First Latin grammar (1879).pdf

7/27/2019 First Latin grammar (1879).pdf

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FIRST LATINM. C. Macmiliar

mi


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FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.MACMILLAN.


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FIRSTLATIN GRAMMAR

BY

M. C. MACMILLAN, M.A.ASSISTANT MASTER IN ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL

MACMILLAN AND CO.1879

[All rights reserved ~\


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OXFORD:BY E. PICKARD HALL, M.A., AND J. H. STACV.PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.


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PREFACE.IN this short Grammar of the Latin Accidence I have

endeavoured to arrange the paradigms in such a way as togive some hint of the connection between the differentforms, without departing from the traditional number andorder of Declensions and Conjugations. In the arrange-ment by stems I have closely followed Mr. Roby, even inthe somewhat uncertain distinction between consonant andi-stems in the Third Declension of Nouns, feeling that somedivision is necessary, and that his is more satisfactory thanany other.The Notes, which are printed in small type at the bottomof the page, may well be omitted until the large print hasbeen thoroughly learnt. I have confined the Latin Declen-sion of Greek words to an Appendix, for the sake ofclearness, and treated the Reckoning of Time, Money, andthe Numerals, at the end of the book, rather for the sakeof following the usage of Latin Grammars than because theybelong strictly to the subject.

I have omitted the Syntax because, while a knowledge ofgrammatical forms is necessary to the beginner of Latin,the use of these forms can only be taught by progressiveexercises, and many excellent books on this subject alreadyexist.


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CONTENTS.Letters . . iNouns . . . . .*" .'.'.. 4Declension of Nouns Substantive . . . .' . 5Gender of Nouns Substantive . . . *. ,. . . 20Declension of Nouns Adjective . . .... 26Degrees of Nouns Adjective . . . . ' . . 31Pronouns . . . . ... 36Declension of Pronouns Substantive . . . '. . 36Declension of Pronouns Adjective . * V . 38Declension of Numerals '. .. . . . . . 46Verbs . .,,, . .'-../. ^. . - . 48Conjugation of Regular Verbs . . . .... 50

Verbs with -I Stems 62Irregular Verbs . ' . . .. . 64Defective Verbs . -, . - . ' . 76Impersonal Verbs . . . . . 78List of Irregular Verbs . . ^ . . . . ..' 79

Adverbs .* . .. . . . ,. . -95Conjunctions . . :. . . . '. . ' . 97Prepositions . . . ... .. v * 97Appendix I. Latin Declension of Greek Nouns ... 99Appendix II. List of Numerals . . . . 108Appendix III. Roman Mode of Reckoning Time . 113Appendix IV. Roman Money . . . . . 118


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FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.THE LETTERS.

i. Letters of the Latin Alphabet are these:Modern XTSigns.

Name"A a aB b beC C CC probably always pronounced hard.D d deB e eP f efG- g geH h h

( generally written J, j, (i) before a vowel at theJ j J ( beginning of words ; (2) between two vowels.K k k used only in a few abbreviations, as K for Cdlendae.L 1 elMm emN n enO o oP p peQ q . qu always followed by u.B r erS s esT t teU ) I written V, y, (i) before a vowel at the beginningV VI I of words ; (2) between two vowels.X x ixY y Upsllon ) only used to write T and Z in words bor-Z Z Zeta i rowed from the Greek (as chlaniys, zona).


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2 THE LETTERS.2. Vowels. Each of the letters a, e, i, o, u, y (called

upsllon) can be pronounced by itself, and is named from itsown sound without any addition. They are called vowels orself-sounding letters.When two vowels are pronounced rapidly together so as

to produce one vowel-sound, this combination is called adiphthong or double-sound. These are

ae, oe, an,eu; ei, ui, seldom found.

3. Consonants. The other letters, which can only besounded in connexion with vowels, are called consonantsor letters sounded with. In naming these letters, as we seefrom the above table, a vowel is pronounced either before orafter the sound of the consonant.

4. Consonants may be dividedi. According to the parts of the mouth at which they are

formed.u. According to the character of the sound.

I.

Gutturals or sounds formed at or near the |throat (or soft palate), ' / ' *' g> Q '

Linguals or sounds formed with the tongue, r, 1.Dentals or sounds formed at or near the teeth, t, d, n, s, z.Labials or sounds formed at or with the lips, p, b, f, v, m.


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THE LETTERS.n.

Sharp sounds or Tenues,Soft sounds or Mediae,Liquids,Sibilant (or hissing letter),Aspirate (or rough breathing),

6, k, g, t, p.g, d, b.1, r, m, n.s.h.

The letters x = ks and z = ds are called double letters.5. Semivowels. The letters j and v, which in Latin

represent the sounds of the English y and w, are called semi-vowels.

6. Table of the alphabet arranged according to pro-nunciation.

Vowels.


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4 NOUNS.

INFLEXION.7. Words are inflected, that is, altered in their form, to

mark their relation to other words in a sentence.Stem. That part of a word which remains unchanged in

inflexion is called the stem.Suffix. That part of a word which may be changed is

called the suffix or ending.Nouns, pronouns, and verbs are inflected; other words

are not.

NOUNS.8. Nouns are inflected by adding to or changing the

end of the stem. The inflexion of nouns is called de-clension.The Latins used inflexions to distinguish(1) Two Numbers: the Singular when a word signifies

one thing, the Plural when it signifies more than one,(2) Six Cases : Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive,

Dative, Ablative.

(3) Three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.

Note i. A distinct form for the Vocative case is only found in thesingular of masculine nouns of the second declension, and in somewords adopted from the Greek.A case called the Locative, found in some words, is always the samein form either as the genitive, the dative, or the ablative.

Note 2. Names of things which were thought of as having sex werel^Iasculine or Feminine ; others were Neuter (neither of the two}.


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NOUNS. 59. Nouns are either Substantive or Adjective.

Substantives have inflexions of number and case, but arechiefly each of one gender only.

Adjectives have inflexions of number, case, and gender.

10. Certain case-endings are common to all nouns.

1 alike.

Singular.Masc. and Fern. Neut.

Nom.Ace. -m

PluralNom.Ace. -sGen. -umDat.Abl. 1 alike.

ii. DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.Substantives are arranged in five

'

classes, called declen-sions, according to the endings of the genitive singular.

