Flexibilite Responsable

7/27/2019 Flexibilite Responsable

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JB\ GC[B\ KB JNG\[N[R[

Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejbKpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj

por Lhorjbs kb Frcdbgt

\cus jo knrbltncg kb Frogcnsb Mrn bt Xovnbr Hunjjork

Klbderb 51??


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Lr bg ?>=2, jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb bst ug thng` tog` ngkpbgkogt kb tcut dogkot sygknloj

cu pcjntnqub. Qrccgkdbgt oglr kogs jo rojnt lcgcdnqub, nj lcglbgtrb so rfbxncg sur

jo rbjotncg bgtrb jbgtrbprnsb bt scg bgvnrcggbdbgt bt dbt lcgtrneutncg ug vostb rsbou

kbxpbrts pcur rojnsbr sbs tukbs. mojbdbgt jnbu kb rbglcgtrbs bt pjb kb crdotncg,

jNgstntut kvbjcppb ugb vnsncg kb jbgtrbprnsb cuvbrtb sur jb dcgkb bt sur jo sclnt.

[HNG@ [OG@

Joltnvnt kb rfbxncg sb kpjcnb outcur kb jbgtrbprnsb, lcgub jo cns lcddb crmognsotncg,

lcddb oltbur ku dcgkb lcgcdnqub bt lcddb oltbur kb jo sclnt. Qcur knusbr sbsogojysbs bt sbs tukbs, jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb soppunb sur 9

Kbs roppcrts bt kbs gctbs, vbltburs trokntncggbjs kb knusncg ouprs kug puejnl

kb jbokbrs kcpngncg.

Rg sntb, Keot&lc (www.kbeotblc.r), kcgt jceibltn bst kogndbr jb keot lcgcdnqub

bt sclnoj.

Rgb rbvub trndbstrnbjjb, \clntoj, qun prcpcsb kbs ogojysbs bt kbs rjbxncgs sur

jbs mrogks keots klcgcdnb bt kb sclnt (www.sclnbtoj.r).

UBGLCG[UB\

Cuvbrtbs ug jormb puejnl cu rsbrvbs oux okhrbgts, jbs dognbstotncgs crmognsbs por

jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb vnsbgt ovcrnsbr jb portomb kbxprnbglb sur kbs bgibux jns oux

qubstncgs lcgcdnqubs bt jbgtrbprnsb.

Jbs dognbstotncgs kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb vnsbgt stndujbr jo rfbxncg sur kbs suibts

kngtrt lcjjbltn. Knrnmbogts kbgtrbprnsb, pbrscggojnts pcjntnqubs, bxpbrts nssus kb jbgtrb-

prnsb cu ku dcgkb ugnvbrsntonrb scgt ngvnts sbxprndbr jcllosncg kb kibugbrs, kb

lcgrbglbs bt kb keots.

FCUDO[NCG

JNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb prcpcsb kbs prcmroddbs pkomcmnqubs qun cgt pcur ceibltn

kb sbgsnenjnsbr jbs knrbgts puejnls opportbgogt jlcsystdb kbs bgtrbprnsbs oux

bgibux lcgcdnqubs bt sclnoux ouxqubjs bjjbs scgt lcgrcgtbs. Kogs lb lokrb, jNgstntut

sokrbssb prncrntonrbdbgt oux bgsbnmgogts kb \lnbglbs lcgcdnqubs bt \clnojbs (\B\) ,

ovbl jb prcmroddb Bgsbnmgogts-Bgtrbprnsbs bt oux Ibugbs houts pctbgtnbjs nssus kb

tcus lcrps kb dtnbr, ovbl jNgstntut kbs Houtbs tukbs kb jBgtrbprnsb (NHBB)

Qcur bg sovcnr pjus 9 www.ngstntut-bgtrbprnsb.r


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JB\ GC[B\ KB JNG\[N[R[Klbderb 51??

Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejbKpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj

por Lhorjbs kb Frcdbgt\cus jo knrbltncg kb Frogcnsb Mrn bt Xovnbr Hunjjork


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Ngstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb, 51??

[cus krcnts kb rbprckultncg, kb trokultncg, kokoptotncg bt kbxlutncgrsbrvs pcur tcus jbs poysKnrbltbur kb jo puejnlotncg 9 Frkrnl Dcgjcuns-Fjnlnt, kjmu mgroj kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb


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2Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Cltcerb 51??

\CDDONUB

OVOG[-QUCQC\ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... =

U\RD ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... >

NG[UCKRL[NCG .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

N. JbdorlhkutrovoNJourvJotburkbJolrNsb 9 ugbsbmdbgtotNcglrcNssogtbkbJodoNg-kuvrbbgfcgltNcgkbsstotutskbdpJcN............................................ 5>

?. Jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs crdbs otypnqubs kbdpjcn bt

kb jo scus-trontoglb kbpuns trbgtb ogs ...................................................................................................................................... 5>

5. Rg rnsqub kb pbrtb kbdpjcn trs ngmojbdbgt rportn ..................................................................................... ;8

NN. fJbxNeNJNtkbJbdpJcNbtquoJNtkbJbdpJcN............................................................................................................. 26

?. Ngtrckultncg 9 kb jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn ................................................. 26

5. Jbs bdpjcns otypnqubs 9 ug lokrb jmoj trs lcgtronmgogt ......................................................................... 61

Nv. NgtrtbtJNdNtbsku lcgtrotugNqub kbtrovoNJlcddbrpcgsboukuoJNsdbkudorlhkutrovoNJ ........................................................................................................................................... ??5

?. Jo prcpcsntncg ku lcgtrot ugnqub .................................................................................................................................................... ??5

5. Rg knomgcstnl ngtrbssogt dons ugb scjutncg trcp mgrojb .............................................................. ??

5. Qcur ug bdpjcn bxnejb scutbgoejb ............................................................................................................................................. ?56


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10/172

8

Fjbxnenjnt rbspcgsoejb. Kpossbr jb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj

Rgb tbjjb quotncg gbst pos tbgoejb sur jb jcgm tbrdb lor bjjb lcgkunt, pjus portnlujn-

rbdbgt bg prnckb kb lrnsb, fromnjnsbr bglcrb jbs ddbs lotmcrnbs kb pbrscggbs

(ibugbs, sojorns pbu quojnfns) bt kb dbttrb ongsn mrovbdbgt bg prnj gctrb poltbsclnoj. Ou tbrdb kug knomgcstnl trs kbgsb bt toy por kb gcderbusbs ogojysbs

stotnstnqubs, lb roppcr t, lcgfn Lhorjbs kb Frcdbgt, lhbrlhbur splnojnstb kbs vc-

jutncgs lcgtbdpcrongbs ku dorlh kb jbdpjcn, ngtrckunt ug lbrtong gcderb kb prcpcsn-

tncgs bt kcrnbgtotncgs pcur rbgkrb scutbgoejb jb kvbjcppbdbgt kb jbgsbdejb kbs

fcrdbs kbdpjcn.

Nj y o vnkbddbgt kbs lousbs iurnknqubs lb kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj. Dons ugb

jblturb strnltbdbgt iurnknqub kbs ngmojnts sur jb dorlh ku trovonj prsbgtb kvn-

kbgtbs jndntbs.

[cut koecrk, jo fcrdb ku lcgtrot gb priumb pos kb jo quojnt kbs bdpjcns bt jqunvojbglb

bdpjcns fjbxnejbs/prlornt kbs pbrscggbs gb rsnstb pos jogojysb. Kb ddb, ug LKN

gbst pos glbssonrbdbgt sygcgydb kbdpjcn kb quojnt, gctoddbgt kogs lbrtongs

sbmdbgts kb jo scus-trontoglb. \urtcut, jb roppcrt dcgtrb por kbs bxbdpjbs lcglrbts

qunj bxnstb ug fcrt jbvnbr dogomrnoj pcur odjncrbr jbs protnqubs bxnstogtbs 9 jo mbstncg

rbspcgsoejb kb jo fjbxnenjnt sb icub bg prbdnbr jnbu ou gnvbou kbs crmognsotncgs bjjbs-

ddbs, qun kcnvbgt opprbgkrb dnbux ogtnlnpbr jburs ebscngs bg fjbxnenjnt. Lbttb

vcjutncg gb pbut ovcnr jnbu por ugb sndpjb odjncrotncg ku lokrb iurnknqub, ddb snj

fout qub tbxtbs kb jcn bt iurnsprukbglb vcjubgt pcur kcggbr pjus kb dormb kb doguvrb

oux portbgonrbs sclnoux bt slurnsbr sur jb pjog iurnknqub jbs ollcrks jbs pjus nggcvogts.

Lb roppcrt bgtbgk ongsn pcsbr ug prbdnbr iojcg pcur fonrb bg scrtb kb rkunrb jb fcss

oltubj bgtrb ngsnkbrs bt cutsnkbrs. Jbgsbdejb kbs sojorns kcnt pcuvcnr egfnlnbr kb

lcgkntncgs kb trovonj bt kbdpjcns qun morogtnssbgt jbur knmgnt bt jbur bdpjcyoenjnt

tcut ou jcgm kb jbur porlcurs prcfbssncggbj.

Frogcnsb Mrn Xovnbr Hunjjork

Vnlb-prsnkbgtb kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb Qrsnkbgt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb


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>>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

U\RD

Ngtrckultncg 9 qubjs bgibux pcur jbgtrbprnsb 3Jo lrnsb o vu jbssbgtnbj kb joiustbdbgt kb jbdpjcn pbsbr sur jbs sojorns knts otypnqubs 9

ngtrndonrbs, tntujonrbs kb LKK, sojorns kbgtrbprnsbs kb scus-trontoglb kb 5db cu


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?1


ovbl jo mrogkb bgtrbprnsb kcggbusb kcrkrb bt scjvoejb , dnsb bg lousb ku kcggbur

kcrkrb bg los kbdeoulhb kb trovonjjburs njjmoux por kbs scus-trontogts cu kb survbgoglb

kb mrovbs ollnkbgts ku trovonj, btl. Qor onjjburs, jbs tbgsncgs sur ug ddb jnbu kb trovonjbgtrb sojorns ngtmrs bt ngtbrvbgogts bxtrnburs pbuvbgt oussn dbttrb doj jo lchsncg

ngtbrgb kb jbgtrbprnsb.

Bgfng, ugb mbstncg lcurtb vub bt pbu rbspcgsoejb kbs prcejdotnqubs kb fjbxnenjnt kb

jo port kbs bgtrbprnsbs rnsqub kb gunrb jo lcdptntnvnt kb jlcgcdnb rogonsb 9

lbttb kbrgnrb rbpcsbro bg bf fbt, kbdong pjus bglcrb quouicurkhun, sur so lopolnt

dcenjnsbr tcutbs jbs gbrmnbs, kvbjcppbr bt okoptbr jbs lcdptbglbs kb jbgsbdejb

kbs sojorns.

Lbst pcurqucn jb prsbgt roppcrt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb lcgsnkrb qub jo mbstncg

kb jbdpjcn bxnejb kcnt trb ug kbs pnjnbrs bssbgtnbjs kb jo pcjntnqub kb rbspcgsoenjnt

sclnojb kbs bgtrbprnsbs (U\B) kbs bgtrbprnsbs . Ognd por jo lcgvnltncg qub lb scgt

koecrk kbs oltburs bux-ddbs qub pbuvbgt dbrmbr kbs scjutncgs prbggbs bt

scutbgoejbs, scg ceibltn bst dcngs kb curgnr kbs scjutncgs roknlojbdbgt gcuvbjjbs

qun pbrdbttro nbgt, bgng, kb trolbr ug lhbdng prbggb bgtrb jbs kbux lubnjs kb

jo jbxnenjnt roknlojb bt kugb slurnt rnmnkb, qub kb lcgtrneubr ou keot kb

dognrb promdotnqub bg sb cgkogt sur jo lcggonssoglb ngcrdb kb protnqubs,

ecggbs cu dcngs ecggbs, kbs bgtrbprnsbs kogs jbur mbstncg kb jo jbxnenjnt.

Jbs crnbgtotncgs qunj prlcgnsb sortnlujbgt outcur kb kbux oxbs 9 dnbux portombr jo

bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn kogs jbgtrbprnsb, tcut, koecrk, og qubjjb gb psb pjus sbujbdbgt

sur jbs ddbs lotmcrnbs kb sojorns, qun scgt jb pjus scuvbgt jbs pjus fromnjbs. Ubgkrb

jbdpjcn jbxnejb scutbgoejb bgsuntb, bg sottolhogt odjncrbr jbs lcgkntncgs qun

ktbrdngbgt jo quojnt kb lbt bdpjcn 9 slurnt bt fcrdotncg.

Rg ljonromb prjndngonrb rbtcur sur trbgtb ogskb trogsfcrdotncgs ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons

Jvcjutncg ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons sur jbs trbgtb kbrgnrbs oggbs sb loroltrnsb

por ugb lrcnssoglb trs fcrtb kbs fcrdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn (FQB) 0 jbgsbdejb kbs

lcgtrots tbdpcronrbs (bg y ngljuogt jbs opprbgtns, jbs stomnonrbs bt jbs lcgtrots

onks) tctojnsbgt ouicurkhun ?2,< % kb jbdpjcn sojorn, lcgtrb 6,6 % bg ?>85.


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??Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Usud

Kovogtomb qub kogs ugb hypcthtnqub krmujotncg ku dorlh ku trovonj , jo

prcmrbssncg kb lbs crdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn trcuvb sbs lousbs kogs ug

bgsbdejb kb oltburs lcgcdnqubs lcdpjbxbs. Jo glbssnt kb rbgkrb jbur crmognsotncgpjus roltnvb, ngkuntb por ug bgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub loroltrns jun-ddb por ugb

pjus mrogkb ngstoenjnt, o nglnt jbs bgtrbprnsbs okcptbr ugb mbstncg pjus fjbxnejb kb

jbur dong-kuvrb. Ou gnvbou dolrclcgcdnqub, lbs trogsfcrdotncgs cgt kcgl lcgkunt

ug kvbjcppbdbgt kb jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn ou sbgs jormb, kcgt jo dcgtb bg

punssoglb kbs fcrdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn rbprsbgtb ugb kbs lcdpcsogtbs jbs pjus

snmgnfnlotnvbs, enbg qub gcg bxljusnvb.

Ngkgnoejbdbgt, jb kvbjcppbdbgt kb lbttb jbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn o bu kbs bbts

pcsntns, bg pbrdbttogt oux bgtrbprnsbs koiustbr pjus ropnkbdbgt jbur dossbsojornojb jbur gnvbou kb prckultncg, bt kb rsnstbr ongsn kovogtomb oux vornotncgs

lcgicglturbjjbs jnbs jbur bgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub. Nj gbg kbdburb pos dcngs

qub jbs lcgsqubglbs kb lbttb bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn, sn bjjbs gb scgt pos ollcdpomgbs,

pcrtbgt bg bjjbs jb rnsqub koffonejnr snmgnfnlotnvbdbgt ugb portnb kbs sojorns.

Kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonjcu prlornsotncg mgrojnsb 3

[cutbfcns, jo vnsncg kugb prlornsotncg mgrojnsb kcgt jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs

fcrdbs otypnqubs kbdpjcn sbront jb vbltbur sb hbur tb oux stotnstnqubs 9 sn jb lcgtrot

kurb ngktbrdngb kb krcnt prnv o pbrku ku tbrrong, nj rbprsbgtb tcuicurs, bg

stcl`, pjus kb 86 % kbs bdpjcns kogs jb sbltbur prnv. \o port kogs jo pcpujotncg bg

mb kb trovonjjbr sbst por onjjburs stoenjnsb bgtrb 5111 bt 5118, bt go vcju qu

jo dormb bg 511> bt 51?1. Bgfng, nj bst ngtrbssogt kb rbjbvbr qub, pcur jo pjuport

kbs sojorns oltubjs, jngslurnt kb jbdpjcn go ceibltnvbdbgt pos oumdbgtkbpuns jbs oggbs ?>=1 9 ug sojorn oyogt pjus kb ?1 ogs koglnbggbt o tcuicurs jo

ddb prceoenjnt, prbsqub ogblkctnqub (? % bgvnrcg), ktrb jnlbgln ou lcurs kugb

oggb.

