Floodplain Management SESSION 4 Stream Systems on Dynamic Earth Hydrosphere Prepared By Donald R....
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Transcript of Floodplain Management SESSION 4 Stream Systems on Dynamic Earth Hydrosphere Prepared By Donald R....
Floodplain ManagementSESSION 4
Stream Systems on Dynamic Earth
Hydrosphere
Prepared By
Donald R. Reichmuth, PhD.
Meteorological Framework
Objectives:1. Show Temperature & Pressure Gradients
2. Show Water Sources
3. Define A River Basin
4. Explain Published Resource Data
5. Illustrate Factors Affecting Weather
6. Discuss Metrological processes within the context case study floodplains.
North American Temperature Data
Mid-Continent:(North Central US & Canadian Plains)
Normally has cold winters and hot summers
that causes Mid-Continent
Winter High Pressure &
Summer Low Pressure
WinterTemperature
DataTypical Winter Pattern:
Coldest in Northern Mid-Continent
2004 Departure:
From Mean
North American Air Flow
Monsoon Pattern:
Monsoon Defined:
A wind system that reverses direction
between summer and winter.
Monsoon Air Flow
Monsoon Air Flow
Earth’s Water
Sources:Outer SpaceVolcanoesRock Disintegration
Total Volume: 309,000 Units
One Unit (1) = 4475 Cubic Km (1070 Cubic Miles)
100 Units = Yearly Evaporation From Oceans300,000 Units = Present Volume All Oceans
Water Distribution(Total Units)
Hydrologic Cycle
Evaporation From Oceans
Wind Moves Moisture Laden Clouds
Moisture Condenses & Falls
PrecipitationFalls Back Into Oceans
Produces Stream Flow On Land
Enters Groundwater On Land
Water Returns To Oceans
Simplified Hydrologic Cycle
Detailed Hydrologic Cycle(Units Per Year)
Runoff Defined
Runoff (Two Forms):Surface Stream Flow
Controlled by Surface Topography
Groundwater FlowControlled by Subsurface
Structure
Catchment Defined
The surface catchment area is that area of a
River Basin upstream from a given point on a stream where “surface runoff” is
determined.
The groundwater catchment area is all areas that contribute recharge water to the
subsurface aquifer.
River Basin Example
Basin Topographic
Map
Grand River
• NOTE:
Subbasins Marked
Block DiagramGrand River Basin
Moisture Forecasthttp://www.cpc.ncp.noaa.gov/
ptoducts/analysis/monitoring/cdus/palmer_drought_outlook.gif
River Forecast Centerswww.nws.noaa.gov/er/nerfc
Hazards Assessment Briefinghttp://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/
products/predictions/threats
Precipitation Data
National Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS)
National Water & Climate Centerwww.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/
Snow Survey & Water Supplywww.nrcs.gov/programs/snowsurvey/
Western Regional Climate Center
(WRCC)[email protected]
NRCS Snow Water Contenthttp://www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/data.current.htm
River Basin Precipitation Data([email protected])
Floodthreat Example
Flood Risk Example
Flood Warning Example
April 11, 2004
Red River, ND
Palmer Drought Severity Index
1. A “Meteorological” Drought Index
2. Widely Used In The USA
3. Measures Abnormality
4. Range+6 ---- Extremely Wet
0 ------ Near Normal
-6 ----- Extremely Dry
Dendrochronology
Example: Determining
Past Climate
Conditions
Drought Information Center(NOAA)
http://www.drought.noaa.gov/index.html
Home Page MenuLists Links To Numerous Products
PrecipitationSoil MoistureDroughtFire PotentialTemperature
Drought Conditionshttp://drought.unl.edu/dm
Drought Predictionhttp://www.ncep.noaa.gov/
products/expert_assessment/season_drought.gif
Local MicroclimatesOrographic Precipitation
Caused by Anabatic (Blowing Up Slope) Wind
Rain ShadowsCaused by Katabatic (Blowing Down Slope) Wind
Lake EffectsCaused by Wind Blowing Over Water
Heat IslandsCaused by Urban Heat Sources
Acid RainCaused by SO4 Emissions
Topographic Influence
Effect of Smoke Stack Emissions
Effect Of Urban Heat Islands
Lake Effect On Snowfall
Average Runoff Patterns
Low ----- Western Plains & Southwest
High ----- New England, Appalachians, Gulf Coast
& Pacific Northwest
Slide Presentation Prepared By
Geomax, P.C.Dr. Donald R. Reichmuth, President
1023 W. 30th Ave.Spokane, WA 99203-1324
Phone & FAX – 509-838-6390E-mail – [email protected]