In the ist declension the genitive singular ends in -ae

2nd -i3rd -is.4th -iis5th -ei.


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DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

12. First Declension.Stems ending in -a, chiefly Feminine.

Example : mensa-, f. table.

Singular Number.Nominative and Vocative mensaAccusative mensa-mGenitive and Dative mensaeAblative mensa

Plural Number.Nominative and Vocative mensaeAccusative mensa-sGenitive mensa-rumDative and Ablative mensi-s.

Note 3. Genitive singular in -ai is sometimes found.in -as is found in pater familias, father of.

a family ; mater familias, mother of a family.Note 4. Genitive Plural in -um instead of.-arum is found in

caelicolum (m.), terrigenum (m.),ofdwellers in heaven, ofearth-torn men,

also drachmum (f.) 3 amphorum (f.),ofdrachmas, efamphors.

Note 5. Dative and Ablative Plural in -abus is sometimes found indeabus from dea, goddess (a form retained to distinguish it from the dat.and abl. of deiis, god}, in filiabus, from filia, a daughter, and someother words.


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FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 7

13. Second Declension.I. Masculine (and rarely Feminine) Stems in -o.

Example : domino-, m. lord,- ag(e)ro-, m. field; puero-,m. boy.. . .

Singular.Nom. dommu-sVoc. domineAce. dominu-mGen. ' dominiDat. Abl. domino

Plural.Nom. Voc. dominiAce. domino-sGen. domino-rumDat Abl. domini-s.

Singular.Nom. Voc.


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DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.Stem deo-, m. god, is declined thus :

Singular.

Nom. Voc. *deii-sAce. deu-mGen. delDat. Abl. deo

Plural.

Nom. Voc. di or delAce. deo-sGen. deo-mm or deu-mDat. Abl. di-s or dei-s.

Note 6. The Vocative of Names in -lus ends in -I,with gem, fill, vulturi,

oh genius, oh son, oh vulture.

Note 7. Substantives declined like puerare socer, gener, vesper, Liber,father-in-la-w, son-in-law, evening star, Bacchus,

the singular of jugerum,acre,

and vir, accusative virum,man.


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SECOND DECLENSION.II. Neuter Stems in -o.

Example : regno-, kingdom ; membro, limb.Singular.

Norn. Voc. Ace.


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10 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

14. Third Declension.I. Stems ending in -i.

(a) Stems with labial before -i. Ex.: nubi-, f. cloud.civi-, m. f. citizen.

Singular.Nom. Voc. nube-sAce. nube-mGen. . nubi-sDat. nubiAbl.

N.A.V.Gen.Dat. Abk

nub6Plural

nube-snubi-umnubi-bue.

civi-scive-mcivi-scivieive' (also civi)

cive-scivi-umcivi-biis.

(b) Stems with guttural before -i. Ex. : fasci-, m. bundlearci-, f. citadel.

Nom. Voc.Ace.Gen.Dat.Abl.

N.A.V.Gen.Pat. Abl.

Singular.fasci-sfascermfasci-sfasci

Pluralfasce-sfasci-umfasci-bus.

arxarce-marci-sarc!arce

arce-sarci-umarci-bus.


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THIRD DECLENSION.(c) Stems with dental before -i.

penti (usually f.) serpent.

II

Ex.: rati-,. f. boat; ser-


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12 DECLENSION' Of NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.II. Stems ending in Consonants.

(a) Stems ending in mutes. Ex.: princip-, m. and f.chief; judec-, m. {Judge ; aetat-, f. age ; ped-, rn,/oot.

Singular.Norn. Voc.


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THIRD DECLENSION. 13() Stems ending in -n. Ex. : agmen-, n. host ; homon-,

m. f. man ; legion-, f. legion.

Singular.


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14 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.(


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THIRD DECLENSION.

III. Stems ending in -u.

Ex. : gru-, m. f. crane ; su-, m. f. swine ; Jov-, Jupiter;bov-, m. f. ox or cow.

Singular.Nom. Voc.


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1 6 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

Notes on Peculiar Forms of Cases.Note 13. Accusative singular in -im and -em is found in

febris, pelvis, turris,fever, _ basin, tower,

securis, restis, puppis,axe, rope, stern ofa ship,

rarely clavis,key,

messis, navis,harvest, ship.

Note 14. Ablative singular in -i only is found inNeuteis with nominative in -e, -al, -ar,such as mare, animal, calcar,

sea, animal, spur.excepting -e in jubar, nectar, far,

brightness, nectar, spelt.

Note 15. Ablative singular in -i and -e is found in

Nouns with accusative in -im and -em,(securi, reste, always are the same),

axe, rope,

civis, anguis, finis, fustis,citizen, snake, end, cudgel,

avis, unguis, amnis, postis,bird, nail, river, door-post,

imber, ignis, strigilis,shower, fire, scraper,classis, axis, and bilis,fleet, axle, bile.


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THIRD DECLENSION. I/

Note 1 6. Genitive plural in -mm is found in

(1) Neuters with nominative in -e, -al, -ar;

(2) Parisyllables excepting mater,-mother,

pater, juvSnis, and frater,father, youth, brother,

sSnex, vates, and canis,old man, seer, dog,

accipiter, and volucris,hawk, bird.

(3) Nominatives with -s or'-x Vand consonant as cliens, arx,

client, citadel.

(4) mas, maris, male, makes marium,mus, muris, mouse, makes murium,glis, gliris, dormouse, glirium,

Us, lltis, lawsuit, litium,

nix, nivis, snow, makes nivium,.nox, noctis, night, makes noctium,dos, dotis, dowry, dotium,

os, ossis, bone, makes ossium,vis, force, makes vires, virium.

C


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i8 DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

15. Fourth Declension.Stems ending in -u.

Ex.: gradu-, m. step; cornu-, n. horn.

Singular.Nom. Voc.Ace.


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FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 19

1 6. Fifth Declension.Stems ending in -e.

Ex.: die-, m. f. day.

Singular.Nom. Voc. die-sAce. die-mGen. Dat. die-iAbl. die

Plural.

N.V.A. die-sGen. die-rumDat. Abl. die-bus.

Note 19. In the Genitive and Dative singular final -el is sometimescontracted into -

as die, acie, fide,day, edge, faith.