Lcgtronrbdbgt lb qun bst scuvbgt offnrd, jb dckjb kb jbdpjcn stoejb, tbdps

pjbng bt bg LKN gbst kcgl pos ouicurkhun roknlojbdbgt rbdns bg lousb. Jo lrongtb,

gb kogs jbs oggbs ?>81 bt ?>>1, kugb jbxnenjnsotncg cu prlornsotncg

mgrojnsb ku dcgkb ku trovonj bt kugb knsporntncg kbs crdbs kbdpjcn


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?5


prctbltrnlbs lcgstruntbs outcur ku sojornot typnqub go pcur jngstogt pos jnbu

ktrb. Jb lckb ku trovonj joffnrdb konjjburs scjbggbjjbdbgt, kogs ugb fcrdujotncg

sogs qunvcqub 9 Jb lcgtrot kb trovonj kurb ngktbrdngb bst jo fcrdb gcrdojb btmgrojb kb jo rbjotncg kb trovonj.

Qortogt, jb prcejdb sbdejb dcngs jngstoenjnt mgrojnsb kb jbdpjcn quugb

bxpcsntncg jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn tculhogt kb dognrb ngmojb bt sogs kcutb

ngiustb knrbgtbs lotmcrnbs kb sojorns.

Ngsnkbrs & cutsnkbrsKb font, jogojysb dcgtrb qub jbs fcrdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcns gb sb rportnssbgt

pos kb dognrb quntoejb kogs jo pcpujotncg oltnvb. LKK, ngtrnd bt bdpjcns onks

rbprsbgtbgt ongsn ?/< kb jbdpjcn kbs ibugbs kb ?2 5> ogs. Jb LKK, trs

kvbjcpp kogs jb tbrtnonrb lcglbrgb tcut portnlujnrbdbgt jbs ibugbs fbddbs, togkns

qub jngtrnd, kcdngogtb ngkustrnbjjb, bst trs fcrtbdbgt doslujng (=1 % khcddbs,

kcgt jo dcntn cgt dcngs kb , jo eonssb kb jngtrnd o ongsn

rbprsbgt 5


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?=5 sur jb trovonj tbdpcronrb bt kb ?>=> sur jbs

lcgtrots kurb ktbrdngb vnsonbgt kovogtomb gcrdojnsbr, bglokrbr bt surtcut

lcgtrjbr kbs usombs bxnstogts kbpuns jcgmtbdps qu fovcrnsbr jbs bdpjcns otypnqubs .Lcgtronrbdbgt jOjjbdomgb, jbs fcrdbs otypnqubs kbdpjcn gcgt konjjburs lcggu bg

Froglb souf jo dormb oulugb krmjbdbgtotncg dossnvb kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>81.

Bg rbvoglhb, nj bst lbrtong qub jbs rmjbs iurnknqubs cgt bu ug ndpolt lbrtong sur jo

dognrb kcgt sbst strulturb lbttb bxnenjnt, bg oumdbgtogt jo jbxnenjnt bxtbrgb

ou ktrndbgt kb jo jbxnenjnt ngtbrgb. Kb pjus, jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs fcrdbs

portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn bt jb spbltrb kb jo prlornt cgt porokcxojbdbgt lcgtrneu

rbgfcrlbr jb LKN, sogltuorns por jbs crmognsotncgs sygknlojbs, jbs portns pcjntnqubs bt jo

iurnsprukbglb kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>=1. Dons nln bglcrb, ugb jblturb sndpjnstb kb lbttb

vcjutncg qun ngsnstbront bxljusnvbdbgt sur jbs foltburs iurnknqubs (prctbltncg bxlbssnvb

ku LKN) bt lujturbjs (oesbglb kb lujturb kb jnlbglnbdbgt bg Froglb por roppcrt oux

poys ogmjc-soxcgs) kogs jo dnsb bg pjolb kb lb kuojnsdb bst trcdpbusb 9 jo

sogltuornsotncg kbs bdpjcns stoejbs bt jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs bdpjcns jbxnejbs

prclkbgt scuvbgt kb jo ddb rotncgojnt lcgcdnqub bt jbs ugs gb scgt pos

suestntuoejbs oux outrbs.

Koutrb port, jossndnjotncg ku kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj ou kuojnsdb iurnknqub

bgtrb LKN bt FQB lcgkunt nmgcrbr jb kvbjcppbdbgt kugb prlornt qun sb lcgstruntjormbdbgt bg kbhcrs kbs crdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn. Ongsn, nj orrnvb frqubd-

dbgt qub kbs sojorns bg LKN scnbgt oussn pbu prctms qub kbs sojorns otypnqubs.

Jo slurnt iurnknqub kbs LKN lhbz jbs scus-trontogts, gctoddbgt kb 5b cu


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?;


Jb lokrb iurnknqub gbxpjnqub kcgl quugb portnb kb jo stoenjnt, ou sbgs crt, kb

jbdpjcn 0 lb lcgstot iustnfnb kcgl jopprclhb kb gctrb tukb, qun sngtrbssb dcngs

jo fjbxnenjnt iurnknqub kb jbdpjcn qu jo vujgroenjnt kbs sojorns folb oux rnsqubsprcfbssncggbjs bt jo quojnt kb jbur bdpjcn, lb kbrgnbr lcglbpt bgmjceogt jo fcns

jo qubstncg kbs lcgkntncgs kbdpjcn bt lbjjb kbs lcgkntncgs kb trovonj.

Kbs ngmojnts rbjjbs,kcgt jngtbrprtotncg rbstb tcutbfcns guoglbr

Jb prnsdb kb jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn, snj font enbg rbsscrtnr ugb bxpcsntncg ngmojb kbssojorns oux rnsqubs knvbrs (rnsqub lhdomb, sogt ou trovonj bt slurnt, dcngkrb olls

jo fcrdotncg, btl.), pbrdbt oussn kb guoglbr jngtbrprtotncg kb lbs ngmojnts.

Bg Froglb, pjus quonjjburs, por ug rollcurln sdogtnqub sngmujnbr, jb kvbjcppbdbgt

kb jo jbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn o bg bbt t ossndnj lbjun kb jo prlornt kb

jbdpjcn. Cr sn cg sottolhb oux mrogkbs kndbgsncgs kb jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn ,

lcglbpt eboulcup pjus cprotcnrb qub jo gctncg jcub kb prlornt , jb rollcurln

kvbjcppbdbgt kb jbdpjcn jbxnejb 4 kvbjcppbdbgt kb jo prlornt kbvnbgt

dcngs tbgoejb 9

tuknogts bg qutb kb pbtnts ecujcts lt kb jburs tukbs, ibugbs jo rblhbrlhb

kug prcibt prcfbssncggbj, ngknvnkus lbrtbs rorbs hcstnjbs ou sojornot ljossnqub

cu prcfbssncggbjs kb jngtrnd, sbgncrs bg fng kb lorrnrb bg qutb kb trndbstrbs

dogquogts pcur jbur rbtrontb 9 tcus lbs sojorns pbuvbgt onrb ug usomb strot-mnqub, gcg vlu sur jb dckb kb jo prlornt , kb jbdpjcn jbxnejb 0

jogojysb sur jo kurb kbs troibltcnrbs ngknvnkubjjbs scujnmgb jo prccgkb odenvojbglbkbs bdpjcns jbxnejbs, qun opporonssbgt outogt, sn lb gbst kovogtomb, lcddb kbstrbdpjngs vbrs jbdpjcn kuroejb qub lcddb kbs troppbs kquojnfnlotncg , rbg-

vcyogt ng fngb oux loroltrnstnqubs kbs ngknvnkus qun jbs cllupbgt jo pcssbssncg

kug knpjdb togt nln ktbrdngogtb.

Jo qubstncg kb jngsbrtncg kbs ibugbs bt kb jo prlornt kb jburs bdpjcns drntb

ktrb tcut portnlujnrbdbgt tuknb (gctoddbgt kogs jb lcgtbxtb burcpbg trcuej

oltubj, dorqu por jbs rvcjtbs kb ibugbs sojorns bg Mrlb bt surtcut bg Bspomgb).

Jbs lhnffrbs kdcgtrbgt jo surbxpcsntncg kb jo ibugbssb jbdpjcn fjbxnejb prs

kbs kbs ibugbs scgt bdeoulhs bg LKK cu bg ngtrnd. Dons lbs lhnffrbs gb


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?2Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Usud

kcnvbgt pos trb ogojyss sbujbdbgt jougb kugb phctcmrophnb ngstogtogb ku

dorlh ku trovonj, dons mojbdbgt bg tbrdbs kb troibltcnrbs ngknvnkubjjbs. Cr, jcrsqub

jcg sngtrbssb lbs kbrgnrbs, cg lcgstotb qub, quotrb ogs oprs jbur scrtnb ku

systdb kulotnf, prs kb =1 % kbs ibugbs scgt bg LKN. ?1 ogs oprs, lbst jb los

kb >1 % kbs (oglnbgs) ibugbs. Lb lcgstot qun troglhb ovbl jbs knslcurs jbs pjus

ojordnstbs, drntb ktrb roppbj. \n jbs knffnlujts kbs ibugbs scgt lbrtongbs, nj

fout scnmgbusbdbgt knstngmubr kbux lotmcrnbs 9

Jbs ibugbs knpjds ku suprnbur 9 lcgtronrbdbgt lbrtongbs rbprsbgto-

tncgs, dcybg tbrdb, njs sngsrbgt bg rojnt trs enbg sur jb dorlh ku tro-

vonj. Gogdcngs, jbur prnckb kngsbrtncg rbstb trcp jcgmub, bt trcp scuvbgt

dorqub por ugb sullbssncg kb stombs bt kb LKK qun rbgkbgt portnlujnrb-

dbgt knffnlnjbs jburs prbdnrbs oggbs kb vnb oltnvb. Lbst tcut portnlujnrb-dbgt jb los kbs knpjds kbs fcrdotncgs mgrojbs kb jugnvbrsnt, qun fcr-

dbgt ugb scus-lotmcrnb portnlujnrb kb jbgsbdejb kbs ibugbs knpjds.

Jbs toux kbdpjcn (86 %) bt kolls ou LKN (6= %) < ogs kbs eol +2 bg

jbttrbs bt slnbglbs hudongbs scgt ongsn nkbgtnqubs lbux kbs oglnbgs tu-

knogts kb E[\ qun gcgt pos russn jbur knpjdb ! Jbs tntujonrbs kugb jnlbglb

prcfbssncggbjjb scgt mojbdbgt enbg dnbux jctns qubux (toux kbdpjcn bt

kolls ou LKN rbspbltnvbdbgt kb >2 % bt =; %). Qcur lbs ibugbs, nj bst ur-

mbgt (lf. prcpcsntncgs) kb prcfbssncggojnsbr jbs fcrdotncgs ugnvbrsntonrbs, kb

lhogmbr jb rbmork kbs bgtrbprnsbs sur lbs prcfnjs bt kb rbvcnr lbrtongbs pcjn-tnqubs kb rblrutbdbgt (rblcurs bxlbssnf oux stombs kogs lbrtongbs eroglhbs/

bgtrbprnsbs, oux LKK mojbdbgt, sngmujnrbdbgt kogs jo fcgltncg puejnqub).

Jo kbuxndb lotmcrnb rossbdejb jbs ibugbs pcsskogt ug knpjdb ngfrnbur

cu moj ou eollojourot. \n jb tbrdb kb prlonrb sbdejb, sur jb dcybg cu

jb jcgm tbrdb, jb pjus scuvbgt bxlbssnf pcur jbs ibugbs knpjds, jo sntuotncg

kbs ibugbs pbu cu pos knpjds porot bg rbvoglhb scuvbgt kjnlotb 9 ongsn,

51 % kbs ibugbs gcg knpjds scgt ou lhdomb ?1 ogs oprs jo fng kb

jburs tukbs, prs kb 8 % suppjdbgtonrbs cgt ddb quntt jb dorlh ku

trovonj, sogs kcutb klcuroms. Jo sntuotncg kbs knpjds ku sblcgkonrb

bst pjus fovcroejb, dons jburs toux kb lhdomb bt kngoltnvnt ?1 ogs

sjvbgt 6,5 % bt ;,2 % lcgtrb rbspbltnvbdbgt 5,8 % bt 1,< % pcur jbs

knpjds ku suprnbur Jbs prcejdotnqubs pcur lbs ibugbs scgt kcgl glbs-

sonrbdbgt knffrbgtbs bt suppcsbgt koecrk ugb juttb lcgtrb jlhbl slcjonrb

ongsn quugb ecggb mbstncg kbs bdpjcns qun kbdogkbgt pbu kb quojnfnlotncg

slcjonrb (olls jo fcrdotncg, lcgkntncgs kb trovonj, btl.). Dojmr lb lcgstot

pbssndnstb, gctcgs gogdcngs qub prs kb 61 % kbs gcg-knpjds bt

pjus kb =2 % kbs knpjds ku sblcgkonrb scgt bg LKN knx ogs oprs jburscr tnb ku systdb kulotnf.


18/172


19/172

?=Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Usud

ngsnkbrs. Jbs prcdctburs ku lcgtrot ugnqub tbgkbgt gmjnmbr jnkb qub jbxnstbglb

kb lcgtrots knffrbglns punssb trcuvbr scg crnmngb kogs kbs usombs qun scgt bux-

ddbs knffrbglns, bt qun fcgt qubdpjcns stoejbs bt bdpjcns fjbxnejbs gb scgt

pos glbssonrbdbgt suestntuoejbs.

lbt mork, nj gbst pos lbrtong qub jo dnsb bg pjolb kug lcgtrot ugnqub sbrontglbssonrbdbgt pjus prctbltrnlb pcur jbs lotmcrnbs lbgsbs trb jbs pjuspgojnsbs por jbxnstbglb kb lcgtrots otypnqubs. Jb lcgtrot ugnqub pcurrontsogs kcutb lrbr ugb nglntotncg kbdeoulhb pcur jbs pjus bdpjcyoejbs (gctoddbgt

jbs ibugbs quojnfns), dons gb lrbront oulugb slurnt suppjdbgtonrb pcur lbux

qun cllupbgt kbs bdpjcns por goturb tbdpcronrbs. Qcur lbs kbrgnbrs, jbs morogtnbs

fcrtbs outcur kbs LKK bt kbs lcgtrots kngtrnd rnsqubronbgt ktrb dns doj por

ugb fusncg kbs lcgtrots bxnstogts.

bgfng, jo jcn ku 52 iung 5118 ngtrckunsogt jo pcssnenjnt kugb rupturb lcgvbg-tncggbjjb kb lcgtrot o oppcrt ugb prbdnrb rpcgsb qunjnerb bt lcdpotnejbovbl jbs trokntncgs kb mbstncg kbs rbsscurlbs hudongbs frogonsbs ou prcejdb kbjo rnmnknt kbs jnlbglnbdbgts ngknvnkubjs, qun lcgstntuont bg rojnt, pjus qub jbxns-tbglb ku kuojnsdb jun-ddb, jb prnglnpoj ormudbgt bg fovbur ku lcgtrot ugnqub.

Ou-kbj, kbrrnrb jnkb kug lcgtrot ugnqub, cg trcuvb lbjjb sbjcg joqubjjb jbdpjcn

fjbxnejb, kogs ug dcgkb nkoj, gb kbvront pos bxnstbr. lbttb lcglbptncg hcgtbusb

kb jo jbxnenjnt, gcus prrcgs cppcsbr ugb vnsncg pcsntnvb, rojnstb bt scutbgoejb

kb lbttb jbxnenjnt. Ks jcrs, jo qubstncg gbst pjus togt (cu pjus sbujbdbgt) kb

sovcnr lcddbgt rkunrb lbttb jbxnenjnt, dons lcddbgt jo rbgkrb ollbptoejb, bg

okdbttogt qubxnstbgt pcur portnb kbs bdpjcns pjutt stoejbs quogk koutrbs gcgt

pos vclotncg sngslrnrb kogs jo kurb. \n jovbgnr bst jo lcbxnstbglb kb knffrbgts

typbs kb sojorns, kb roppcrts jbdpjcn qun kpbgkbgt jo fcns ku typb kbgtrbprnsb

kogs jbqubj cg sb trcuvb, ku sbltbur kb prckultncg bt kb sbs lcgtrongtbs, kb jo dognrb

kcgt cg lhbrlhb crmognsbr scg bxnstbglb, nj fout ojcrs ndomngbr kbs fcrdbs kbprctbltncg jo fcns pjus prclhbs ku tbrrong, pjus dckbstbs bt pjus nggcvogtbs quug

lcgtrot ugnqub .

