the history of nursing, for it was written by thefounder of modern nursing".[16]

As Mark Bostridge has recently demonstrated, one of Nightingale's signal achievements wasthe introduction of trained nurses into the workhouse system in England and Ireland from the1860s onwards. This meant that sick paupers were no longer being cared for by other, able-

bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff.

Though Nightingale is sometimes said to have denied the theory of infection for her entirelife, a recent biography disagrees,[17]saying that she was simply opposed to a precursor ofgerm theory known as "contagionism". This theory held that diseases could only betransmitted by touch. Before the experiments of the mid-1860s by Pasteur and Lister, hardlyanyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards, many medical practitioners were

unconvinced. Bostridge points out that in the early 1880s Nightingale wrote an article for atextbook in which she advocated strict precautions designed, she said, to kill germs.Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in theAmerican Civil War. TheUniongovernment approached her for advice in organising field medicine. Although her ideas metofficial resistance, they inspired the volunteer body of theUnited States SanitaryCommission.

In the 1870s, Nightingale mentoredLinda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", andenabled her to return to the USA with adequate training and knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools. Linda Richards went on to become a great nursing pioneer in theUSA and Japan.
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By 1882, several Nightingale nurses had become matrons at several leading hospitals,including, in London (St Mary's Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone WorkhouseInfirmary and theHospital for IncurablesatPutney) and throughout Britain (Royal VictoriaHospital,Netley; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary and Liverpool RoyalInfirmary), as well as atSydney HospitalinNew South Wales, Australia.

In 1883, Nightingale was awarded theRoyal Red Crossby Queen Victoria. In 1904, she wasappointed aLady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ). In 1907, she became the firstwoman to be awarded theOrder of Merit. In the following year she was given theHonoraryFreedomof theCity of London. Her birthday is now celebrated as InternationalCFSAwareness Day.[citation needed]

From 1857 onwards, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and suffered from depression.A recent biography citesbrucellosisand associatedspondylitisas the cause.[18]An alternativeexplanation for her depression is based on her discovery after the war that she had beenmistaken about the reasons for the high death rate.[12]There is, however, no documentary

evidence to support this theory. Most authorities today accept that Nightingale suffered froma particularly extreme form of brucellosis, the effects of which only began to lift in the early1880s. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform.During her bedridden years, she also did pioneering work in the field of hospital planning,and her work propagated quickly across Britain and the world. Nightingale output sloweddown considerably in her last decade, she now wrote very little due to blindness anddeclining mental abilities, though she still retained an interest in current affairs.[3]

Relationships

Although much of Nightingale's work improved the lot of women everywhere, Nightingalewas of the opinion that women cravedsympathyand were not as capable as men.[19]Shecriticised early women's rights activists for decrying an alleged lack of careers for women atthe same time that lucrative medical positions, under the supervision of Nightingale andothers, went perpetually unfilled.[20]She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insistingthey had done more than women to help her attain her goals, writing, "I have never found onewoman who has altered her life by one iota for me or my opinions."[21][22]She often referredto herself in the masculine, as for example "a man of action" and "a man of business".[23]

She did, however, have several important and long-lasting friendships with women. Later inlife she kept up a prolonged correspondence with Irish nun Sister Mary Clare Moore, with

whom she had worked in Crimea.[24]Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, anEnglishwoman she met in 1837 and kept in touch with throughout her life.[25]

Some scholars of Nightingale's life believe that she remained chaste for her entire life;perhaps because she felt a religious calling to her career.[26]

Death
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Last photo of Florence Nightingale taken in 1910, a few weeks before her death byLizzieCaswall Smith.

The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St. Margaret's Church,East Wellow.

On 13 August 1910, at the age of 90, she died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10 SouthStreet,Mayfair, London.[27][28]The offer of burial inWestminster Abbeywas declined by herrelatives and she is buried in the graveyard at St. Margaret Church inEast Wellow,Hampshire.[29][30]She left a large body of work, including several hundred notes which were

previously unpublished.[31]

Contributions

Statistics and sanitary reform

Florence Nightingale exhibited a gift formathematicsfrom an early age and excelled in thesubject under the tutorship of her father. Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the visual

presentation of information andstatistical graphics.[32]She used methods such as thepiechart, which had first been developed byWilliam Playfairin 1801. While taken for grantednow, it was at the time a relatively novel method of presenting data.[33]

Indeed, Nightingale is described as "a true pioneer in the graphical representation ofstatistics", and is credited with developing a form of the pie chart now known as thepolararea diagram,[34]or occasionally the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a moderncircular histogram, in order to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the militaryfield hospital she managed. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb",

but later that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams. She made extensiveuse of coxcombs to present reports on the nature and magnitude of the conditions of medical
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care in the Crimean War toMembers of Parliamentand civil servants who would have beenunlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports.

"Diagramof the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by Florence Nightingale.

In her later life Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study ofsanitationin Indianrural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical care and public

health service in India. In 1858 and 1859 she successfully lobbied for the establishment of aRoyal Commission into the Indian situation. Two years later she provided a report to thecommission, which completed its own study in 1863. "After 10 years of sanitary reform, in1873, Nightingale reported that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to18 per 1,000".[34]

In 1859 Nightingale was elected the first female member of theRoyal Statistical Societyandshe later became an honorary member of theAmerican Statistical Association.