Note 20. The Genitive, Dative, and Ablative plural are seldomfound, except in the words res, thing, and dies.

C 2


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20 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.17. Masculine. All names of males, peoples, months,and winds ; and most names 'of mountains and rivers.

Feminine. All names of females and islands ; and mostnames of countries, cities, and plants.

Neuter. All indeclinable nouns.Masculine and Feminine. Names derived from offices,

employments, etc., held either by men or women.

1 8. First Declension.Feminine. Words ending in -a, except names of men,

as nauta, sailor.

19. Second Declension.Masculine. Words ending in -iis and -er.Neuter. Words ending in -um.

These are feminine in -us,alvus, colus, carbasus,stomach, distaff, canvass,vannus, humus, pampmus,

winnowing-fan, ground, vine-leaf.Neuter, virus, pelagus,venom, sea.

Note 21. Carbasus has nom. and ace. plural carbasa (neuter); vulgus,the common people, is neuter, but the ace. is often vulgum. It has noplural.


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THIRD DECLENSION. 21

20. Third Declension.Masculine. Words ending in -o (genitive -onis), -or, -os,

-er, -ex and imparisyllables in -es.-or. Feminine in -or is arbor,

tree.

Neuter, aequor, cor, and marmor,surface, heart, marble.

-os. Feminine are cos, and dos,whetstone, dowry.

Neuter are both 6s, and 6s,bone, face.

-er. Neuter words which end in -er,are siler, verbera, and ver,

ozier, blows, spring,papaver, piper, acer, tuber,poppy, pepper, maple, hump,

cadaver, iter, deer, uber,corpse, journey, chick-pea, udder.

-ex. Feminine are faex, and lex,lees, law,

with supellex, forfex, nex,furniture, scissors, death.

Note 22. arbor, genitive arboris ; aequor, aequoris; cor, cordis;marmor, marmoris ; cos, c5tis ; dos, dotis ; 6s, .ossis ; 6s, oris ; verbera(plural), verberum ; singular found only in the ablative verbere" ; iter,itmeris (from old nom. itmer) ; faex, faecis ; lex, legis ; supellex, supel-lectilis (an adjective with rei, gen. of res understood); forfex, forficis;nex, necis.


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22 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE,-es. Feminine ables, and seges,

fir-tree, corn,merces, merges, quies, teges,

hire, sheaf, rest, mat.

Feminine. Words ending in -o (genitive, -inis), -io, -aus,-as, -is, -x (except -ex), -s following a consonant, and pari-syllables in -es.

-o (gen. -Inis). Masculine in -o are cardo,hinge,

ordo, turbo; common margo,order, whirlwind, border.

-lo. Masculine are vespertllio,bat,

pugio, scipio, papilio,dagger, staff, butterfly,septentrio, and unio,

north, pearl,and words like ternio, senio,

the number three, the number six.

-as. Masculine are as, and mas,a bronze coin, male,

vas (vadis, bail), and elephas,elephant.

Note 23. abies, abietis; seges, sege'tis; merces, mercedis; merges,mergitis ; quies, quietis ,- teges, tegetis ; vespertllio, vespertilionis ; as,assis ; mas, maris ; vas, vessel, genitive vasis, is neuter ; the plural vasabelongs to the second declension; elephas, elephantis (see Appendix,p. 104).


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THIRD DECLENSION. 23-is. Masculine are

amnis, axis, callis, collis,river, axle, path, hill,

canalis, caulis, cassis, follis,canal, stalk, net, pair ofbellows,

crinis, fascis, funis, fustis,hair, bundle, rope, cudgel,sodalis, sends, panis, postis,companion, bramble, loaf, door-post,piscis, orbis, manes (plur.), mensis,fsh, circle, ghosts, month,

torris, unguis, vectis, ensis,firebrand, nail, crowbar, sword,

Imparisyllables glis, and cinis,dormouse, ashes,

lapis, pulvis, sanguis, semis,stone, dust, blood, half an as.

-ax, -ix. Masculine in -ax and -ix,thorax, fornix, and calix,

breastplate, arch, cup ;

-s after a con- Masculine are dens, and fons,SOnant. tooth, spring,

scrobs, and rudens, mons, and pons,ditch, cable, mountain, bridge.

Note 24. anmis, genitive amnis; glis, gliris; cinis, cineris; lapis,lapidis ; pulvis, pulveris ; sanguis, sangumis ; semis, semissis ; thoraxthoracis; fornix, fornicis; calix, calicis; dens, dentis; scrobs, sciobis.


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24 GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.Neuter. Words ending in -a, -e, -ar, -ur, -us, -c, -1,

-n, -t.

-ur. These are masculine in -ur,furfur, turtur, vultur, fur,bran, turtle-dove, vulture, thief.

-us. -us, -utis, feminine ; with tellus,the earth,

peciis (pecudis), and palus,beast (cow, sheep, etc.}, marsh,

incus; common griis, and sus,anvil, crane, swine.

Masculine are lepus, mus,hare, mouse.

-1. sal and sol are masculine,salt, . sun.

-n also pecten, ren, and splen,comb, kidney, the spleen.

Note 25. furfur, genitive furfuris ; fur, furis; tellus, telluris; palus,paludis; incus, incudis; griis, grins; lepus, leporis; mus, muris; sal,salis ; sol, solis ; pecten, pectinis ; ren, renis ; splen, splenis.


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FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. 2521. Fourth Declension.

Masculine. Words ending in -iis.Neuter. Words ending in -u.

Feminine are trees in -iis,trfbus, acus, porticus,tribe, needle, colonnade,domus, Idus, and manus,house, Ides, hand.

22. Fifth Declension.Feminine.

Dies, mostly masculine,day,in singular may be feminine.

Note 26. domus, genitive domus (see note 17) ; Idus, Iduum.


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DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.23. Adjectives have inflexions to denote differences of

gender as well as of number and case.24. I. Stems ending in -o (masculine and neuter) and

-a (feminine).Ex. : bono-, bona-, good; tenero-, tenera-, tender ; nig(e)ro-,

nigra-, black.

Singular.


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-O AND -A STEMS.


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28 DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.25. II. Stems ending in -i

Ex.: felici-, happy ; sapienti-, wise; tristi-, sad; acri-,keen ; celeri-, swift.