Kogs lbttb cptnqub, jbs prlcgnsotncgs kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb, soppuyogt sur jbs

dbnjjburs protnqubs kbs bgtrbprnsbs, sortnlujbgt outcur kb kbux oxbs 9 dnbux portombr

jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn kogs jbgtrbprnsb, bt rbgkrb jbdpjcn fjbxnejb scutbgoejb.


20/172

?8


Dnbux portombr jo bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn kogs jbgtrbprnsb

Dnbux portombr jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn kogs jbgtrbprnsb, lbjo possb koecrk por ug

dbnjjbur qunjnerb bgtrb jbxnenjnt ngtbrgb bt jbxnenjnt bxtbrgb. Kogs jbur roltncg

jo lrnsb, jbs bgtrbprnsbs frogonsbs, lcgtronrbdbgt jburs hcdcjcmubs kcutrb-Uhng,

cgt bg bffbt ljonrbdbgt prnvnjmn jb sblcgk jbvnbr (supprbssncg kbs FQB, rupturbs kb

lcgtrots ovbl jburs scus-trontogts) sur jb prbdnbr (rblcurs ou lhdomb portnbj, eonssb

kbs hburbs suppjdbgtonrbs, kvbjcppbdbgt kb jo dcenjnt ngtbrgb). Lbttb en-portntncg

ku dorlh ku trovonj sbxpjnqub bg portnb por jb rbtcur kbxprnbglb kbs lrnsbs possbs

bt cent kbs dctnfs jmntndbs 9 dongtbgnr jbs lcdptbglbs bssbgtnbjjbs kogs

jbgtrbprnsb kugb port, ollrc trb so roltnvnt kb joutrb. Jbcrt kb jbxnenjnt pcurronttcutbcns trb dnbux rportn bg ovcrnsogt ugb pjus mrogkb scupjbssb kogs jbs

lcgkntncgs kbxlutncg kbs lcgtrots kb trovonj. Nj gb somnront pos kb fovcrnsbr jb

jnlbglnbdbgt kbs sojorns pbrdogbgts, dons kb rbgkrb jbs ljousbs kb jburs lcgtrots

kb trovonj pjus fjbxnejbs, ofng kb fonrb dlognqubdbgt eonssbr jb ebscng bg fjbxnenjnt

bxtbrgb bt kongsn kndngubr jb lct kcppcrtugnt kugb bdeoulhb bg LKN cu bg FQB kb

jcgmub kurb pcur jbs bgtrbprnsbs.

Rgb tbjjb vcjutncg suppcsbront tcutbfcns kb dcknnbr jorlhntblturb oltubjjb ku krcnt

sclnoj ofg kb pbrdbttrb ugb pjus mrogkb outcgcdnb kb jo kdorlhb lcgvbgtncggbjjb 0

sur jb dckjb kb jOjjbdomgb, kb gcderbux ollcrks lcjjbltnfs kb eroglhb bt kbgtrbprnsb,

ortnlujogt morogtnbs kb dongtnbg kb jbdpjcn bt eonssbs trogsntcnrbs kb jo kurb ku

trovonj bt ku sojonrb, pcurronbgt ongsn vcnr jb icur quogk jo lcgicglturb lcgcdnqub

jbxnmb.

Ou-kbj ku lokrb iurnknqub, lcddb jb dcgtrb jb roppcrt, jo rbxncg odcgt kbs dogombrs

bt kb jo cgltncg UH sur jbs ebscngs bg dong-kuvrb kb jbur crmognsotncg bst

oescjudbgt klnsnvb. Bg portnlujnbr, jbur lopolnt rbdbttrb bg lousb jbs rcutngbs

dogomrnojbs quogk bjjbs kbvnbggbgt jo fcns knffnlnjbdbgt scutbgoejbs sclnojbdbgtbt lcgcdnqubdbgt knslutoejbs bst ugb lcgkntncg lj pcur porvbgnr ug dbnjjbur

qunjnerb bgtrb fjbxnenjnt ngtbrgb bt bxtbrgb.


21/172

?>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Usud

Ubgkrb jbdpjcn bxnejb scutbgoejb

\nj bxnstb kbs pnstbs pcur dnbux rportnr jbs bffcrts kb fjbxnenjnt bgtrb sojorns, nj gb

fout pos gcg pjus pbrkrb kb vub jbssbgtnbj. Jo pjuport kbs bdpjcns tbdpcronrbs

lcrrbspcgkbgt bffbltnvbdbgt kbs ebscngs tbdpcronrbs. Bg cutrb, njs lcgstntubgt

ouicurkhun pcur jbs ibugbs jo prnglnpojb pcrtb kbgtrb sur jb dorlh ku trovonj. Bgfng,

jbs vcjutncgs lcgcdnqubs, tblhgcjcmnqubs bt dogomrnojbs vcqubs kogs gctrb

knomgcstnl rnsqubgt bglcrb kollrctrb lb ebscng kb fjbxnenjnt. Nj somnt kcgl ktoejnr,

kogs ug kbuxndb tbdps, jbs lcgkntncgs kugb fjbxnenjnt scutbgoejb pcur jbs sojorns

bg FQB cu kogs kbs LKN fromnjbs, kb scrtb odjncrbr gcg sbujbdbgt jo quojnt kb

jbur bdpjcn, dons oussn jburs pbrspbltnvbs kb lorrnrb.

lbt mork, jo prctbltncg lcgtrb jbs dojoknbs prcbssncggbjjbs bt jbs ollnkbgts ku

trovonj bt jodjncrotncg kbs lcgkntncgs kb trovonj kcnvbgt lcgstntubr ug lhogtnbr

prncrntonrb. lbt bffbt, jb roppcrt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb prlcgnsb jbs prcpcsntncgs

sunvogtbs 9

dbttrb bg pjolb ug ngknlotbur ugnqub kollnkbgt ku trovonj , ngljuogt LKN btngtr ndonrbs (dons knstngmuogt jbs toux kO[ pcur lholugb kbs lotmcrnbs) 0

onrb nmurbr jb toux kollnkbgt ku trovonj kbs prnglnpoux scus-trontogts kogsjb enjog sclnoj, ofng ktoejnr ugb jnstb ejoglhb kbs scus-trontogts cu kbs B[[kcgt jbs protnqubs bg tbrdbs kb slurnt sbronbgt sotnsfonsogtbs 0

dbttrb bg pjolb kbs crdotncgs splnfqubs pcur jbs dogombrs kb prbdnbr gnvbou,knrbltbdbgt bg lhormb kbs pbrscggbjs kbs scus-trontogts cu kbs ngtrndonrbs, pcur

jbs sbgsnenjnsbr oux rnsqubs splnfnqubs qub lbs kbrgnbrs bglcurbgt.

kdorlhogknsbr portnbjjbdbgt jb lcgtrot lcddbrlnoj toejn bgtrb jbgtrbprnsb utn-

jnsotrnlb bt sbs scus-trontogts cu jbs B[[, bg ngljuogt systdotnqubdbgt kbsljousbs sclnojbs kogs lbs lcgtrots kb curgnturb kb dong-kuvrb 0 dbttrb bgpjolb ugb strulturb lhormb kb sunvrb lbttb qubstncg kbs lcgkntncgs kb trovonj kbs

sojorns bxtrnburs, sn pcssnejb ou gnvbou kb lhoqub sntb 0

rqunjnerbr jb roppcrt kb crlb bgtrb kcggburs kcrkrb bt scus-trontogts , bgprcpcsogt, kogs jo jnmgb ku roppcrt Vcjct, jo mgrojnsotncg jbs lhortbs kb ecggbs

protnqubs bt ug dbnjjbur bglokrbdbgt kbs rupturbs ku lcgtrot.


22/172

51


Jb sblcgk lhogtnbr kcnt pcrtbr sur jo crdotncg lcgtngub . Jo glbssnt kb jo

fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn go bg bffbt iodons bdplh sbs ovclots kb rblcggotrb qubjjbgb sbront scutbgoejb qu kbux lcgkntncgs 9 qubjjb scnt ugb topb kogs ug porlcurs

prcfbssncggbj lhcnsn bt gcg suen, bt qubjjb sollcdpomgb, pcur lbux qun ludujbgt jbs

FQB pbgkogt pjusnburs dcns, vcnrb pjusnburs oggbs, kb rbjjbs pcssnenjnts kb fcrdotncg

prcfbssncggbjjb. Qorlb qub lbjo gbst ouicurkhun pos tcuicurs jb los, jb roppcrt kb

jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb prlcgnsb jo prcpcsntncg sunvogtb 9

lcglbgtrbr jcejnmotncg jmojb kb crdotncg sur jbs sojorns jbs dcngs quojnfs .Jb LNF pcurront ongsn trb rsbrv oux sojorns jbs dcngs quojnfns, togkns qub

jb KNF sb vbrront ngntnojbdbgt oecgk bg prcpcrtncg ngvbrsb ku gnvbou ngntnoj kbquojnfnlotncg.

Rg trcnsndb oxb rsnkb kogs jo rblhbrlhb kugb kurb kbs lcgtrots jbxnejbs qun

scnt pjus lcgcrdb oux ngtrts lcgcdnqubs bt sclnoux kbs knrbgtbs portnbs

prbgogtbs. Bg bffbt, sn jo fcrdotncg bst lbrtbs glbssonrb, jbxprnbglb, jbs lcdptbglbs

cprotncggbjjbs scgt mojbdbgt klnsnvbs kogs jbdpjcyoenjnt kbs pbrscggbs. Cr

lbrtongbs protnqubs rcutngnrbs , kogs lbrtongs los njjmojbs, bglcurombs por

lbrtongbs rmjbs kngkbdgnsotncg ku lhdomb, sb trokunsbgt por jo dujtnpjnlotncg kb

lcgtrots trs lcurts bt ngstoejbs, nglcdpotnejbs ovbl ugb dcgtb bg punssoglb kbs

lcdptbglbs kb jburs tntujonrbs. Qcur rbdknbr lbttb sntuotncg, jb roppcrt kb jNgstntut

kb jbgtrbprnsb sbst ottolh nln prnvnjmnbr kbs scjutncgs qun tbgtbgt kb slurnsbr

jb porlcurs kbs sojorns jbxnejbs dons sogs rbglhrnr jb lct kb jo jbxnenjnt, lb

qun lcgtrneubront, ng ngb, bxljurb jbs pjus romnjbs ku dorlh ku trovonj 9

ossclnbr systdotnqubdbgt jo cgltncg UH jo gmclnotncg kbs lcgtrots kbscus-trontoglb bt kb trovonj tbdpcronrb, ouicurkhun mrs kogs jbs mrogkbs

bgtrbprnsbs por jo knrbltncg kbs olhots (quogk njs gb scgt pos scus-tronts kbslbgtrojbs kolhot), bt ngljurb kbs ljousbs sclnojbs kogs jbs lcgtrots snmgs 0

kogs jb los kb lcgtrots lokrbs lcgljus bgtrb ugb B[[ bt ug mrogk lcdptb, prvcnrkb dognrb lcgtroltubjjb ugb rportntncg bgtrb dnssncgs kb trs lcurtb kurb(iusqu ugb sbdongb), kb kurb dcybggb (? sbdongb ug dcns) bt kb pjusjcgmub kurb. Nj pcurront somnr kugb trnportntncg bgtrb dnssncgs kb jcgmub kurb,kb kurb dcybggb, bt kb lcurtb kurb 0


23/172

5?Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Usud

ndomngbr jbs crdbs kug lcgtrot kb trovonj ngtrndonrb kurb ngktbrdngb,qun pbrdbttb ugb dbnjjburb rportntncg kbs rnsqubs lcgcdnqubs bgtrb jbs sojo-

rns bt jbs ombglbs kbdpjcns prnvs portnr, por bxbdpjb, kug lbrtong gnvboukoglnbggbt (sur jb dckjb gbr jogkons) 0

tbgkrb jbs dlognsdbs kb lhdomb portnbj oux ngtrndonrbs sotnsonsogtlbrtongbs lcgkntncgs koglnbggbt.

Bg kbhcrs ku dorlh ku trovonj, kbux pcjntnqubs puejnqubsbssbgtnbjjbs

Ou kbj kb lbs prcpcsntncgs, jb roppcrt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb scujnmgb quugb

mrogkb portnb kbs prcejdbs kb prlornt scujbvs kogs jb keot puejnl scgt

ottrneus tcrt oux kysfcgltncggbdbgts ku dorlh ku trovonj, ojcrs qunjs rbjvbgt

koecrk kb kbux kcdongbs 9 jo fcrdotncg ngntnojb, bt jb jcmbdbgt.

Rgb port lcgsnkroejb kbs knnlujts prcvnbgt ongsn kb jortnlujotncg ngsunsogtb

bgtrb lcjb bt dcgkb kb jbgtrbprnsb. Lbs kbux ugnvbrs kcnvbgt lcgtngubr sb

ropprclhbr, gcg pos pcur qub jbgtrbprnsb knltb jlcjb sbs prcmroddbs, dons pcur

qub jvbs bt tuknogts scnbgt ngfcrds kb dognrb hcggtb bt trogsporbgtb sur jbs

keculhs pcssnejbs. Jb rjb kb jngstntutncg slcjonrb bst kcrnbgtbr bt kordbr jbs tuknogts

pcur qunjs solhbgt lcddbgt offrcgtbr jb dorlh ku trovonj 0 lbjun kb jbgtrbprnsb kb

jbs fcrdbr sbs bxnmbglbs bt sbs lckbs tcut bg dongtbgogt jbur bdpjcyoenjnt. jo

jblturb kbs stotnstnqubs, jb prbdnbr cutnj kb juttb lcgtrb jo prlornt rbstb jo juttb

lcgtrb jlhbl slcjonrb, qun lcglbrgb bglcrb bgvnrcg ?= % kugb ljossb kmb 0 ou-kbj

kbs rfcrdbs kulotnvbs bt pkomcmnqubs bgtrbprbgkrb qun gbgtrbgt pos kogs scgceibt, jb roppcrt kb jNgstntut kb jbgtrbprnsb scujnmgb qub jb kvbjcppbdbgt kb

jopprbgtnssomb kcnt lcgstntubr ugb vcnb prnvnjmnb kngsbrtncg kbs ibugbs sur jb

dorlh ku trovonj, bg portnlujnbr kbs dcngs quojnns.

Lcglbrgogt jbs ibugbs pjus knpjds, kcgt jngsbrtncg, rbecurs kb gcderbux knslcurs,

bst jb pjus scuvbgt russnb, joxb kb prcmrbssncg rsnkb kogs jodjncrotncg kbs

prclbssus kcrnbgtotncg ou jylb bt jugnvbrsnt. Bg portnlujnbr, jo juttb lcgtrb jo

prlornt kbs ibugbs knpjds kbs jnrbs mgrojnstbs ku suprnbur possb koecrk por

ug rbgfcrlbdbgt kb jcrnbgtotncg kntb oltnvb , pbrdbttogt lbs ibugbs kb kvbjcppbr

kbs prcibts prcfbssncggbjs odentnbux bt rojnstbs.


24/172

55


Bgfng, jo lrnsb ku jcmbdbgt bst ugb kbrgnrb kndbgsncg bssbgtnbjjb kb jo kmrokotncg

kbs lcgkntncgs kb vnb bt kb trovonj kbs oltnfs 0 bjjb icub ug rjb ktbrdngogt kogs jb

sbgtndbgt mgroj bt jo rojnt kb jo prlornsotncg kbs pjus ibugbs kbgtrb bux.Jo pcjntnqub ku jcmbdbgt kcnt kcgl lcgstntubr ugb prncrnt oescjub kbs pcuvcnrs

puejnls 9 jo lopolnt kb dcenjnt kb jo dong-kuvrb, jo scutbgoenjnt kb jo bxnenjnt

ku trovonj bt jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn bg kpbgkbgt trcntbdbgt.