Literature and the women's movement

Nightingale's achievements are all the more impressive when they are consideredagainst the background of social restraints on women in Victorian England. Herfather, William Edward Nightingale, was an extremely wealthy landowner, andthe family moved in the highest circles of English society. In those days, womenof Nightingale's class did not attend universities and did not pursue professionalcareers; their purpose in life was to marry and bear children. Nightingale wasfortunate. Her father believed women should be educated, and he personallytaught her Italian, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history and - most unusual of all forwomen of the time - writing and mathematics.[35]

While better known for her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingaleis also an important link in the study of Englishfeminism. During 1850 and 1852, she wasstruggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from herfamily. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wroteSuggestions for Thought to Searchers after

Religious Truth. This was an 829 page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printedprivately in 1860, but which until recently was never published in its entirety.[36]An effort tocorrect this was made with a 2008 publication byWilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11[37]of a 16 volume project, the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale.[38]The best known ofthese essays, calledCassandra, was previously published byRay Stracheyin 1928. Stracheyincluded it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served

its original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institutefor deaconesses atKaiserswerth.
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Cassandra protests the over-feminisation of women into near helplessness, such asNightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education.She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. The work alsoreflects her fear of her ideas being ineffective, as wereCassandra's. Cassandra was a princessofTroywho served as apriestessin the temple ofApolloduring theTrojan War. The god

gave her the gift ofprophecy; when she refused his advances, he cursed her so that herprophetic warnings would go unheeded.Elaine Showaltercalled Nightingale's writing "amajor text of English feminism, a link betweenWollstonecraftandWoolf."[39]

Theology

Despite being named as a Unitarian in several older sources, Nightingale's own rarereferences to conventional Unitarianism are mildly negative. She remained in the Church ofEngland throughout her life, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an early age bytheWesleyan tradition, Nightingale felt that genuine religion should manifest in active careand love for others.[40][41]She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her owntheodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas. Nightingale questioned the goodness of a Godwho would condemn souls to hell, and was a believer inuniversal reconciliation- the conceptthat even those who die without being saved will eventually make it to Heaven.[42]She wouldsometimes comfort those in her care with this view. For example, a dying young prostitute

being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell and said to her 'Pray God,that you may never be in the despair I am in at this time'. The nurse replied "Oh, my girl, areyou not now more merciful than the God you think you are going to? Yet the real God is farmore merciful than any human creature ever was or can ever imagine."[2][22][43][44]

Despite her intense personal devotion to Christ, Nightingale believed for much of her life that

the pagan and eastern religions had also contained genuine revelation. She was a strongopponent of discrimination both against Christians of different denominations, and againstthose of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion helped provide people with thefortitude for arduous good work, and would ensure the nurses in her care attended religiousservices. However she was often critical of organised religion. She disliked the role the 19thcentury Church of England would sometimes play in worsening the oppression of the poor.

Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care than their religiouscounterparts. While she held that the ideal health professional should be inspired by areligious as well as professional motive, she said that in practice many religiously motivatedhealth workers were concerned chiefly in securing their own salvation, and that thismotivation was inferior to the professional desire to deliver the best possible care.[2][22]

Legacy and memory

Nursing
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Blue plaque for Nightingale in South Street,Mayfair

The first official nurses training programme, the Nightingale School for Nurses, opened in

1860. The mission of the school was to train nurses to work in hospitals, to work with thepoor and to teach. This intended that students cared for people in their homes, an appreciationthat is still advancing in reputation and professional opportunity for nurses today.[45]

Florence Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursingprofession. She set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care and diligent andthoughtful hospital administration. In addition to the continued operation of theFlorence

Nightingale School of Nursing and MidwiferyatKing's College London, The NightingaleBuilding in the School of Nursing and Midwifery at theUniversity of Southamptonis alsonamed after her.International Nurses Dayis celebrated on her birthday each year.

The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,[46]established by nursing leadersthroughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to

build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption

by the UN General Assembly of 2008. They will declare: The International Year of theNurse2010 (the centennial of Nightingale's death); The UN Decade for a Healthy World2011 to 2020 (the bicentennial of Nightingale's birth). NIGH also works to rekindleawareness about the important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventivemedicine andholistic health. So far, the Florence Nightingale Declaration has been signed byover 18,500 signatories from 86 countries.

During theVietnam War, Nightingale inspired manyU.S. Armynurses, sparking a renewalof interest in her life and work. Her admirers includeCountry JoeofCountry Joe and theFish, who has assembled an extensive website in her honour.[47]

The Agostino Gemelli Medical School[48]in Rome, the first university-based hospital in Italyand one of its most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution to thenursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a wireless computer system itdeveloped to assist nursing.[49]

In 1912 theInternational Committee of the Red Crossinstituted theFlorence NightingaleMedal, awarded every two years to nurses or nursing aides for outstanding service.

Hospitals

Four hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale:F. N. Hastanesiinili(the biggestprivate hospital in Turkey),Metropolitan F.N. HastanesiinGayrettepe,Avrupa F.N.
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