Singular,Masc. and Fern. Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut.

Nom. Voc. . felix sapiensAce. felice-m felix sapiente-m sapiensGen. felici-s sapientl-sDat. felici sapientiAbl. felici (rarely sapienti or

felice). sapiente.

PluralN.V. A. felice-s felici-a sapiente-s sapienti-aGen. felici-um sapienti-umDat. Abl. felicX-biis. . sapienti-bus.


Nom. Voc. tristi-s tristeAce. triste-m tristeGen. tristi-sDat. Abl. tristi.

Plural.N.V. A. triste-s tristi-aGen. tristi-umDat. Abl. tristi-bus.


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-I STEMS.

Singular.Masc. Fern. Neut.

Nom. Voc. acer acri-s acreAce. acre-m acreGen. acri-sDat. Abl. acri

PluralMasc. and Fern. Neut.

N.V.A. acre-s acri-aGen. acri-umDat. Abl. acri-biis.

Singular.Masc. Fern. Neut.Nom. Voc. celer celeri-s celere

Ace.,

celere-m celereGen. celeri-sDat. Abl. celeri

Plural.Masc. and Fern. Neut.

N.V.A. celere-s celeri-aGen. celeri-umDat. Abl. celeri-biis.

Note 28. Like acer are declinedAdjectives which end in -ster,with celeber, and alacer,

frequented, alert,saluber, piiter, volucer,healthy, putrid, winged.


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30 DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.26. III. Consonant stems.

Ex. : melior, letter ; pauper, poor.


Norn. Voc. melior meliusAce. melior-em meliusGen. melior-isDat. melior -IAbl. melior-e (rarely meliori)

PluralN..V. A. melior-es melior-aGen. melior -MID.Dat. Abl. melior -ibiis.


Nom. Voc. pauperAce. pauper-em pauperGen. pauper-isDat. pauper -1Abl. pauper -e

Plural.N.V. A. pauper-esGen. pauper-TimDat. Abl. pauper-Ibiis.


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DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. 31

DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.27. The Adjective is a noun expressing quality.

In Latin many adjectives have three forms, denoting dif-ferent degrees of quality.The positive is the simple form of the adjective, as durus,

hard.

The comparative denotes :(1) A higher degree, when two persons or things are

compared, as durior, harder.

(2) A too high degree, as durior, too hard.The superlative denotes :

(1) A higher degree, when more than two persons orthings are compared, as durissimus, hardest.

(2) A very high degree, as durissimus, very hard.28. From the positive we may find the comparative by

adding -ior to the last consonant of the stem ; the superla-tive either by adding -issimus to the last consonant ofthe stem; or, by doubling the last consonant and adding-imus *.

* Nearly all the words of this form are given in 29 and note 29.


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32


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34 DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.


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Supe

I i,w s,

oute

c T?mu mu

ex ex

s>- S iv K-*r> H *r* Io

em umco to jsaa

I

c, iwo> *-supremus sum-mus

i

>i> >cu.IrJ CU

a.

3?

I i ICO ? , -.s .s ii g s S .a .S CL,>g >6

D 2


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36" PRONOUNS.

PRONOUNS.31. Pronouns are either Substantive or Adjective (see

9).

32. The Pronouns in Latin may be divided into :Personal: ego,// nos, we; tu, thou ; vos,^.Reflexive : se, himself, herself, itself, themselves.Possessive : meus, my ; noster, our ; tuus, thy ; vester,

your ; siius, his, her, its, their.Demonstrative : hie, this near me ; iste, that near you ;

ille, that there ; is, that, he ; Idem, the same ; ipse,he himself.

Relative : qui, who, which ; quisquis, whosoever, which-ever.

Interrogative : quis or qui, who ? which ?Indefinite : quis or qui, anyone, any; quisquam, any (one)

at all.

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.33. The Personal Pronouns are substantive, and have

no distinction of gender. There are two persons, the personwho speaks, and the person spoken to.FIRST PERSON.

Singular. Plural.Nom. ego, 7 Norn. Ace. nos, weAce. me Gen. nostrumDat. mih! Dat. Abl. nobls.Abl. me


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DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 37SECOND PERSON.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. Voc. tu, thou N.V.A. vos,ye,jrouAce. te Gen. vestrumDat. tib! Dat. Abl. vobls.Abl. te

34. The Reflexive Pronoun is substantive, and has nodistinction of gender. It refers back to the subject of thesentence, or person spoken of, which is called the thirdperson.

Singular and Plural.Ace. se, himself, herself, itself, themselvesDat. sibiAbl. se.

The form sese is often used for se.

Note 32. Instead of the genitives of go, tu and se the possessivepronouns are sometimes used, as mea manus, my hand; noster exercitus,our army.Sometimes the genitive singular neuter of these adjectives is used, as

magna pars mei, a great part of me (i. e. of my nature) ; memoria nostritua, thy remembrance of us.


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38 DECLENSION OF CERTAIN

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.35. The Possessive Pronouns are adjectives with stems

ending in -o. They are meus, my; tuus, thy ; suus, his, her,its, their ; declined like bonus ( 24).

Noster, our ; vester,jyour ; declined like niger ( 24).

36. Some nouns and pronouns adjective belonging tothe class of -o and -a stems (see 24) have the genitivesingular in -ius, the dative in -1 for all genders.

37. Ex. : toto-, tota-, whole.

Singular.Masc. Fern. Neut.

Nom. totu-s tota totu-mAce. totu-m tota-m totu-mGen. totius \

> in all gendersDat. toti 'Abl. toto tota toto

Plural.

Nom. toti totae totaAce. toto-s tota-s totaGen. toto-rum tota-rum toto-rumDat. Abl. toti-s in all genders.


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NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE. 3938. Ex.: altero-, altera-, the other ; ut(e)ro-, utra-, which

of two ; ipso-, ipsa-, self.


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DECLENSION OF CERTAIN


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NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.39. Ille, that (St. illo-, ilia-) ; iste, that nearyou (St. isto-,

ista-) ; and allus, another (St. alio-, alia-), have the nominativeand accusative neuter ending in -d instead of *m.

Nom.Ace.Gen.Dat.Abl.