25/172

5, jo rlbssncg bg Froglb o pu sbdejbr

dcngs erutojb qub prvu, jbs stoenjnsotburs outcdotnqubs kb gctrb systdb kb

prctbltncg sclnojb pbrdbttogt kottgubr sbs bffbts. Cg o ojcrs porfcns vu rbsurmnr kbs

knslcurs, kbvbgus rorbs kogs jbs oggbs ?>>1-5111, sur jbffnlolnt kb gctrb systdb

kb prctbltncg sclnojb. Fojjont-nj ljerbr jb rbtcur ku dckjb sclnoj frogons 3

Dons ugb ogojysb pjus prlnsb kb jo sntuotncg sur jb dorlh kb jbdpjcn rvjont ug

toejbou eboulcup pjus lcgtrost. Jbs bgtrbprnsbs kb trovonj tbdpcronrb, qun cgt vu jb

?. Cutrb jbs roppcrts lnts kogs jbglokr pomb 2=, snmgojcgs pjus rlbddbgt jbs trovoux sunvogts 9 Ibog-FrogcnsMbrdb, Jbs Dcenjnts prcfbssncggbjjbs 9 kb jngstoenjnt kogs jbdpjcn jo mbstncg kbs troibltcnrbs , Lcddnssornot mgrojku pjog, 511< 0 Dothnjkb Jbdcngb bt tnbggb ]osdbr, Jbs Dcenjnts kbs sojorns, Lcgsbnj kogojysb lcgcdnqub, 51?1 0Qnbrrb Dcrogmb, Uoppcrt kngfcrdotncg bg lcgljusncg kbs trovoux kb jo dnssncg sur jo bxnslurnt jo frogonsb ,Lcddnssncg kbs offonrbs sclnojbs kb jOssbdejb gotncgojb, 51?1 0 Jnvrb vbrt. Dckbrgnsbr jb krcnt ku trovonj pcur rbjbvbrjbs ks ku XXNb snljb, Lcddnssncg burcpbggb, 5116 0 Uoppcrt ktopb sur jo slurnsotncg bt jo kygodnsotncg kbsporlcurs prcfbssncggbjs, Lcgsbnj kcrnbgtotncg pcur jbdpjcn, 5118 0 Jo \lurnsotncg kbs porlcurs prcfbssncggbjs,Lcgsbnj gotncgoj kb jo fcrdotncg prcfbssncggbjjb tcut ou jcgm kb jo vnb (LGFQ[JV), 5118.


26/172

5;

Kuojnsdb knu dorlh ku trovonj, jbs bgibux pcur jbgtrbprnsb

gcderb dcybg kngtrndonrbs bdpjcys bg Froglb sbffcgkrbr kb prs kb lb qun rbprsbgtb bgvnrcg 521 111 supprbssncgs

kbdpjcns bg qunvojbgt tbdps pjbng , pcuvonbgt tdcnmgbr kb jo vncjbglb kb jo lrnsbpcur ugb portnb kb jo pcpujotncg sojornb. Kb ddb, jbs gcg-rbgcuvbjjbdbgts kb LKK

bt jbs jnlbglnbdbgts lhbz kbs scus-trontogts kb sblcgk cu kb trcnsndb crkrb cgt pbs

jcurk kogs jo ktrncrotncg kb jo sntuotncg kb jbdpjcn.

tcggoddbgt, lb pcnks ktbrdngogt kb jo kbstrultncg kbs bdpjcns tbdpcronrbs kogs jo

houssb ku lhdomb, pcurtogt trogsporbgtb jo jblturb kbs stotnstnqubs, fut jcng bt bst

bglcrb jcng kb fonrb jbs mrcs tntrbs cu kb sb trcuvbr bg ttb kb jombgko kbs portbgonrbs

sclnoux. Qjus bxoltbdbgt, ou-kbj kb jo kgcglnotncg kscrdons ljossnqub kb jo houssb

kb jo prlornt , pbu kb prcpcsntncgs nggcvogtbs cgt dbrm. Jbs pcuvcnrs puejnls btjbs sygknlots cgt jb pjus scuvbgt kcgg jndprbssncg kb gb romnr quoux pjogs sclnoux

spbltolujonrbs, gcderbux lbrtbs, dons qun scgt jcng kb rbprsbgtbr jo doicrnt kbs

jnlbglnbdbgts 5. Kb mrogkbs bgtrbprnsbs cgt pu dbttrb bg ovogt jbur rbspcgsoenjnt

sclnojb lor bjjbs ovonbgt trovbrs jo lrnsb sogs dbttrb bg pjolb kb pjogs sclnoux 0 dons

bjjbs cuejnonbgt scuvbgt koicutbr qubjjbs ovonbgt gogdcngs k dbttrb ug tbrdb oux

lcgtrots kb jburs ngtrndonrbs cu kb jburs scus-trontogts, bt qub lbttb oltncg gtont

pos gbutrb sur jb pjog sclnoj. jhburb c jo pbrspbltnvb kug rbtcur ugb lrcnssoglb

kuroejb sjcnmgb kb pjus bg pjus, togkns qub jbs lyljbs kb lrnsbs bt kb lrcnssoglb

sbdejbgt kbvcnr sb sullkbr tcuicurs pjus ropnkbdbgt, gbst-nj pos urmbgt kb sngtbrrc-

mbr sur jb scrt kbs sojorns bg bdpjcns otypnqubs, donjjcgs bssbgtnbjs kb jo pcjntnqub kb

fjbxnenjnt kbs bgtrbprnsbs 3

Cg ceibltbro qub jngtrt ku rblcurs ou trovonj tbdpcronrb, oux LKK cu jo scus-

trontoglb rsnkb iustbdbgt kogs lbttb scupjbssb kutnjnsotncg, bssbgtnbjjb ou kygodnsdb

ku dorlh ku trovonj. Kogs jbs fonts, lbs knspcsntnfs kb fjbxnenjnt, dns bg pjolb kbpuns

pjusnburs klbggnbs, cgt pbrdns ugb rbjjb dckbrgnsotncg ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons.

Jbs rbdbttrb bg lousb sbront lbrtongbdbgt ug rbdkb pnrb qub jb doj.

Dons sn lbttb fjbxnenjnt bst pjus qub iodons glbssonrb oux bgtrbprnsbs, bglcrb fout-nj

trcuvbr jbs dcybgs kb jo lcdengbr ovbl kbs fcrdbs kb prctbltncg okoptbs bt pjus

quntoejbs. Lcddbgt tcjrbr quugb portnb kcggb kb jo pcpujotncg sojornb, scuvbgt

ki fromnjb por goturb surrbprsbgtotncg kb jo dong-kuvrb ibugb, pbu quojnfnb bt

5. \n jb gcderb kb pjogs kb souvbmorkb kb jbdpjcn (Q\B) o pjus qub kcuej bg 511>, stoejnssogt ou tctoj 5 5;5lcgtrb ? 16? bg 5118 bt >2= bg 511=, sbjcg jbs stotnstnqubs kb jo Korbs, jbs jnlbglnbdbgts lcgcdnqubs (hcrs L[Q-LUQ, lcdptoenjnss bg lotmcrnb K) gcgt lcgtrneu rbspbltnvbdbgt qub pcur ; %, < % bt ; % kbs ngslrnptncgs QjbBdpjcn (lotmcrnbs O, E, L) bg 511=, 5118 bt 511>, togkns qub jbs gs kb LKK bt kb dnssncgs kngtrnd rbprsbgtonbgtpjus kug tnbrs kbs ngslrnptncgs Qjb Bdpjcn (lotmcrnbs O, E, L) kurogt lbs trcns oggbs.


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56


Dthckcjcmnb

lbttb qubstncg ku kuojnsdb ku dorlh ku trovonj, nj gb pbut bxnstbr kb scjutncgsdnrolujbusbs, qun rbpcsbronbgt bxljusnvbdbgt sur kbs vcjutncgs ku krcnt ku trovonj cu

kbs dlognsdbs knglntotncg fnslojb. Fcrt kb jbxprnbglb kb sbs dbderbs, jNgstntut kb

jbgtrbprnsb bgtbgk prcpcsbr ugb vnsncg kb lbs prcejdotnqubs qun bg rbstntubgt tcutb

jo lcdpjbxnt.

Kbux bgtrbprnsbs okhrbgtbs, DogpcwbrMrcup Froglb bt jb mrcupb Vngln, trs ou font

kbs bgibux kb jo fjbxnenjnt, cgt tcut portnlujnrbdbgt lcgtrneu jjoecrotncg kb lb

roppcrt. Jo prbdnrb, dbderb bdejdotnqub kugb ngkustrnb jcgmtbdps ollusb

ktrb gcg sbujbdbgt jb sydecjb dons oussn jo lousb kb jo prlornsotncg kb jbdpjcn,rfjlhnt kbpuns jcgmtbdps ovbl jbs outrbs bgtrbprnsbs ku sbltbur ou rbgfcrlbdbgt

kbs krcnts kb sbs ngtrndonrbs, portnlujnrbdbgt dns jprbuvb pbgkogt jo lrnsb. Bjjb

lcgstntub mojbdbgt, kb por jo dujtnpjnlnt kb sbs ljnbgts, ug jnbu kcesbrvotncg ugnqub

kbs pcjntnqubs kb fjbxnenjnt kbs bgtrbprnsbs. _uogt ou mrcupb Vngln, nj kcnt gcg sbujb-

dbgt mrbr ugb oltnvnt fcrtbdbgt lyljnqub, bt kcgl lcgscddotrnlb kb fjbxnenjnt, dons

oussn offrcgtbr kb dognrb strulturbjjb kbs prcejdbs kb pgurnb kb dong-kuvrb.

Lb kcuejb kfn font kbpuns jcgmtbdps ku sbltbur ku E[Q bt sngmujnrbdbgt kb Vngln ug

vrntoejb joecrotcnrb knggcvotncgs dogomrnojbs bg dotnrb kb fjbxnenjnt.

Dons sn lb roppcrt port kugb bgqutb bt kbgtrbtnbgs dbgs ouprs kb lbs kbux

bgtrbprnsbs, jbs outrbs bgtrbprnsbs okhrbgtbs kb jNgstntut cgt t scjjnlntbs bt jb

lhodp kngvbstnmotncg tbgku jbgsbdejb kbs bgtrbprnsbs frogonsbs. Bg bffbt, oulugb

strulturb gb pbut omnr kogs lb kcdongb kb dognrb nscjb. Jb vcjcgtornsdb gb ponb

qub sn lbr tongs knspcsntnfs nggcvogts dcgtbgt bg punssoglb bt sn jbgsbdejb kbs oltburs

fcgt rbjjbdbgt kb jo mbstncg scutbgoejb kb jo fjbxnenjnt ug bgibu doibur, lcdprbgogt

qub jbur rbspcgsoenjnt sclnojb kfout ktrb tcuicurs jmojb bst kb prbgkrb bg

lcdptb jbgsbdejb kbs sojorns qun lcgtrneubgt jo ecggb dorlhb kb jbgtrbprnsb,pos sbujbdbgt jburs LKN .


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5=Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Ngtrckultncg

Qjogkbjtukb

Jo prbdnrb portnb tbgtbro ktoejnr ug knomgcstnl sur jbs lousbs bt jbs bffbts lcgc-dnqubs bt sclnoux kbs usombs kb jo fjbxnenjnt por jbs bgtrbprnsbs, sur jo eosb kbs

lcggonssoglbs bxnstogtbs bt kbgtrbtnbgs rojnss.

Jo sblcgkb sbro lcgsolrb kfbgkrb ug dckjb kb fjbxnenjnt scutbgoejb portnr

kugb rfjbxncg sur lbrtongbs ecggbs protnqubs. Gcus knslutbrcgs mojbdbgt jo pbrtn-

gbglb kb lbrtongbs scjutncgs mjceojbs frqubddbgt prcpcsbs.

Jo bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn ou lorrbcur kngtbrrcmotncgs lcgcdnqubs,sclnojbs, iurnknqubs bt thnqubs

Jb snjbglb kbs pcuvcnrs puejnls, kbs sygknlots bt kbs bgtrbprnsbs sur jbs scjutncgs

oppcrtbr ou kvbjcppbdbgt kb jo bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn froppb qunlcgqub sngtrbssb

lb prcejdb. Jo fonejb lopolnt kb dcenjnsotncg pcjntnqub bt sclnojb kbs lotmcrnbs kb

sojorns lcglbrgbs bxpjnqub pcur portnb lbttb fonejb dknotnsotncg ku prcejdb. Dons

scg trs hout kbmr kb lcdpjbxnt rbgk mojbdbgt kjnlotb tcutb prnsb kb pcsntncg

sndpjnstb. Vcnln bg bffbt lbrtongbs kbs qubstncgs qub pcsbgt jbs usombs kb jo bxnenjnt,

qun lcgstntubgt jb j rcumb kb lb roppcrt, bt pcur jbsqubjjbs gn jbs pcuvcnrs puejnls, gn

jbs bgtrbprnsbs, gn jbs lhbrlhburs gcgt kb rpcgsb kgntnvb.

Lcdpjbxnt lcgcdnqub koecrk. Jo bxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn bst ouicurkhun rblcggub

lcddb ugb glbssnt lcgcdnqub 9 rollcurlnssbdbgt kb jhcrnzcg tbdpcrbj

kbs rdbs, rythdb kbs nggcvotncgs, kvbjcppbdbgt ku iustb tbdps , lcglur-

rbglb ngtbrgotncgojb pjonkbgt pcur kbs lopolnts koiustbdbgt ollrubs ku

vcjudb kb dong-kuvrb bdpjcy por jbs bgtrbprnsbs. Iusqu qubj pcngt jbs

bdpjcns fjbxnejbs bt bdpjcns kurb ngktbrdngb, tbdps pjbng, scgt-njssuetntuoejbs jbs ugs oux outrbs 3

Lcdpjbxnt sclnojb bgsuntb. Qbut-cg lcgsnkrbr lcddb prlonrbs kbs bdpjcns

(LKK, ngtrnd) qun, kogs ug gcderb gcg gmjnmboejb kb los, keculhbgt sur

ug bdpjcn kuroejb 3 Jbs bdpjcns tbdpcronrbs cllups por kbs pbrscggbs pbu

bdpjcyoejbs scgt-njs por onjjburs jb snmgb kugb prlornsotncg kb jburs

lcgkntncgs kb trovonj cu rbprsbgtbgt-njs jo sbujb cllosncg pcur bux kb sngsrbr

cu kb sb rngsrbr 3 C trolbr bg koutrbs tbrdbs jo jnmgb kb kdorlotncg bgtrb

rblcurs oeusnfs bt rblcurs iustnfns oux lcgtrots tbdpcronrbs bt jbxtbrgojn-

sotncg 3


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58


Lcdpjbxnt iurnknqub bt thnqub bgg, bg portnlujnbr kogs jb los kb jngtrnd bt

kb jo scus-trontoglb. Jmojbdbgt, bgtrbprnsbs kb trovonj tbdpcronrb bt bgtrb-

prnsbs scus-trontogtbs scgt jbs bdpjcyburs kbs sojorns, dons jbs lcgkntncgs kbtrovonj bt jb sojonrb kb lbs kbrgnbrs kpbgkbgt knrbltbdbgt (kogs jb los kbs

bgtrbprnsbs kb trovonj tbdpcronrb PB[[T) cu ngknrbltbdbgt (gctoddbgt vno jo

prbssncg sur jbs dormbs ndpcsbs por jbs kcggburs kcrkrbs oux scus-trontogts)

kbs bgtrbprnsbs utnjnsotrnlbs. Jbs qubstncgs scujbvbs por lbttb crmognsotncg

lcdpjbxb kb jbgtrbprnsb scgt dujtnpjbs 9 lcddbgt sb rportnssbgt ouicurkhun

jbs rbspcgsoenjnts bt qubjjbs vcjutncgs pbut-cg scuhontbr 3 lcddbgt vntbr

qub jbs sojorns prns bgtrb fcurgnssburs bt kcggburs kcrkrbs scnbgt lcgsnkrs

lcddb ug foltbur kb prckultncg lcddb ug outrb 3 qubjjbs scgt jbs frcgtnrbs

pbrtngbgtbs kb jbgtrbprnsb kouicurkhun 3


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5>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

?Knomgcstnl

N. JbdorlhkutrovoNJourvJotburkbJolrNsb 9ugbsbmdbgtotNcglrcNssogtbkbJodoNg-kuvrbbgfcgltNcgkbsstotutskbdpJcN

?. Jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs crdbs otypnqubs kbdpjcn btkb jo scus-trontoglb kbpuns trbgtb ogs

?.?. Ngtrckultncg 9 bxnenjnt ngtbrgb bt bxtbrgb, jb lcdprcdns rogons

[cut ou jcgm kb lb roppcrt, gcus gcus bffcrlbrcgs kb kfngnr jb pjus prlnsdbgt

pcssnejb jbs lcglbpts dcenjnss. Kogs jb kcdongb kb jbdpjcn pjus bglcrb qub kogs

koutrbs, jo lhormb sydecjnqub bt pcjntnqub kb lbrtongs dcts kndngub fcrtbdbgt jbur

pcuvcnr hburnstnqub.