Masc.illeillu-m

Singular. '

Fern,iliailla-m

illius ) . ..> in all renders

illi Jillo ilia

Neut.illu-dillu-d

illo

Nom. ill!Ace. illo-sGem illo-rum

Pluralillaeilla-silia-rum

Dat. Abl. illi-s in all genders.

iliailiaillo-rum

Nom.AccGen.Dat.Abl.

Masc.al!u-saliu-malmsaliialio

Singular.Fern,aliaalia-m

\ in all gendersalia

Neut.allu-daliu-d

alio

Nom. aliiAce. alio-sGen. alio-rum

Pluralaliaealia-salia-rum

Dat. Abl. alii-s in all genders.

aliaaliaalio-rum


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42 DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.40. Hie, this near me (stem ho-, ha-, and the particle -ce),

is thus declined :


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DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. 4341. Is, that (stem i-, and eo, ea-), is thus declined :


56/136

44 DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.43. Qui, which (stem quo-, qua-, and qui-), is thus de-

clined as a relative pronoun :Singular.


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DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. 45Note 39. Ecquis, any? quisquis, whosoever; quisquam, any at all;

are found chiefly in the following cases :Singular.


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46 DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.

44. DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.Cardinals. The following are declined: unus, one;

du6, two ; tres. three ; diicenti, two hundred (and othermultiples of a hundred below a thousand] mille, a thou-sand, when used as a neuter substantive. Mille used asan adjective is indeclinable.


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DECLENSION OF NUMERALS. 47


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48 VERBS.

VERBS.45. Verbs in Latin have inflexions of voice, number,

person, mood, and tense. A complete verb in Latin has :1 . Two Voices : Active, as amo, / love ; and Passive, as

amor, 7 am loved.2. Two Numbers : Singular and Plural ( 8 on nouns).3. Three Persons (First, Second, Third) in each number

( 33 on pronouns).4. Three Moods : marking the mode in which the action is

viewed :Indicative : as amo, / love.Subjunctive : as amem, I be loving or / love.Imperative : as ama, love thou.

5. Six Tenses (in the Indicative mood, active voice) :marking the time when the action is performed :Incomplete action.

Present : as amo, / am loving or / love.Future : as amabo, / shall love.Imperfect: as amabam, I was loving.

Completed action.Perfect : as amavi, / have loved or / loved.Future Perfect : as amavero, / shall have loved.Pluperfect : as amaveram, 7 had loved.

6. Four Verbal Forms :Infinitive : as amare, to love.Participle : as amans, loving.Gerund and Gerundive : as amandum, loving; amandus,

to be loved.Supine : as amatum, to love (after a verb of motion).


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VERBS. 49

46. DEPONENT VERBS.Verbs which have no active voice, but are active in

meaning, are called Deponents: as hortor, I exhort; morior,I die.

47. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS.

The verb has three stems, the Present, Perfect, and Supinestem, from which all other parts are formed.Verbs are commonly divided according to their form into

four classes, called conjugations.The first conjugation contains all verbs whose presentstem ends in -a : as amo, / love ; infin. ama-re.The second conjugation contains all verbs whose presentstem ends in -e : as moneo, / advise ; infin. mone-re.The third conjugation contains all verbs whose present

stem ends in a consonant, or in -u or in -i (short), asrego, I rule ; infin. reg-ere.tribu-o, / assign ; infin. tribu-ere.capio, / fake ; infin. cap-ere.

The fourth conjugation contains all verbs whose presentstem ends in I (long) : as audi-o, / hear ; infin. audi-re.

48. CONJUGATION OF VERBS.First conjugation. Ex. amo, I love.Second conjugation. Ex. moneo, / advise.Third conjugation. Ex. rego, / rule.Fourth conjugation. Ex. audio, / hear.

E


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CONJUGATION OF

A o?I o;* -i

^ _ _rt a a flO H 5rt |Q IQ

"f -f>o3 >0M 4242*- rt 42

OQ 03*r .A

9 9g g1

HWgH


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REGULAR VERBS.

2555rt fl fl d

i

isH o


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43 43 -M -Pg 1 1 1

CONJUGATION OF

S!8SXD6 o o

5 .3 ?< -f S 5

OQ CO 00 00yrt -rf -H -M^L 4i -M ^ >o o o o4i 4L -i ^

^39- a a a a

,i is its is11!,000)* ^>o o oi i i>0

H J

O O*So o o o4, J. J. J.

s g

H "5ISt'SI

.UBJUNCTIVE


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REGULAR VERBS. 535SJ. J. ^fl fl fl 5=1O Q O O

M**s 5JS fC

3rtd rt a111 A j A.jj-^ >rn .,_( .Ha a a a,o o o o

r

sag SSaaaO O Qi i i

>0^ *^- ^


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54 CONJUGATION OF

I

iXD

s


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REGULAR VERBS. 55

H

COc/3 -Z


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CONJUGATION OFn sA ?a

* fi " 7

I 1>ii-s A

Nuo> asg y i iI

> i i i i ^. i i i i>PX> g >3X>i " J ' .^4 r* Jj ' _' ,J^| i 1

** 3 |ll^U> P


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REGULAR VERBS. 57

I

^I

t

if


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CONJUGATION OF


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REGULAR VERBS. 59

CQ CQ 73 GQ

X3 3 j-l S

4


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60 VERBAL NOUN-FORMS.53. Infinitive.

The Future Infinitive Active is composed of the futureparticiple active and the present infinitive of sum, / am.When a verb -has no future the future infinitive is formed byfore ut, as

dlco fore ut pluat, / say that it will rain.The Future Infinitive Passive is composed of the supine

and the present infinitive passive of eo, I go*. When a verbhas no supine the future infinitive passive is formed by foreut, as

dlco fore ut urgeatiir, / say that he will be pushed.54. Participles.

The Present Participle Active is declined like an adjectivewith stem ending in -nti.The Future Participle Active is declined like an adjectivewith stem ending in -o.There is no Perfect Participle Active.

Present Participle Passive.Future Participle Passive.The Perfect Participle Passive is declined like an adjective

with stem ending in -o.55. The Gerund is a verbal substantive with stem end-

ing in -ndo. It is used in ace., gen., dat, and abl. singular.56. The Gerundive is a verbal adjective with stem ending

in -ndo. It is used in the singular and plural.57. The Supines are the accusative and ablative cases

of a verb-noun of the 4th Declension (stems ending in -u).* In the expression amatum In the supine is active and may be fol-

lowed by an accusative ; m is used impersonally, it is being gone, i.e.there is a going. Hence, for example, the phrase dlco n5s amatum Inmeans, I say that there is a going towards loving us.


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VERBS WITH -I STEMS. 6l

INFLEXIONS OF DEPONENT VERBS.58. Deponent verbs have the following forms:

(1) Of the Passive voice: all except the future infinitive(e. g. amatum iri).

(2) Of the Active voice : Participle Present.Future.

Infinitive Future.(3) Gerund, Gerundive, Supine.

VERBS WITH i STEMS.59. The following words have the present stem ending

in -i, which falls out before -1 or -er in inflexion. Theybelong to the 3rd Conjugation.

Capio, cupio, facio,take, desire, make,fodio, fiigio, jacio,dig, flee, cast,

pario, quatio, rapio, sapio,get, bring forth, shake, snatch, be wise.

Compounds of (-specie) and (-lacio)look, entice.

Deponents, gradior,step,

morior, patior,die, snjfer.

Note 41. 6rior, oriri, rise, and potior, potiri, be master, have thefollowing forms belonging to a present stem in -i :Indie. Pres. or-er-is, or-it-ur

pot-it-ur.Subj. Impf. or-er-et-iir

pot-er-et-ur, pot-er-em-ur, pot-er-ent-ur.


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62 CONJUGATION OFINFLEXIONS OF. VERBS WITH i STEMS.

60. Ex. cap-I-o, I take.ACTIVE VOICE.INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.PRESENT.


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VERBS WITH -I STEMS.

PASSIVE VOICE.INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.


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64 CONJUGATION OF

6i. INFLEXIONS OF THE VERB sum, I am.These tenses are formed from the roots es- and fu-.

SUBJUNCTIVE.NDICATIVE.


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IRREGULAR VERBS.

INDICATIVE.PERFECT, / have been, or / was.

Singular i23

Plural i23

COMPLETED FUTURE, / shall have been.Singular i fu-er-o

fu-ifu-is-tifu-itfu-im-iisfu-is-ti-sfu-er-unt or fu-er-e.

Plural

fu-er-isfu-er-itfu-er-im-iisfu-er-it-isfu-er-int.

PLUPERFECT, / had been.Singular i fu-er-am

2


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66 CONJUGATION OF

IRREGULAR VERBS.

62. Possum, I can, compounded of pote sum.Present Stem.


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IRREGULAR VERBS.

The present stem is like that of sum; the perfect stemis potu-.

Perfect Stem.INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

PERFECT, / could, or / have been able to.Singular i


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68 CONJUGATION OF

i 11 >O iO icJ> c gSP

111

C ICtJS

I ??

DO CO DQ*r ? ?4 &


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 69


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CONJUGATION OF64. Eo, Igo (stem i-), is thus declined :

Present Stem.

INDICATIVE.PRESENT, I am going, or I go.

Singular i e-o

Plural

IBitIm-iisIt-ise-unt.

FUTURE, I shall go.Singular i ib-o

2 ib-is3 ib-it

Plural i ib-im-iis2 ib-it-is3 ib-unt.

IMPERFECT, / was going.Singular i ib-am

2 ib-as3 ib-at

Plural i ib-am-us2 ib-at-is3 ib-ant.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

e-ame-ase-ate-am-iise-at-ise-ant.

Ir-emir-es

ir-em-usir-et-Isir-ent.

PRESENT, go.Sing. 2Plur. 2 It-e.

INFINITIVE PRESENTPARTICIPLE PRESENTGERUND

IMPERATIVE.FUTURE, thou shall go.

Sing. 2 & 3 It-oPlur. 2 It-6t-e3 e-unt-o.

ir-e.i-ens, ace. e-nnte-m.e-undu-m.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 71

Perfect Stem.INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.

PERFECT, I have gone, or I went.Singular i i-i i-dr-im

2 is-ti i-er-is3 i-it or it i-er-it

Plural i2 is-ti-s3 i-er-unt.

COMPLETED FUTURE, / shall have gone.Singular i I-er-o

2 i-er-is3 i-er-it.

PLUPERFECT, I had gone.Singular i is-sem

2 is-ses3 i-er-at is-set

Plural i is-sem-us23 i-er-ant. is-sent.

INFINITIVE PERFECT i-is-se or is-se. FUTURE It-uru-s esse.PARTICIPLE FUTURE It-urii-s.


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CONJUGATION OF65. Fio, 1 become (stem fi-), is thus declined :

It is used as the passive of facio, / make.INDICATIVE.

PRESENT, / am becoming.Singular i


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 7366. Edo, / eaf, is thus declined in the present stem (see

72):INDICATIVE.

PRESENT, I am eating, or I eat.Sing, i ed-o

2 ed-is or e-s3 ed-it es-t

Plur. i ed-im-iis2 ed -it-is es-t-is3 ed-unt.

FUTURE, / shall eat.Sing, i ed-am

2

SUBJUNCTIVE.

ed-amed-ased-ated-am-iised-at-ised-ant.

or ed-imed-ised-ited-im-iised-it-ised-int.

3Plur. i

23

ed-esed-eted-em-used-et-ised-ent.

IMPERFECT, / was eating.Sing, i ed-eb-am

2 ed-eb-as3 ed-eb-at

Plur. i ed-eb-am-iis2 ed-eb-at-is3 ed-eb-ant.


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74 CONJUGATION OF67. Fero, I bear, is thus inflected in the present stem:

PRESENT, I bear.Singular i

23

Plural i23

ACTIVE VOICE.INDICATIVE.

fer-ofer-sfer-tfer-im-usfer-t-isfer-unt.

FUTURE, / shall bear.Singular i fer-am

2 fer-es3 fer-et

Plural i fer-em-iis2 fer-et-is3 fer-ent.

IMPERFECT, / was bearing.Singular i fer-eb-am

2 fer-eb-as3 fer-eb-at

Plural i fer-eb-am-us2 fer-eb-at-is3 fer-eb-ant.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

fer-amfer-asfer-atfer-am-iisfer-at-isfer-ant.

fer-r-emfer-r-esfer-r-etfer-r-em-iisfer-r-et-isfer-r-ent.