Lbst jb los por bxbdpjb ku dct fjbxnenjnt 9 nj gbst pos, lcddb kogs jbs poys ogmjc-

soxcgs, ug dct gbutrb sygcgydb kb scupjbssb, dons nj rbgvcnb koecrk, kogs jb lcgtbxtb

frogons, jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn. Qor ug rollcurln kcgt gcus ourcgs ogojysbr pjus

jcng jo pbrtngbglb, lbttb bxnenjnt tbgk ojcrs sb lcgfcgkrb ovbl jb rblcurs oux fcrdbs

kbdpjcn kntbs portnlujnrbs cu otypnqubs, lcddb jbs LKK cu jbs lcgtrots kb trovonjtbdpcronrb. Gcus cetbgcgs ojcrs ugb kcuejb qunvojbglb 9 fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn ~

rblcurs oux lcgtrots kb trovonj otypnqub bt fjbxnenjnt ~ prlornt.

Kb gctrb lt, gcus kfngnrcgs kogs lb kcludbgt jo gctncg kb fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn

kogs ug sbgs pjus tblhgnqub bt gbutrb, lcddb jbgsbdejb kbs pcssnenjnts pbrdbttogt

ug bdpjcybur koiustbr ropnkbdbgt jb vcjudb kb trovonj jo prckultncg . Jbs lcgc-

dnstbs < knstngmubgt ongsn 9


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33/172

=1, kngtbgsbs trogsfcrdotncgs qun jbs cgt lcgkuntbs dcknfnbr suestogtnbjjbdbgt

jbur dckb kb mbstncg kb jo dong-kuvrb 2.

Jo kmrokotncg ropnkb kb jbgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub, jo goglnornsotncg kb jlcgcdnbbt jolljrotncg ku prcmrs tblhgnqub cgt prcvcqu ugb lrnsb ndpcrtogtb ku dckjb

kb j bdpjcn sojorn fcrknstb , trs prmgogt bg Froglb, dons oussn oux tots-Rgns bt

ou Iopcg iusqub kogs jbs oggbs ?>=1.

Kogs ug lcgtbxtb kb fcrtb pgurnb kb dong-kuvrb bt kb lrcnssoglb scutbgub, lb

dckjb prnvnjmnont jtoejnssbdbgt kb rbjotncgs jcgmubs bgtrb jbs sojorns bt jburs

bgtrbprnsbs. Jbs sojorns tonbgt bg bffbt nglnts fonrb lorrnrb ou sbng kb lb qub

jogojysb lcgcdnqub o lcutudb koppbjbr jbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs 6 kbs (mrogkbs) bg-

trbprnsbs por cppcsntncg oux dorlhs knts bxtbrgbs bt prcfbssncggbjs.

Jbs oggbs kb fcrtb lrcnssoglb kb joprs-mubrrb cgt kcgl pcuss jbs bgtrbprnsbs

frogonsbs crmognsbr kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs qun jbur morogtnssonbgt ugb dong-

kuvrb stoejb, ottnrb por jo morogtnb kugb lorrnrb srb kcgt jbs rmjbs tonbgt jb pjus

scuvbgt fcrdojnsbs kogs kbs prclkurbs okdngnstrotnvbs. Jb jmnsjotbur o jun oussn

lcgtrneu slurnsbr jbs rbjotncgs kb trovonj, bg ottolhogt tcuicurs pjus kb krcnts jo

lcgkntncg kb sojorn.

2. Gcus rbprbgcgs kogs jb poromrophb ln-kbsscus jbs ogojysbs portnlujnrbdbgt ljonrogtbs kb Irdb Moutn kogs Kstoenjnsotncg kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs bt mbstncg kbs mbs sur jb dorlh ku trovonj 9 qubjqubs pnstbs , kcludbgt kbtrovonj ku Lbgtrb ktukbs kb jbdpjcn, 5115, p.


34/172

81, sbjcg Irdb Moutn, sojorns ms bt pbu quojnfns ouronbgt

egfnln kb tbjjbs suevbgtncgs. Jo kstoenjnsotncg kb lb dckjb scus jbffbt kb jo lrnsb

lcgcdnqub, kbs lhogmbdbgts tblhgcjcmnqubs bt kbs gcuvboux dckjbs kb mbstncg

kb jo dong-kuvrb vcnr ln-kbsscus o ks jcrs lcgtrneu bxljurb kb lbs dorlhs

jbs sojorns kb pjus kb 21 ogs bt jbs ibugbs. Jbs pjogs kb prrbtrontb cgt dossnvbdbgt

lcgtrneu lbttb trogsntncg pcur jbs pjus ms =, togkns qub jvnltncg kbs ibugbs sbst

ollcdpomgb kug ojjcgmbdbgt kb jbur kurb kb slcjornt 8 bt kugb rbdorlhogknsotncg

kb jburs prbdnbrs bdpjcns, pjus ngstoejbs.

Jo lcdporonscg ovbl jOjjbdomgb bst nln portnlujnrbdbgt ngstrultnvb 9 bg Ojjbdomgb bt

kogs ugb dcngkrb dbsurb ou Ucyoudb-Rgn, ddb pbgkogt jbs oggbs kb lrcnssoglb,

jb dckjb kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs go iodons t rbjjbdbgt kcdngogt. Mrlb ug systdbslcjonrb pjus prcfbssncggojnsogt bt jodpjbur kb jopprbgtnssomb, jbs bdpjcyburs ojjb -

dogks rblrutbgt enbg kovogtomb ou sbng kb dorlhs prcfbssncggbjs , kogs jbsqubjs

jbs knpjdbs gb scgt pos lcgsnkrs lcddb jbs snmgoux kug pctbgtnbj, dons enbg

=. Vcnr por bxbdpjb rnl Mckbjnbr, Qyrodnkb kbs mbs bt mbstncg kbs rbsscurlbs hudongbs , Vngmtndb \nljb. UbvubkHnstcnrb, 511=, vcj. 2, p. ?5>.

8. Lbrtbs, jo prcmrbssncg ku gnvbou ktukbs kbs ibugbs fut koecrk ug dcybg kb dnbux jbs ordbr pcur fonrb folb ugdorlh ku trovonj kfovcroejb oux sojorns gcg quojns. Dons jo kbuxndb rvcjutncg slcjonrb (lbjjb kbs 81 % kugbmgrotncg ou eol ) o bu oussn lcddb ceibltnf ndpjnlntb kb rbtorkbr jbgtrb kbs ibugbs sur jb dorlh ku trovonj (vcnr\tphogb Ebouk, 81 % ou eol... bt oprs 3 Jbs bgfogts kb jo kdclrotnsotncg slcjonrb , Jo Klcuvbrtb, 511< 0 DornbKuru-Ebjjot, JNgotncg slcjonrb. Jbs ksnjjusncgs kb jo drntclrotnb , \bunj, 5116.)


35/172

>1) 9 ongsn,

ou keut kbs oggbs ?>>1, jbs dcngs kb 52 ogs rbprsbgtonbgt dcngs kb < % kbs

bffbltnfs kRsngcr-\olnjcr >.

Lbttb typcjcmnb (dorlhs ngtbrgbs, bxtbrgbs, prcfbssncggbjs) fcurgnt ongsn ugb bxpjnlotncg

kbux kbs loroltrnstnqubs jbs pjus froppogtbs ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons 9 jb rbpjn

kb jbdpjcn sur jbs mbs ngtbrdknonrbs ( ugb sbujb mgrotncg ou trovonj ) ?1 0 jo sur-

rbprsbgtotncg kbs ibugbs, bg portnlujnbr pbu quojnfns, sur jbs dorlhs bxtbrgbs bt

jbur scus-rbprsbgtotncg kogs jbs mrogks dorlhs ngtbrgbs.

?.5.5.Rg ebscng lrcnssogt kbdpjcns bxnejbs

Dons sn lbttb ogojysb pbrdbt kb lcdprbgkrb bg lrbux jo mbstncg por mb kb jo fjbxnenjnt

kb jbdpjcn por jbs bgtrbprnsbs, bjjb gb fcurgnt pos jbs lousbs kb lbt tb fjbxnenjnsotncg.

Bg vcnln qubjqubs-ugbs 9

Dcknnlotncg kb jbgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub jo kmrokotncg kb jbgvnrcggbdbgt lcgcdnqub (lrnsbs ptrcjnrbs puns ollj-

rotncg kbs lyljbs kb lrcnssoglb bt kb rlbssncg lcgcdnqubs) bt jollrcnssbdbgt

kb jo lcglurrbglb (krmjbdbgtotncg ku dorlh kbs enbgs bt ngtbrgotncgojnsotncg

kb jlcgcdnb frogonsb) pcussbgt ug lcgtrjb pjus strnlt kbs lcts kb pbrscggbj,

lcgtrneuogt ou kvbjcppbdbgt kb dorlhs bxtbrgbs kb jbdpjcn (trovonj tbdpc-

>. Irdb Moutn, Kstoenjnsotncg kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs bt mbstncg kbs mbs sur jb dorlh ku trovonj 9 qubjqubs

pnstbs , ort. lnt., p. ?2.? . . Bg Froglb,


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38/172

=1. Lbttb loroltrnstnqub ku dckjb

kbdpjcn frogons, trs knffrbgt kbs dckbs kb rmujotncg ogmjc-soxcgs por bxbdpjb,

gbst pcurtogt pos glbssonrbdbgt ug hogknlop. Kug lt, nj tbgk lbrtbs ollbgtubr

jbs knffrbglbs bgtrb ngsnkbrs bt cutsnkbrs 0 kb joutrb, nj pbut oussn lcgtrneubr

ugb dbnjjburb rblcggonssoglb bt prctbltncg kbs sblcgks 9 kb font kct kug lcgtrot

ugnqub , jb dorlh ku trovonj odrnlong bst ongsn jun oussn fcrtbdbgt sbmdbgt ?2.

?.=5 sur jb trovonj tbdpcronrb bt kb ?>=> sur jbs lcgtrots kurb ktbrdn-

gb cgt-bjjbs jmojns lbs fcrdbs kbdpjcn bt pbrdns jbur lrcnssoglb kogs jbs oggbs

?>81, lcddb cg joffnrdb scuvbgt 3

Jbxodbg kbs jcns bt kb jbur mbgsb rvjb ugb rojnt knffrbgtb. Jbs knvbrsbs jcns sur

jb LKK (kb ?>=>, ?>85 cu bglcrb kb ?>>1) vnsonbgt enbg kovogtomb gcrdojnsbr,

bglokrbr bt surtcut lcgtrjbr kbs usombs bxnstogts kbpuns jcgmtbdps qu fovcrnsbr jbs

bdpjcns otypnqubs . Lbs jcns cgt pu lcgtrneubr ngstntutncggojnsbr bt slurnsbr sur jb

pjog iurnknqub jb rblcurs lbs stotuts krcmotcnrbs kbdpjcn, dons bjjbs gcgt pos lr

bjjbs sbujbs jb ebscng kb fjbxnenjnt. \ouf jo dormb osscupjnssbdbgt kbs los kb

rblcurs, oumdbgtotncg kb jo kurb doxndojb kb lcgtrot , lbs fcrdbs otypnqubs

kbdpjcn gcgt lcggu oulugb krmjbdbgtotncg dossnvb kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>81. Jo

prcmrbssncg trs ropnkb kb jngtrnd jo fng kbs oggbs ?>>1 o por bxbdpjb bu jnbu

krcnt lcgstogt. Nj gbg vo pos kb ddb bg Ojjbdomgb, poys kogs jbqubj jbs rfcrdbs

Hortz ku mcuvbrgbdbgt \lhrkbr NN scgt jormbdbgt rbspcgsoejbs kugb bxpjcsncg ku

trovonj tbdpcronrb kbpuns 5112.Ongsn, jo lrcnssoglb kb lbs fcrdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn lcrrbspcgk enbg vnkbddbgt

pcur portnb jo lrotncg kb gcuvboux bdpjcns kogs ugb lcgcdnb kb pjus bg pjus

kbdogkbusb kb fjbxnenjnt. Dons bjjb trokunt oussn ugb iurnknfnlotncg kb knffrbglbs,

sngcg kb krcnt, ku dcngs kb font, qun bxnstonbgt ouporovogt sogs qucg jbur ont kcgg ug

gcd cu ug lokrb iurnknqub ?6 pcur ug lokromb hnstcrnqub, vcnr ln-kbsscus.

?2.. Vcnr por bxbdpjb jcuvromb rlbgt ku sclncjcmub \eostnbg Lhouvng 9 Jbs Ombglbs kb jo prlornt. Icurgojnbrs Lhnlomc, \bunj, 51?1.

?6.. Jb fcgkotbur kb Dogpcwbr Froglb ngknqub ongsn 9 Jbs ebscngs Pbg bdpjcns tbdpcronrbsT bxnstonbgt PT. Ib suppcsbPqubg los kb pgurnb kb dong-kuvrbT nj y ovont kbs oecggs pjus cu dcngs, cg roppbjont kbs oglnbgs. Gctrb drntblbst kovcnr lckn jbs lhcsbs, kb jbs ovcnr crmogns bs, bt puns kb jbs ovcnr font rblcggotrb. Dnlhoj Mrugbjnus, Kutrovonj bt kbs hcddbs. Jovbgturb kb Dogpcwbr bg Froglb, Qbrrng, 511;, ?>> pombs.


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21 cu ?>61. lbttb pcqub, jb LKN govont

pos t ngvbgt 9 cg porjont kb lcgtrot kurb ngktbrdngb bt jbs dogubjs kb krcnt

ngsnstonbgt pjutt sur jb surlrct kb prctbltncg kcgt egfnlnonbgt jbs sojorns bg

lcgtrot kurb ktbrdngb Ongsn, bg ?>6=, ug dogubj kb rfrbglb bg krcnt ku

trovonj pcuvont-nj bglcrb ofrdbr 9

Jb lcgtrot kb trovonj kurb ngktbrdngb, jb pjus lcuroddbgt protnqu, kbdburb

dorqu por so goturb ddb ku snmgb kb jngstoenjnt, por jb ibu ku krcnt kb rsnjnotncg

ugnjotrojb qun jun bst nghrbgt. Lcgtrb lbt tb ngslurnt, jusomb, jo lcgvbgtncg lcjjbltnvb

cu jo jcn scgt ngtbrvbgus por ugb srnb kb dbsurbs prctbltrnlbs, bg joecrogt ugb

thcrnb crnmngojb ku jnlbglnbdbgt.

\b sntuogt kogs ug ljndot psylhcjcmnqub knffrbgt, jb lcgtrot kurb ktbrdngb

ndpjnqub ugb lcgoglb kbs portnbs qun sb jnbgt nrrvcloejbdbgt pbgkogt jo prnckb

lcgsnkrb PT. Ongsn gbst-nj pos tcggogt quugb tbjjb fcrdujb lcgtroltubjjb scnt

scuvbgt utnjnsb scnt pcur kbs trovonjjburs cllupogt ugb fcgltncg jbvb kogs jo hn-

rorlhnb prcfbssncggbjjb bt qun rbqunbrt jo stoenjnt (ngmgnburs bt lokrbs) 0 scnt quogk

jo goturb ddb kb jo tlhb ndpjnqub ugb lbrtongb kurb (sonscg kogs jngkustrnb

htbjnrb, jb thtrb cu jomrnlujturb, tlhb ktbrdngb cu rbdpjolbdbgt tbdpcronrb).