PRESENT, bear.Sing. 2 ferPlur. 2 fer-t-e.

INFINITIVE PRESENTPARTICIPLE PRESENTGERUND

IMPERATIVE.FUTURE, thou shall bear.

Sing. 2 & 3 fer-t-oPlur. 2 fer-t-6t-e

3 fer-unt-o.fer-r-e.fer-ens.fer-endu-m.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 75

PASSIVE VOICE.


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CONJUGATION OF

DEFECTIVE VERBS.68. Aio, / say ; fatur, he speaks ; inquam, quoth /, arethus inflected :

INDICATIVE.PRESENT.

Sing, i aj-o2 a-Is3 a-it

Plur. 3 aj-unt.IMPERFECT.

Sing, i23

Plur. i

aj -eb-amaj-eb-asaj-eb-ataj-eb-am-iisaj -eb-at-is

3 aj -eb-ant.

INDICATIVE PRESENT.Sing. 3 fat-ur.

INDICATIVE FUTURE.Sing, i fab-6r

3 fab-it-iir.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

aj-asaj-at.

PERFECT.Sing. 3 fa-tu-s est.

IMPERATIVE PRESENTINFINITIVE PRESENTPARTICIPLE PRESENTGERUNDGERUNDIVESUPINE

Sing.

fante-m (ace.)fandi, fando.fandii-s.

INDICATIVE PLUPERFECT.Sing, i fa-tu-s eram

3 fa-tu-s erat.far-e.far-i.

PERFECT fa-tu-s.

fa-tu.


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DEFECTIVE VERBS. 77INDICATIVE PRESENT.

Sing, i inqua-m2 inqu-is3 inqu-it

Plur. i inqu-im-iis3 inqu-i-unt.

INDICATIVE FUTURE.Sing. 2 inqu-i-es

3 inqu-i-et.INDICATIVE IMPERFECT.

Sing. 3 inqu-1-eb-at.

IMPERATIVE PRESENT.Sing. 2 inqu-ePlur. 2 inqu-it-e.

PERFECT.Sing, i inqui-i

2 inqui-s-ti3 inqul-t.

FUTURE.Sing. 2 & 3 inqu-it-o.

69. The verbs coepi, / begin, or I have begun; memfoi,/ remember ; odi, I hate, are only found in the perfect andtenses formed from the perfect stem.

But IMPERATIVE, Sing. 2 mementoPlur. 2 mementot-e.


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78 IMPERSONAL VERBS.

IMPERSONAL VERBS.70. The following verbs are only used in the third

person singular. They belong to the second conjugation.libet, licet, miseret,

it is pleasing, if is permitted, it moves to pity,oportet, piget, poemtet,it behoves, it vexes, it repents,also pudet, and taedet,

it shames, it wearies.

These verbs are called impersonal because they have nopersonal subject.

7 1. Other verbs are used both impersonally and per-sonally, as

fit, accedit, acddit,it comes to pass, it is added, it happens,

juvat, liquet, convenit,it delights, it is clear, it is suitable,

placet, decet, dedecet,it is pleasing, it becomes, it misbecomes.


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LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 79

72. LIST OF VERBS WITH PRESENT INFINITIVE,PERFECT INDICATIVE, AND SUPINE.

In the following verbs, wherever the supine is found, thefuture participle and those tenses of the passive voice whichare formed from the supine stem also occur. Where there isno supine, the future participle, if any occurs in Latin writers,is given below.

PresentIndicative.

PresentInfinitive.

acuo, sharpen acuereago, do, drive agerecogo, compel cogere

algeo, be cold algerealo, nourish alereapiscor,fasten to one- \ w

} apisciself, get f

adlpiscor, attain to adrpisciarceo, inclose, keep off arcereexerceo, exercise exercere

arcesso,/^, sendfor arcessereardeo, be on fire ardere

Future participle arsurus.arguo, charge with )> arguerecrime )audeo, dare audereausus sum, / have dared.

augeo, increase, endow augerebibo, drink biberecado,/a// cadereoccldo,/a// down occidere

PerfectIndicative.

acuiegicoegialsi.alui

arcui.exercuiarcessiviarsi.

argui

auxibibicecidioccidi

Supine.acutum.actum.coactum.

altum.

aptum.adeptum.

exercltum.arcessitum.

argutum.ausum.

auctum.

casum.occasum.


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8o LIST OFPresent

Indicative.Present

Infinitive.Perfect

Indicative.caedo, /*?//, cut, slay caedere cecldioccido, kill occidere occldi

-cando, light, only in compounds, asaccendo, kindle

cano, singcapesso, undertakecarpo, pluckcaveo, bewarecedo, yield upcenseo, countcerno, sift, seecieo, stir upconcio, excite

cingo, girdclaudo, shutconclude, shut up

colo, tillcoepio, beginconsulo, consult

coquo, cookcrepo, rattlecresco, growciibo, lie

accenderecanerecapesserecarperecaverecederecenserecernereclereconcirecingereclaudereconcluderecolerecoepereconsulerecoquerecreperecrescereciibare

accendiceclnicapessivicarpsicavicessicensuicreviciviconcivicinxiclausiconclusicoluicoepiconsuluicoxicrepuicreviciibui

-cumbo, liet only in compounds, asaccumbo, recline accumbere accubui

cuperecurrereaccurreredicerediscere

cupio, desirecurro, runaccurro, run up

dico, saydisco, learnedisco, learn by heart ediscere

cupivicucurriaccurridixididici.edldici.

Supine.caesum.occlsum.

accensum.

capessitum.carptum.cautum.cessum.censum.cretum.citum.concitum.cinctum.clausum.conclusum.cultum.coeptum.consultum.coctum.crepitum.cretum.cubitum.

acciibitum.ciipltum.cursum.accursum.dictum.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 8lPresent

Indicative.Present

Infinitive.Perfect

Indicative.

divide, divide dlvidere dlvisido, give dare dedi(1) circumdo,surround circumdare circumdedi(2) credo,entrustRelieve credere credidi

Supine.divisum.datum.circumdatum.creditum.

So reddo, give back ; vendo, sell, and compounds of do andprepositions of one syllable as edo, giveforth, utter.

doceo, teach docere


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LIST OFPresent

Indicative.Present

Infinitive.Perfect

Indicative.