Jb lcgtrot kurb ktbrdngb, jormbdbgt oeogkcgg por jo jcn bt jbs ollcrks

lcjjbltnfs joutcgcdnb kb jo vcjcgt kbs portnbs, o t jcgmtbdps lcgsnkr lcddb

ug rmndb kb fovbur morogtnssogt ou trovonjjbur ug dngndud kb stoenjnt ?=.

Jo stoenjnt kbs rbjotncgs kbdpjcn tont ojcrs kovogtomb kb font qub kb krcnt, ossurb

bg prbdnbr jnbu por jo lrcnssoglb. Dons ks qub lbjjb-ln fonsont kfout, ddb trs

tbdpcronrbdbgt, kbs dlognsdbs kb fjbxnenjnt ngtbrgb trs kvbjcpps pbrdbttonbgt

jbdpjcybur kb kndngubr so dossb sojornojb. Bg ?>66=.


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21 ?>. Kogs jbs bgtrbprnsbs kb tonjjb dcybggb, surtcut lbjjbs qun bdpjcyonbgt

kb jo dong-kuvrb fdngngb, jbs sojorns hcronrbs pcuvonbgt lcggotrb kb trs ndpcr-

togtbs fjultuotncgs kb rbvbgu, sogs qubxnstbgt kb dlognsdbs kb lcdpbgsotncg 9

jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn, enbg rbjjb, bdprugtont kcgl kbs vcnbs knffrbgtbs, knffnlnjbs

dbsurbr sur jb pjog stotnstnqub 51.

Nj gb fout kcgl pos lcgfcgkrb pjbng bdpjcn bt ngstrudbgts iurnknqubs kb stoenjnsotncg

ku lcgtrot kb trovonj kurb ngktbrdngb. Jb prbdnbr loroltrnsont bffbltnvbdbgt

jo prnckb kbs oggbs ?>;2-?>=2, ossurogt ugb slurnt kb font kb jbdpjcn. _uogt

oux sblcgks, snjs bxnstonbgt kogs jbs oggbs ?>21 bt ?>61, jbur bffnlolnt fut

lcgsnkroejbdbgt rbgfcrlb portnr kbs oggbs ?>=1 por kbs tbxtbs kb jcn ollcrk

gotncgoj ngtbrprcfbssncggbj kb ?>6>sur joslurnt kb jbdpjcn, jcns sur jb jnlbglnbdbgt

ngknvnkubj bt lcgcdnqub kb ?>=< bt ?>=2, btl. , dons surtcut por jo iurnsprukbglb

trs fovcroejb oux sojorns qun jbs cgt ollcdpomgs. Kbs toux kb lrcnssoglb prclhbs

kb lbux kbs oggbs ?>61 ossurbronbgt ouicurkhun ug gnvbou kb slurnt kb jbdpjcn

nglcdporoejb ovbl lbjun kbs [rbgtb Mjcrnbusbs. Bg bffbt, dojmr ugb tbgkoglb

rl bgtb jo rblcgtroltuojnsotncg ku krcnt ku trovonj gctb por lbrtongs iurnstbs 5?,

cg gb souront porjbr kb krmujotncg mgrojnsb ku krcnt ku trovonj sogs lcddbttrb

ug prcfcgk lcgtrbsbgs. Jngtrckultncg, bg 5118, kb jo pcssnenjnt kugb rupturb

lcgvbgtncggbjjb ku LKN lcgstntub jo prbdnrb rbjjb ngfjbxncg ku krcnt ku jnlbglnb-

dbgt ngknvnkubj kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>=1 55.

?8. Lb qun font knrb jhnstcrnbg Dnlhbj Qnmbgbt 9 Lbst ug roppbj utnjb pcur jbs gcstojmnqubs tbgts kcuejnbrlcddbgt jolls kbs sojorns jo lcgscddotncg sb t ou prnx kugb keoulhb khburbs suppjdbgtonrbs bt,sbrncgs-gcus tbgts kb roicutbr, kug mrogk bffcrt kb bxnenjnt ( ng Dnlhbj Qnmbgbt, Lcdptb rbgku kb Qotrnl`Frnkbgscg bt Egknltb Ubygouk Pknr.T, Jo Froglb bt jb tbdps kb trovonj (?8?;-511;), 511; , Jb Dcuvbdbgt sclnoj,ovrnj-iung 5118, g 55. Ojong Lhotrnct, Qotrnl` Frnkbgscg bt rnl Qbzbt, Jo rkultncg ku tbdps kb trovonj bg Froglb bgtrb rmjbdbgtotncgtutjonrb bt gmclnotncg bglokrb (?8?;-?>=8) , Ubvub kb jNrbs, 5115, vcj. 5, g ;5, pp. ?->1 , [rovonj bt bdpjcn, ?>>5, g 25.

5?. \ur lbs qubstncgs, cg pcurro lcgsujtbr por bxbdpjb Frogcns Mouku, Jnerojnsotncg kbs dorlhs bt krcnt ku

trovonj , Krcnt sclnoj, don 5116, g 6;>.55. Ortnljbs J. ?5


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Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Knomgcstnl

Bg rojnt, jb phgcdgb dorquogt kb lbs kbrgnrbs klbggnbs bst pjutt jo knvnsncg kb

pjus bg pjus gbttb ku krcnt ku trovonj bg ug krcnt ku trovonj typnqub kug lt, otypnqub

kb joutrb. Lbttb sporotncg strnltb sbst porokcxojbdbgt outc-bgtrbtbgub 9 jb spbltrbkb jo prlornt , dotrnojnsb por jbxnstbglb kb trovonjjburs prlonrbs , o sbrvn

kpcuvogtonj oux prcibts kb rbdnsb bg lousb fcgkodbgtojb kbs morogtnbs outcur ku

LKN. Jb ljerb prcfbssbur kb krcnt sclnoj Mrork Jycg-Lobg lrnvont ongsn, bg ?>=8 9

Jb krcnt ku trovonj sb vnkb bg qubjqub scrtb pbu pbu kb scg lcgtbgu. Jo stoenjnt kb

jbdpjcn bst dub bg scg lcgtronrb, jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn. PT Lcddb jo douvonsb

dcggonb lhossb jo ecggb, ugb lcgtodngotncg mgrojb ku krcnt ku trovonj bst sbgsnejb 9

sbujs rsnstbgt jbs sojorns stotut, kgcgls lcddb prnvnjmns , lbst--knrb ki

dbgols kb sb vcnr ug icur prnvs kb jbur stotut prctbltbur. Ddb jb LKN, lbst--knrbjb krcnt ku jnlbglnbdbgt, gb lcgstntub quug enbg dnglb rbdport pcur jo stoenjnt 5


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43/172

;?Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Knomgcstnl

Jbs prcmroddbs knggcvotncg bgmombgt kbs qunpbs bt kbs portbgonrbs kogs kbs

bffcrts bxpjcrotcnrbs lcdpjbxbs c bxnenjnt toltnqub (sovcnr romnr vntb ou dorlh) bt

opprbgtnssomb pjus jcgm tbrdb kcnvbgt trb lcdengs 5; (lbst gcus qun scujnmgcgs).

\n jcg bgtbgk frqubddbgt jbs bgtrbprnsbs sb pjongkrb kb jo rnmnknt ku dorlh ku

trovonj frogons, gctoddbgt vno jburs crmognsotncgs rbprsbgtotnvbs, nj gb fout gog-

dcngs pos scus-bstndbr jb ebscng bg stoenjnt kbs bgtrbprnsbs, ebscng qun tnrb oussn

portnb kbs dlognsdbs iurnknqubs ljousbs kb gcg-lcglurrbglb, kb kknt fcrdotncg

por bxbdpjb, dons oussn jb rmndb ku LKN qun nglntb jburs sojorns prnvnjmnbr kbs

pnsckbs kbdpjcn jcgms 52.

Qorokcxojbdbgt, nj sbdejb oussn qub jo lrnsb kb ?>>< ont pcuss kbs knrnmbogtskbgtrbprnsb bt kbs KUH rbgfcrlbr jburs protnqubs kb fnkjnsotncg kbs sojorns 9

Ljonrbdbgt jo mbstncg kb ?>>< o ojtr kuroejbdbgt jb jnbg bgtrb jbs sojorns bt jbur

bgtrbprnsb. Jbs pjogs sclnoux cgt t dossnfs bt cgt lcup jbs lcdptbglbs ngkns-

pbgsoejbs ou lur ddb kb jo pbrfcrdoglb kb jbgtrbprnsb. PT Ovogt tcutb lhcsb

Pbg 5118-511>T, jbs KUH cgt prctm jbs lcdptbglbs vntojbs kb jbur bgtrbprnsb. PT

[cus jbs KUH jcgt lcgrd 9 sn bg ?>>< nj fojjont tcut prnx rkunrb jbs bffbltnfs, vntb

bt sogs knstngltncg, ouicurkhun njs cgt lhcnsn kb souvbmorkbr lbux qun ojjonbgt fonrb

rbkdorrbr jo dolhngb jb tbdps vbgu, bg sb sporogt koecrk kb tcus jbs lcgtrots

lcurts 9 ngtrnd bt LKK. Cg stcggb ouicurkhun qunj y ont bu dcngs kb pjogs sclnoux

qucg gb jb rbkcutont, dons lbst enbg bg fonsogt icubr lbttb lopolnt kokoptotncg kb

jbur bdpjcn, bg y oicutogt jo dnsb bg lhdomb portnbj, jusomb kbs U[[, qub jbs bgtrb-

prnsbs cgt pu okoptbr ropnkbdbgt jburs strulturbs kb lcts, bg lcgsbrvogt jbssbgtnbj

kb jburs sovcnr-fonrb bt jb jnbg ovbl jburs sojorns 56.

Lbst kcgl bg scuvbgnr kbs lrnsbs possbs bt bg prvnsncg kb lbjjbs vbgnr qub jbs

bgtrbprnsbs cgt lhbrlh oumdbgtbr jbur vcjogt kb fjbxnenjnt, kcgt bjjbs cgt font ug

usomb lcgfcrdb so kbstngotncg jcrs kb jo lrnsb.

5;.. Ordogk Hotlhubj, Rg pcngt kb vub hnstcrnqub sur jbs rdbs lcddb nggcvotncgs ngstntutncggbjjbs , Jo Jbttrb kb jormujotncg, iogvnbr 511;, g ;=.

52. Gcuejncgs pos quhnstcrnqubdbgt jb kvbjcppbdbgt kbs pcjnt nqubs sclnojbs sbxpjnqub bg portnb por jb ksnr kupotrcgot kb stoenjnsbr jo dong-kuvrb.

56.. FrogcnsbMrn, Qjonkcybr pcur ug bdpjcn rbspcgsoejb, \tcl`, 51?1, pp.


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;5


?.;.5. Jb pcnks kbs rcutngbs bt ku dckjb sclnoj

Kogs lb tdcnmgomb, nj fout gogdcngs oussn jnrb jb pcnks ku dckjb sclnoj, bt jo prbs-sncg sclnojb, dknotnqub, iurnknqub qun sbxbrlb sur jbs dogombrs jcrsqub kbs

supprbssncgs kb pcstbs scgt bgvnsombs. Jb rblcurs kbs fcrdbs kbdpjcns lcurts,

qun gndpjnqubgt oulug jnlbglnbdbgt bg los kb rbtcurgbdbgt kb lcgicglturb, pbrdbt

ongsn kodjncrbr jb ljndot sclnoj ngtbrgb jbgtrbprnsb bt kb gb pos gunrb scg ndomb.

Qjus mgrojbdbgt, lhbfs kbgtrbprnsb bt KUH scgt scuvbgt jo rblhbrlhb kb rcutngbs

kb mbstncg slurnsogtbs qun jbur pbrdbttbgt koecutnr kbs scjutncgs sotnsfonsogtbs

bt suffnsogtbs, kfout pbut-trb ktrb tcuicurs cptndojbs 5=. Ongsn, jbs knrnmbogts

kbgtrbprnsb kb dcngs kb vngmt sojorns ngtbrrcms sur jbs ronscgs kb jbur utnjnsotncg kbs

LKK kcggbgt lcddb ronscg lcgsnkrb lcddb trs ndpcrtogtb cu ndpcr togtb j hoentukb kb rblrutbr bg LKK (2; % bg cltcerb 5112 0 ;; % bg don 5116, vcnr ln-

kbsscus, p. =81. Bjjbs bxpjnqubgt mojbdbgt jo dcgtb bg punssoglb kb jo

scus- trontoglb, phgcdgb dcngs scuvbgt dns bg ovogt dons gogdcngs bssbgtnbj.

Kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>81, jbs lcgtrots kurb ktbrdngb (LKK) bt jngtrnd gcgt lbss

kb prcmrbssbr bt rbprsbgtbgt kscrdons bux kbux bgvnrcg ?1 % kb jbdpjcn sojorn,

lcgtrb ; % bg ?>85. Jbgsbdejb kbs lcgtrots tbdpcronrbs bg y ngljuogt jbs opprbgtns,

jbs stomnonrbs bt jbs lcgtrots onks tctojnsbgt ouicurkhun ?2,< % kb jbdpjcn sojorn,

lcgtrb >,6 % bg ?>>1, 6,6 % bg ?>85 58.

5=.. Jb pctbgtnbj lcmgntnf kug ngknvnku, o fcrtncrn kugb crmognsotncg, bst, sbjcg Hbrebrt O. \ndcg (vcnr por bxbdpjb Uotncgoj kblnsncg do`ngm ng eusngbss crmognzotncgs , [hb Odbrnlog Blcgcdnl Ubvnbw, sbptbderb ?>=>, vcj. 6>, g ;,pp. ;>


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;85

(\curlb 9 Ngsbb, bgqutbs Bdpjcn.)

?.2.?. Jb kvbjcppbdbgt kb jngtrnd

_uotrndb dorlh dcgknoj kb jngtrnd kbrrnrb jbs tots-Rgns, jo Mrogkb-Erbtomgb bt jb

Iopcg, jo Froglb o lcggu ug kvbjcppbdbgt ndpcrtogt ku trovonj tbdpcronrb kurogt jbsvngmt kbrgnrbs oggbs, possogt kb >1 pjus kb =11 111 iustb ovogt jo lrnsb. Kbpuns lbttb kbrgnrb,

jb gcderb kngtrndonrbs bg B[Q o koecrk lhut trs ropnkbdbgt, kbslbgkogt scus jbs

211 111 keut 511> ovogt kb kpossbr gcuvbou jbs 611 111 ks jt 51?1 5>.

Jb trovonj tbdpcronrb opporot lcddb jo fcrdb kbdpjcn fjbxnejb prnvnjmnb kogs

jngkustrnb, dojmr ugb lrcnssoglb lbrtongb kogs jbs sbrvnlbs, bg portnlujnbr kogs

jbs trogspcrts. Jbs toux kb rblcurs jngtrnd kogs lbrtongbs eroglhbs, gctoddbgt

5>. Qjb Bdpjcn, Jbdpjcn ngtrndonrb bg iunjjbt 51?1 , sbptbderb 51?1, knspcgnejb nln 9 http9//ngfc.ossbknl.fr/ugnstotns/ngkbx.php3nkortnljb4?5?62&lhbdng4?1;88|?5


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;;


kogs jbs ngkustrnbs omrcojndbgtonrbs, kb enbgs kqunpbdbgt, ngtbrdknonrbs, joutcdc-

enjb, jo lcgstrultncg bt jbs trogspcrts prclhbs kb ?1 % kb jbdpjcn sojorn , t-

dcnmgbgt kugb lbrtongb ngstntutncggojnsotncg kb scg usomb.

Outrbs fonts dorquogts kogs jb trovonj tbdpcronrb 9

jo lcdpcsntncg kb so dong-kuvrb, doicrntonrbdbgt ibugb (bgvnrcg 21 % o dcngs

kb

ouro luduj kbux dcns bt kbdn kb dnssncgs. ?5 % kbs ngtrndonrbs cgt t

bdpjcys pjus kb snx dcns kogs jngtrnd, 5; % gcgt bg rbvoglhb bffbltu

quugb sbujb dnssncg.

Fnmurb 5 9 [oux kb rblcurs (bg %) ou trovonj tbdpcronrb por sbltbur(bg qunvojbgt tbdps pjbng kb jbdpjcn sojorn ku sbltbur dorlhogk)

\bltbur ?>>6 5 6

Omrnlujturb ,< ?,, jbs LKK tculhbgt kovog-tomb jbs fbddbs (?1,8 % kb jbdpjcn fdngng lcgtrb 6 % kb jbdpjcn doslujng bg 5118)

bt jbs ibugbs (56,; % kbs dcngs kb 52 ogs, lcgtrots onks ngljus, lcgtrb 8,< % bg

Froglb) >1.

Fnmurb < 9 [oux kb rblcurs oux LKK por sbltbur

\bltbur ;b trnd.5 8;b trnd.

5 ?

Bgsbdejb (bgtrbprnsbs kb knx sojorns cu pjus) 6,6 =,?

KBNgkustrnbs bxtroltnvbs, gbrmnb, bou,mbstncg kbs klhbts bt kpcjjutncg

5,>


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;6


Bg kbhcrs kb lbrtongbs oltnvnts kb sbrvnlbs ljossbs U\ kogs jb toejbou, pordn

jbsqubjjbs jbs orts bt spbltoljbs, jb sbltbur ossclnotnf dons oussn jbs sbrvnlbs kb

ejoglhnssbrnb, jo lcnffurb, btl. , jbs okdngnstrotncgs puejnqubs scgt, kb tcus jbs bd-pjcyburs, lbux qun rblcurbgt jb pjus oux LKK. Lb gbst pos ogckng 9 jb sbgtndbgt kb

fjbxnenjnsotncg ku dorlh ku trovonj bst bg mrogkb portnb ojndbgt por jndpcrtogt kuo-

jnsdb kogs jo fcgltncg puejnqub gotncgojb, tbrrntcrnojb bt hcspntojnrb. Jbs bgtrbprnsbs

ku sbltbur prnv dorlhogk gb pbuvbgt bg trb tbgubs pcur rbspcgsoejbs. Dons jbs

LKK scgt mojbdbgt trs rpogkus kogs jhtbjjbrnb-rbstourotncg, jb lcddbrlb bt

jngkustrnb omrcojndbgtonrb. Kogs jb sbltbur kb jhtbjjbrnb-rbstourotncg, jbs LKK scgt

por onjjburs jb pjus scuvbgt krcmotcnrbs ou krcnt lcddug bt pjus fjbxnejbs qub kbs

LKK ljossnqubs 9 togt lcgsnkrs lcddb k usomb kogs lb sbltbur, gn dctnf kb

rblcurs gn kurb prlnsb gb kcnvbgt trb fcurgns (vcnr p. 681 %), sn enbg qub sbujs 6? % kbs sojo-

rns kbs [QB egfnlnbgt kug LKN tbdps lcdpjbt bt gcg onk, lcgtrb 81 % kogs jbs

bgtrbprnsbs kb tonjjb suprnburb


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;=Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Knomgcstnl

?.2.


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;8


Bg cutrb, jo dbsurb ku phgcdgb bst rbgkub bglcrb pjus lcdpjbxb por jo prsbglb,

ou sbng kbs bgtrbprnsbs scus-trontogtbs, kbgtrbprnsbs jo fcns kcggbusbs kcrkrb bt

scus-trontogtbs. Rgb bgqutb kb 5116-511= pcrtogt lbttb fcns-ln sur jbgsbdejb kbsbgtrbprnsbs kb pjus kb vngmt sojorns jo pjus qub iodons kdcgtr.

5.?. Jb pcnks kbs crdbs portnlujnrbs kbdpjcn bt kb jo scus-trontoglb kogs jbssupprbssncgs kbdpjcns

Jo lrnsb kb 5118-511> o rvj ug gnvbou kb sbmdbgtotncg ku dorlh ku trovonj,

porfcns oppbj kuojnsdb , portnlujnrbdbgt jbv.

Bg bffbt, pjus bglcrb qub jbs prlkbgtbs, lbttb lrnsb o njjustr jb rjb bssbgtnbj kbs

knspcsntnfs kb fjbxnenjnt bxtbrgb jbxljusncg kbs pjogs sclnoux bt kbs jnlbglnbdbgts

lcgcdnqubs kogs joiustbdbgt ku vcjudb kbdpjcns kbs bgtrbprnsbs jbur oltnvnt.

Jb rlbgt roppcrt ku Lcgsbnj kogojysb lcgcdnqub sur jbs dcenjnts gcus opprbgk

ongsn qub prs kbs kbux tnbrs kbs supprbssncgs kbdpjcns bg Froglb, ou pjus fcrt kb jolrnsb, bgtrb jb kbuxndb trndbstrb 5118 bt jb prbdnbr trndbstrb 511>, cgt bu jnbu por jo

sbujb supprbssncg kb jngtrnd (5


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;>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Knomgcstnl

Bgg, nj gcus fout mojbdbgt vcqubr jb rjb kb jo scus-trontoglb. Ou-kbj kbs bxbdpjbs

gcderbux kbgtrbprnsbs scus-trontogtbs dnsbs bg knffnlujt pbgkogt jo lrnsb pordn

jbs bxbdpjbs jbs pjus dknotnss, Dcjbx, dons eboulcup kqunpbdbgtnbrs outcdc-enjbs lcddb Hbg`bj cu kb scus-trontogts kb jorcgoutnqub cgt mojbdbgt scuffbrt ,

qubjqubs kcggbs tbgkbgt dcgtrbr jo pjus mrogkb vujgroenjnt kb jbdpjcn lhbz jbs

scus-trontogts qub lhbz jbs kcggburs kcrkrbs. Ongsn jb roppcrt Vcjct scujnmgb-t-nj

qubg 511 %. Kb ddb, bg 511=,

jb toux kb dormb erutb kbs bgtrbprnsbs scus-trontogtbs sb sntuont ?= % lcgtrb 5= %

pcur jbgsbdejb kb jngkustrnb dogufolturnrb ;1. Rg sbuj trovonj, snmgoj por jb ddb

roppcrt, trontb gctrb lcggonssoglb kbs lcgsqubglbs kb jo lr nsb rlbgtb sur joltnvnt

kbs scus-trontogts 9 jo prckultncg kb jo scus-trontoglb frogonsb ouront lhut bg 5118-511> kb ?> % pcur rbtrcuvbr scg gnvbou kb ?>>8. Nj font kcgl pbu kb kcutb qub jbdpjcn

o enbg kovogtomb scuffbrt lhbz jbs scus-trontogts qub lhbz jbs kcggburs kcrkrbs, bt

qub jbs bdpjcns tbdpcronrbs lhbz jbs scus-trontogts cgt sogs kcutb t kcuejbdbgt

tculhs ;?.

5.5. Rg rbgcuvbou tndnkb kb jo bxnenjnt ngtbrgb bt ugb prctbltncg trs ndpcrtogtb

lcgtrb jb rnsqub kb jnlbglnbdbgt

Dojmr jb rjb prpcgkrogt kbs dlognsdbs kb bxnenjnt bxtbrgb, jbs bgtrbprnsbs cgt

oussn kvbjcpp jbur bxnenjnt ngtbrgb, bg eonssogt jb vcjudb khburbs suppjdbgtonrbs

bt bg utnjnsogt kb dognrb dossnvb kbs dlognsdbs kb lhdomb portnbj. Ou kbuxndb

trndbstrb kb 511>, jb lhdomb portnbj eglnont ongsn pjus kb > pjus kug dnjjncg bt kbdn kb sojorns

bg lhdomb portnbj ;5, kcgt ug lbrtong gcderb kngtrndonrbs. Jbffcrt eukmtonrb ojjb-

dogk pcur ollcdpomgbr bt bglcurombr lbs pcjntnqubs kbgtrbprnsbs rbprsbgtb ongsn

prs kb knx fcns lbjun kb jo Froglb (6 dnjjnorks kburcs lcgtrb 611 dnjjncgs kburcs).

.. Uoppcrt rbgku por jb dknotbur kbs rbjotncgs ngtbrbgtrbprnsbs ngkustrnbjjbs bt kb jo scus-t rontoglb .

; . . Ibog-Ljoukb Vcjct, Jb Knspcsntnf iurnknqub lcglbrgogt jbs rbjotncgs ngtbrbgtrbprnsbs bt jo scus-trontoglb. Uoppcrt kudknotbur kbs rbjotncgs ngtbrbgtrbprnsbs ngkustrnbjjbs bt kb jo scus-trontoglb, dngnstrb kb jNgkustrnb 9 sblrtornotktot ou Lcddbrlb, jOrtnsogot, oux Qbtntbs bt Dcybggbs Bgtrbprnsbs, ou [curnsdb, oux \brvnlbs bt jo Lcgscddotncg,p. ?1.

;?.. Gogdcngs, pordn jbs bgtrbprnsbs scus-trontogtbs tculhbs, ug bffbt kb kbstrultncg lrotrnlb icub sogs kcutb 9jo lrnsb o pu prlnpntbr kbs fonjjntbs ngvntoejbs, fcrldbgt pjus gcderbusbs lhbz kbs scus-trontogts qun govonbgt posrussn sb knvbrsnbr qub lhbz kb mrogks kcggburs kcrkrbs.

;5.. Lhrnstngb Brhbj, Jbs pcjntnqubs kb jbdpjcn bg Burcpb 9 jb dckjb kb joltnvotncg bt kb jo bxnlurnt folb jo lrnsb ,kcludbgt kb trovonj ku Lbgtrb klcgcdnb kb jo \crecggb, 51?1, g 51?1.15, p. ??, bt jb lhopntrb ku roppcrt oggubjkb jo Lcur kbs lcdptbs kb 51??, Jb sys tdb frogons kngkbdgnsotncg ku lhdomb portnbj 9 ug cutnj ngsufsoddbgtutnjns , ngUoppcrt oggubj 51??, Lcur kbs lcdptbs, 51??, pp. ?2=-?81.


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Kugb dognrb pjus quojntotnvb, kbs oltburs kb jo fnjnrb outcdcenjb rbglcgtrs ou

lcurs kb lbttb dnssncg gcus cgt ngknqu qub, folb jo scukongbt bt jo vncjbglb kb jo

rlbssncg, lbrtongbs bgtrbprnsbs ovonbgt oussn nglnt ug gcderb ndpcrtogt kb jbursbdpjcys lhogmbr kb sntb kb prckultncg 9 Lbrtongs ngtbrjclutburs qun mronbgt jo

fjbxnenjnt scus fcrdb kngtrnd scgt posss, bux, sur kbs prcibts kb dcenjnt bg ngtbrgb ,

gcus o ongsn ngknqu ug rbspcgsoejb mrogk lcdptb kb jngtrnd. Lb tdcnmgomb gcus

sbdejb portnlujnrbdbgt ndpcrtogt 9 nj ngknqub bg bffbt jbxnstbglb kb dckbs kb mbs -

tncg ojtbrgotnfs kb jo fjbxnenjnt, suslbptnejbs gcg sbujbdbgt kvntbr kbs jnlbglnbdbgts,

dons oussn kottgubr lbrtongs ebscngs bg fjbxnenjnt bxtbrgb qun gb scgt gn tcut font

rotncggbjs sur jb pjog lcgcdnqub, gn tcuicurs scutbgoejbs sur jb pjog sclnoj bt iurnknqub

gcus njjustrbrcgs lbt ospblt kogs gctrb portnb Qrcpcsntncgs portnr kb jbxbdpjb

kb jo rcrmognsotncg kbs tcurgbs kb Jo Qcstb, p. ?55 bt sunvogtbs.

5.1-?>>< -=,2 oltubjjbdbgt (vcnr mrophnqub ln-kbsscus).

Fnmurb ; 9 Lhdomb bt QNE

Jblturb 9 Ou dcdbgt kb jo rlbssncg kb ?>>>1 [>< [5 ?,;

( 5,


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2?Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Knomgcstnl

tncg kug pcngt kb pcurlbgtomb kb jo lrcnssoglb ku QNE sur ug og lcgkunt ugb houssb kb =,2 pcngts kbpcurlbgtomb kb jo lrcnssoglb oggubjjb ku gcderb kb lhdburs. Jbs lhnffrbs bgtrb porbgthsbs rbpr-sbgtbgt jbs [ kb \tukbgt ossclns jo rmrbssncg.

Mrophnqub bt ngtbrprtotncg rbprns kb Dothnjkb Jbdcngb bt tnbggb ]osdbr, Jbs Dcenjnts kbs sojorns,roppcr t ou Lcgsbnj kogojysb lcgcdnqub, 51?1, p. 5=.

Jbs mrophnqubs sunvogts, nssus kugb gctb ku Lbgtrb kogojysb strotmnqub (LO\ ;>5, dojmr ugb lrnsb eboulcup pjus vncjbgtb

bg 5118. Jbs dlognsdbs kb bxnenjnt ngtbrgb dons surtcut bxtbrgb cgt icu ug rjbkodcrtnssbur portnlujnrbdbgt bflolb bg tbdps kb lrnsb. Lcddb jngknqub jb LO\ 9

Jbs lcdpcrtbdbgts posss koiustbdbgt kb jbdpjcn kbs bgtrbprnsbs summrbgt qub

jbs kbstrultncgs kbdpjcns PpbrdogbgtsT sur 511> bt 51?1 ouronbgt k trb kb 2

?11

?12

??1

O?>=;[< O?>>5[< O511?[? O5118[? O?>=;[< O?>>5[< O511?[? O5118[?

Mrophnqub ?e 9 Lyljbs kbdpjcn hcrs ngtrnd(bg pbrscggbs physnqubs )

81

82

>1

>2

?11

?12

??1

-6 -2 -; -< -5 -? 1 ? 5 < ; 2 6 -6 -2 -; -< -5 -? 1 ? 5 < ; 2 6


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55/172

2>1, kugb fjbxn-

enjnsotncg cu prlornsotncg mgrojnsb ku dcgkb ku trovonj trovbrs jo knsporntncg

;6.. Qjb Bdpjcn, Jbdpjcn ngtrndonrb bg iunjjbt 51?1 , cp. lnt.

Bdpjcn kogs j'ngtrnd bg fng kb dcns

(kcggbs LV\)

iunj.-

15

clt.-

15

iogv.-

1

iogv.-

?1

ovr.-

?1

iunj.-

?1

clt.-

?1

iogv.-

??

ovr.-

??

iunj.-

??

;21 111

211 111

221 111

611 111

621 111

=11 111

=21 111


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2;


kbs fcrdbs kbdpjcn prctbltrnlbs lcgstruntbs outcur ku sojornot trokntncggbj kurb

ngktbrdngb bt tbdps pjbng , gb sbst iodons lcglrtnsb. Joffnrdotncg scjbggbjjb

bt sogs qunvcqub ku Lckb ku trovonj, roppbjogt qub 9 Jb lcgtrot kb trovonj kurbngktbrdngb bst jo fcrdb gcrdojb bt mgrojb kb jo rbjotncg kb trovonj (jcn g 5118-

2>6 ku52 iung 5118) bst jormbdbgt vrnfnb kogs jbs fonts.

\ur jb pjog stotnstnqub, jb lcgtrot kurb ngktbrdngb kb krcnt prnv pbrk lbrtbs ku

tbrrong. Dons, dojmr ug lcgtbxtb lcgcdnqub knffnlnjb, nj rbprsbgtb tcuicurs, bg stcl`,

bgvnrcg 82 % kbs bdpjcns kogs jb sbltbur prnv. Qrs kb =1 % kbs ibugbs, trcns ogs

oprs jbur scrtnb ku systdb kulotnf, scgt mojbdbgt bg LKN;= (vcnr lb suibt pjus jcng,

p. 8; bt sunvogtbs). _uogt joglnbggbt dcybggb kogs jbdpjcn, bjjb o oumdbgt

kbpuns ?>85, possogt kb >,2 ogs ??,? ogs bg 5111 ;8. Kb ddb, nj bst ngtrbssogt

kb rbjbvbr qub, pcur jo pjuport kbs sojorns oltubjs, jngslurnt kb jbdpjcn go ceibl-tnvbdbgt pos oumdbgt kbpuns jbs oggbs ?>=1 9 ug sojorn oyogt pjus kb knx ogs

koglnbggbt o tcuicurs jo ddb prceoenjnt, prbsqub ogblkctnqub (? % bgvnrcg), ktrb

jnlbgln ou lcurs kugb oggb ;>. Cg ossnstbront ddb ug rbgfcrlbdbgt kbs prctbl-

tncgs pcur jbs sojorns pbrdogbgts 9

\n jcg sb rfrb jo rlbssncg jo pjus prcfcgkb kbs kbux kbrgnrbs klbggnbs

Poprs lbjjb kb 5118-511>T, keutogt ou trcnsndb trndbstrb ?>>5, jo eonssb kb jo

vojbur oicutb por roppcrt ou pnl kb hout kb lyljb bst trcns quotrb fcns pjus ndpcrtogtb

ouicurkhun, ou ecut kb lngq trndbstrbs kb lrnsb ( ?2 % lcgtrb ; %), togkns qub joeonssb kb jbdpjcn PpbrdogbgtT bst iusqunln kb dcngkrb odpjbur ( 2 % lcgtrb = %) 21.

Qortogt, jb prcejdb sbdejb dcngs jngstoenjnt mgrojnsb kb jbdpjcn quugb bxpcsn-

tncg jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn tculhogt kb dognrb ngmojb, bt sogs kcutb ngiustb, knff-

rbgtbs lotmcrnbs kb sojorns. Ongsn, cg gctb ouicurkhun qub 6 % kbs sojorns frogons

bffbltubgt 22 % kbs dcenjnts, qun scgt kogs enbg kbs los suenbs 2?. \n joglnbggbt

kogs jbdpjcn oumdbgtb, lbttb dcybggb lolhb ugb stoenjnt pjus mrogkb kbs ugs

;=.. Frogcns Lhbvojnbr bt Oggb Dogsuy, Rgb phctcmrophnb ku dorlh ku trovonj bg 5118 , Ngsbb Qrbdnrb, klbderb511>, g ?5=5.

;8. Ovbl sogs kcutb ugb knffrbglb gctoejb 9 jo stoenjnt khnbr sbxpjnquont lbrtongbdbgt por jbs pbrspbltnvbs kblorrnrb bt jb dckb kb fcgltncggbdbgt kbs dorlhs ngtbrgbs (lf., p.


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22Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Knomgcstnl

gctoddbgt kbs mgrotncgs jbs pjus oglnbggbs bt ugb ngstoenjnt ollrub kbs outrbs 25

gctoddbgt kb lbrtongs ibugbs, vcnr gctrb ogojysb p. => bt sunvogtbs.

Dons nj fout dbttrb lb lcgstot jprbuvb kugb mrnjjb kb jblturb pjus jormb. Jo lrnsb o

rvj jbs fcrtbs knspornts kogs jo slurnt kbs bdpjcns bg fcgltncg kb jbur stotut bt

ku typb kbgtrbprnsb. Nj gcus fout kscrdons gcus pbglhbr sur jbs lcgsqubglbs pcur

jbs sojorns kb jo fjbxnenjnt, bg gcus ngtrbssogt oux knffrbgtbs lcdpcsogtbs kb jo

quojnt kb jbdpjcn.

Lbttb phctcmrophnb ngstogtogb ku dorlh ku trovonj frogons rbstb bg bffbt bglcrb

trcp fclojnsb sur ug sbuj ngknlotbur jb rnsqub kb pbrkrb scg bdpjcn 2< qun gb gcus

pbrdbt pos kopprlnbr jbgsbdejb kbs lcgsqubglbs gmotnvbs dons oussn, porfcns,

pcsntnvbs kb jo fjbxnenjnt kb jbdpjcn 9 jndpolt sur jbs troibltcnrbs prcfbssncggbjjbs,jvcjutncg kb jbdpjcyoenjnt bt jbs lcgkntncgs kb trovonj.

Nj gb somnt pos kb gnbr jbs ngmojnts kcgt scgt scuvbgt vnltndbs lbux qucg pcurront

oppbjbr jbs sojorns kb jo fjbxnenjnsotncg , scnt jbs oltnfs qun fcgt cu cgt font kbs

possombs rpts bt prcjcgms kogs kbs bdpjcns kb goturb cu kb stotut prlonrb. Ou

lcgtronrb, gcus bgtbgkcgs kb lbttb dognrb of fngbr gctrb pogcrodo kbs ngmojnts of ng

knkbgtnfnbr kbs pnstbs kb rfcrdbs.

25.. [hcdos Odcss bt Dchodbk-Ojn Ebg Hojndo, Dcenjnt bt stoenjnt sur jb dorlh ku trovonj 9 ugb kuojnsotncg bg

trcdpb-jnj , Lcggonssoglb kb jbdpjcn, Lbgtrb ktukbs kb jbdpjcn, iogvnbr 51??,g =2.2


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26


NN. FJbxNeNJNtkbJbdpJcNbtquoJNtkbJbdpJcN

?. Ngtrckultncg 9 kb jo prlornt kb jbdpjcn jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn

\n gctrb knomgcstnl o toejn ugb fcrtb ngmojnt kbs sojorns folb ou rnsqub kb pbrtb

kbdpjcn, nj gb gcus pbrdbt pos pcur outogt kb lcgljurb jo prlornt kb jo sntuotncg

kbs ?2 % kb sojorns frogons bg lcgtrots prlonrbs. Jqunvojbglb bgtrb lcgtrots

prlonrbs bt sntuotncg pbrscggbjjb prlonrb bst pcurtogt rorbdbgt knslutb.

Lbrtongs pcngts kb vub roknloux vcgt iusqu ngljurb kogs jb spbltrb kb jo prlornt

jbgsbdejb kbs tbdps portnbjs bt kbs bdpjcns sntus kogs kbs bgtrbprnsbslcgfrcgtbs ugb fcrtb nglbrtntukb lcgcdnqub. Kbs trovoux bstndbgt ongsnqu pbngb pjus kb jo

dcntn kbs sojorns frogons cllupbronbgt ug bdpjcn stoejb gcg dbgol 2; .Gctrb pcngt kb vub, eboulcup pjus qunjner, lcgsnstb nkbgtnfnbr jbs jnmgbs kb kdor-

lotncg bgtrb ecgs bt douvons bdpjcns ou sbng kbs fcrdbs kbdpjcns otypnqubs bt

typnqubs, pcur rblcgstrunrb ugb vnsncg pjus pbrtngbgtb kbs ngmojnts sur jb dorlh kb

jbdpjcn, togt sur jb pjog sclncjcmnqub qulcgcdnqub.

Kogs jo lcgfusncg qun loroltrnsb lbs keots, jo pjostnlnt ku lcglbpt kb prlornt

icub ug rjb lbgtroj. Jo gctncg kb prlornt , rbdorquont ovbl iustbssb jo sclncjcmub

Lhogtoj Gnlcjb-Kroglcurt ks jb keut kbs oggbs ?>>1, sb trcuvb tcuicurs ou ktcur

kugb phrosb, bg utnjnsotncg eogojnsb 22 . Joesbglb kb kfngntncg prlnsb pbrdbt ojcrs

scg utnjnsotncg pcur kbs dctnfs trs knffrbgts. Nj sbront ouicurkhun prbsqub ndpbgsoejb

kbg qubstncggbr jo pbrtngbglb lcgcdnqub bt sclncjcmnqub.

Dons fcrlb kb gb pos kfngnr jbs lcglbpts tcut bg jbs goturojnsogt 26, kossndnjbr fjbxn-

enjnt bt prlornt, fjbxnenjnt, lcgkntncgs kb trovonj kmrokbs bt sntuotncg pbrscggbjjb

ngstoejb ou trovonj bt bg kbhcrs , ddb sn lbs knffrbgtbs sntuotncgs sb rblcupbgt

frqubddbgt, cg tbgk dbt trb sur jb ddb pjog kbs sntuotncgs sclnojbs bxtrdbdbgt

knvbrsbs, kogs jbsqubjjbs jbs rnsqubs lcgcdnqubs, sclnoux, prcfbssncggbjs scgt pcur-

togt nglcdporoejbs 9 qucn kb lcddug bgtrb ug jvb kb mrogkb lcjb bg stomb kngsbr-tncg ovogt ugb bdeoulhb bg LKN quosn lbrtongb bt ug ibugb bg lhbl slcjonrb qun bg-

lhogb kbs dnssncgs lcurtbs pbu quojnfnogtbs ofng kb eculjbr sbs fngs kb dcns 3 Rg

LKK kb knx-hunt dcns go pos gcg pjus jo ddb snmgnfnlotncg pcur ugb drb kb fodnjjb

ljneotonrb kb ogs. Kb ddb, ugb port ndpcrtogtb kb jo

2;. Lnt por I.-L. Eorenbr, Jo prlornt, ugb lotmcrnb frogonsb jprbuvb kb jo lcdporonscg ngtbrgotncgojb ,Ubvub frogonsb kb sclncjcmnb, 5112, vcj. ;6, g 5, p. >5, g 25, p. 2=, lnt por I.-L. Eorenbr,

Jo prlornt, ugb lotmcrnb frogonsb jprbuvb kb jo lcdporonscg ngtbrgotncgojb , cp. lnt., p.


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2=Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Knomgcstnl

prlornt , enbg rbjjb, kogs jbxnstbglb kb ibugbs oltnfs kb dcngs kb >> bt kb jopprcprnotncg ku tbrdb por jb Kogbdor`.

Jo jcn gbrjogkonsb vnsont gctoddbgt osscupjnr jo jmnsjotncg ku LKN bg lcgtrbportnb

kb prctbltncgs rbgfcrlbs pcur jbs lcgtrots tbdpcronrbs jpcqub eboulcup dcngs

bglokrs qubg Froglb.

Quns jb tbrdb kb bxnslurnt fut rbprns por jbs Kogcns pcur loroltrnsbr jbur pcjntnqub

kbdpjcn loroltrnsb por jb trnogmjb kcr kb jo bxnslurnt 9 ugb fonejb prctbltncg kb

jbdpjcn, ug fcrt gnvbou kngkbdgnsotncg ku lhdomb bt ugb oltnvotncg doxndojb kbs

pcjntnqubs kbdpjcn gctoddbgt vno ugb cffrb ndpcrtogtb kb fcrdotncg bt ug fcrt

lcgtrjb sclnoj kbs kbdogkburs kbdpjcn.

Jo Froglb bt jo bxnslurnt

Cutrb jngfjubglb kb lbs dckjbs trogmbrs, jbs rfjbxncgs outcur ku lcglbpt kb

fjbxnslurnt scgt gbs bg Froglb kbs rbxncgs sur jovbgnr ku trovonj ou dnjnbu kbs

oggbs ?>>1. Folb ug lhdomb kb dossb, sbjcg kbs pbrspbltnvbs nkcjcmnqubs

ossbz knffrbgtbs (kbpuns jo prcljodotncg kb jo g ku trovonj Ibrbdy Unf`ng, Kcdn-

2=. Vcnr por bxbdpjb kogs Lhrnstngb Brhbj bt Julnb Kovcngb, Jo quojnt kb jbdpjcn bg Burcpb 9 ugb opprclhb lcdporotnvbbt kygodnqub , lcgcdnb bt stotnstnqub, 511=, vcj. ;?1, g ?, pp. ;=-6>. Cu bglcrb jo lcgljusncg kb jortnljb kbI.-L. Eorenbr Jo prlornt, ugb lotmcrnb frogonsb jprbuvb kb jo lcdporonscg ngtbrgotncgojb , cp. lnt., pp.


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gnqub Dko iusquou ksnr kb jb rngvbgtbr), jo glbssnt kb kcggbr kovogtomb kb

bxnenjnt ou sojorn lcddb jbdpjcybur sbst ndpcsb. Lbttb gcuvbjjb kcggb ndpcsont

kngvbgtbr kb gcuvbjjbs slurnts ok hcl, dbttrb bg folb kb lbs gcuvbjjbs rbjotncgskbdpjcn qub lbrtongs vcujonbgt prcdcuvcnr.

Ongsn jb roppcrt Ecnsscggot bgvnsombont-nj jb kvbjcppbdbgt kug lcgtrot koltnvnt ,

lcgtrot snmg bgtrb ug sojorn bt pjusnburs bdpjcyburs, ou sbng kuqubj pcurronbgt

ojtbrgbr prnckbs kbdpjcn bt kb fcrdotncg.

Bg ?>>>, jb roppcrt \upnct prcpcsont quogt jun, sur jb dckjb kb jtot lnvnj, kb kgnr

ug vrntoejb tot prcfbssncggbj kbs pbrscggbs lrogt ug bgsbdejb kb krcnts ottolhs

oux pbrscggbs, ou-kbj kb jburs rbjotncgs ovbl kbs bdpjcyburs portnlujnbrs, bt kcgl

trogsfroejbs kug bdpjcn ug outrb kc jnkb kb krcnts kb tnromb sclnoux .

Kogs jbs oggbs 5111, jbs roppcrts Lohul/@rodorz, Ejoglhork/[nrcjb cu Lodkbssus 28sbrcgt outogt kb tbgtotnvbs pcur prcpcsbr ugb bxnslurnt jo frogonsb .

jo suntb kb gcderbux trovoux, gctoddbgt lcdporotnfs, nj gcus sbdejb glbssonrb

kcprbr ug kcuejb kpjolbdbgt sdogtnqub.

Nj somnt koecrk kbxpjcrbr jbs dujtnpjbs kndbgsncgs kb jo slurnt bg knstngmuogt tcut

portnlujnrbdbgt lb qub jo jogmub ogmjonsb, dcngs odenmu qub jo gtrb kb lb pcngt kb

vub, oppbjjb ice sblurnty bt bdpjcydbgt sblurnty 2>2>.

Jb prbdnbr lcglbpt ksnmgb jo slurnt kb jbdpjcn cllup, togt sur jb pjog iurnknqub

goturb ku lcgtrot qub kogs jbs fonts fcgltncg kb jo scjnknt fngoglnrb kb jbgtrb-

prnsb bt kb scg bxpcsntncg jo lcglurrbglb por bxbdpjb. Jb sblcgk rbgvcnb jbd-

pjcyoenjnt, jo dognrb kcgt jbdpjcn qub jcg cllupb por jbxprnbglb prcfbssncggbjjb

qunj prclurb, jbs fcrdotncgs ouxqubjjbs nj kcggb olls pbrdbt ugb pbrscggb kb

lcgstrunrb ug prcibt prcfbssncggbj lhcnsn bt gcg suen, jngtrnbur cu jbxtrnbur kb

jbgtrbprnsb. Kbux fcrdbs kb slurnt ouxqubjjbs nj fout mojbdbgt oicutbr 9 jo slurnt

fngoglnrb tcut koecrk, kfngnb por jb gnvbou kb rdugrotncg bt jbs morogtnbs fngog-

lnrbs bg los kb lhdomb 0 jo slurnt kntb kb lcglnjnotncg bgfng, qun font rfrbglb jo focg kcgt ug bdpjcn pbrdbt cu gcg kb lcglnjnbr vnb prcfbssncggbjjb bt vnb prnvb.

Jb sblcgk kpjolbdbgt gcus lcgkunt kjonssbr jo gctncg kb prlornt kbdpjcn pcur

gcus ngtrbssbr so quojnt, dct pjus prlns, pjus gbutrb bt pjus cprotcnrb qub jb

28. Vcnr enejncmrophnb.

2>.. Qcur ugb prsbgtotncg ljonrb bt lcglnsb kb lbs bgibux kb kgntncg, gcus rbgvcycgs Irdb Moutn, Qorlcursprcfbssncggbjs 9 qubj qunjnerb slurnt/bxnenjnt 3 , cp. lnt., kcgt gcus gcus ngspnrcgs jormbdbgt.


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2>Jbs gctbs kb jNgstntut Klbderb 51??

Knomgcstnl

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