-fendo, strike, only in compounds, asdefendo, ward off,

guard defendere defend!

Supine.

defensum.ferio, strike ferire (percuss!) (percussum).

Perfect and supine from percutio.fero, bring ferre (tuli) (latum).

Perfect and supine from tollo.affero, bring to afferre attuli allatum.aufero, carry off auferre abstuli ablatum.differo, disperse, put \ .r \ differre distuli dilatum.

offoffero, bring beforerefero, bring backsuffero, bear, endure

ferveo, boil, glow .fervo, fervere is also used,

fido, trust fiderefisus sum, / have trusted.

flgo, fix figerefio, become fieri,findo, cleave finderefingo,form, invent fingerefleo, weep flereflecto, bend flectere

offerre


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IRREGULAR VERBS.Present Present


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84 LIST OFPresent

Indicative.Present

Infinitive.Perfect

Indicative. Supine.

juvo, help, delight juvare juvi jutum.Future participle, juvaturus ; adjuvo has adjuturus.

labor, slip, glide labi


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IRREGULAR VERBS.Present

Indicative.luceo, be light, beamludo, sportluo, pay, expiatediluo, wash away

lugeo, mourn, trans,-meniscor, only in compounds.memmi, 1rremember, \

perfect with pre- > merrimisse.sent meaning . J

commlniscor, devise comminiscimaneo, remain, await manere

PresentInfinitive.


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86 LIST OFPresent Present

indicative. Infinitive.


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IRREGULAR VERBS.Present Present


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88 LIST OFPresent

Indicative.Present

Infinitive.

operio, cover operire

opperior, waitfor opperiri

peto, seek, aim at petere

piget, it vexes plgere

pingo, paint pingereplango, beat (esp. the ). / plangerebreast, in grief) J

plaudo clap (the) rehands) J(1) applaudo, applaud applaudere(2) explode, hiss off explodere

-plecto, twine, only in compoundsamplector, embrace amplecti

-pleo}J///, only in compounds, ascompleo, fillfull complere

plico,/0A/ plicareusually in compounds, asapplico, apply

pluo, rain

pono, placeposco, demandexposco, imploreSo other compounds,

possum, be able possepotior, be master (gen.

and abl.)

InSe.opemi opertum.

( oppertum.( opperitum.

( petivi }Ipetn } petltum '( plguit( pigltum est.pinxi pictum.planxi planctum.

plausi plausum.applausi applausum.explosi explosum.

(except plexus), asamplexum.

complevi completum.plicatum.

applicare.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 89Present Present


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9o LIST OFPresent


103/136

IRREGULAR VERBS.Present Present Perfect

Indicative. Infinitive. Indicative.


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LIST OFPresent


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 93Present Present


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94 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.Present

Indicative.


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ADVERBS. 95

ADVERBS.74. Adverbs are indeclinable words, formed from nouns

and pronouns (of which they were originally cases).

75. I. ADVERBS FORMED FROM NOUNS.Those ending in

e and o are formed from adjectives with -o stems, asdigne, worthily ; bene, well.certo, certainly ; clto, quickly.

ter, chiefly from adjectives and participles with -i stems, asfeliciter, happily ; amanter, lovingly.

im, chiefly from past participles, assensim, gradually ; minutim, in small pieces.tiis, chiefly from substantives, as

fundi-tus,//^/?* the bottom; divmi-tus,from the gods.76. The neuter of adjectives is sometimes used ad-

verbially, asmultum, much ; ladle, easily.

77. Degrees of adverbs.The comparative is formed like the neuter of the com-

parative adjective.The superlative is formed like the neuter of the superla-

tive adjective.Note also,

saepe, often ; saeplus ; saepissrme.diu,/or long; diurfus; diutissime.nuper, lately ; nuperrime.


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ADVERBS.

78. II. ADVERBS FORMED FROM PRONOUNS.Adverbs of place. The following are pronominal adverbs

of place, ending inhue, istuc, illuc,hither, to your place, to that

place.hinc, istinc, illinc,hence, from your from that

place, place.

hie, istic, illic,here, there (where there (whereyou are), he is).

hac, istac, iliac,

6, quo,


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CONJUNCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS. 97

CONJUNCTIONS.80. Conjunctions are indeclinable words, connecting

names, sentences, or parts of sentences.They are often called co-ordinating conjunctions.Of these, et, -que, atque, ac, meaning and, are called

copulative, because they connect the meaning of words orsentences; sed, verum, autem, at, meaning but, are calledadversative, because they contrast the meaning; aut, vel, ve,meaning or, are called disjunctive, because they disconnectthe meaning.

PREPOSITIONS.8 1. The following words are used as prepositions with

the accusative case :ante


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98 PREPOSITIONS.82. The following are used both with the accusative

(which generally implies motion), and with the ablative (whichgenerally implies rest) :

super subter, sub and Inabove under into; in.

83. The following are used as prepositions with theablative :

a, ab coram cum and defrom in presence of with downfrompalam prociil pro and prae

in presence of far from before in front ofsimul sine tenus e

together with without reaching to out of.

84. the following (which are really cases of substantives)are used as prepositions with the genitive :

causa, gratia ergo instar tenusfor the sake of on account of like to reaching to.

Note 44. Of these words ergo, tenus, versus are always placedafter their substantives; cum after personal, and often after relativepronouns, as mecum, quicum.

Note 45. Many of these words are also used as adverbs ; the followingonly as prepositions, that is to say with a substantive dependent on them :

the monosyllables, also apud, ergo, inter, penes, sine, tenus.


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GREEK NOUNS. 99

APPENDICES.APPENDIX I.

LATIN DECLENSION OF.GREEK NOUNS.Of the words adopted from the Greek, some (like poeta)were declined throughout like Latin nouns, others retainedmany Greek forms. They are found belonging to the first,second, and third declensions of Latin nouns.

FIRST DECLENSION.Stems in -a.

Examples: poeta, m. poet, (TTOWJT??-); Electra, f. ('Hecate, f.m. Anchises,

Nom.Voc.Ace.Gen.DatAbl.

poeta

Aenea-, m. Aeneas, (Au/a-); Anchise-,

Singular.Electra Hecate and Hecata

poeta-mpoetaepoetaepoeta.

Electra-n Hecate-nHecate-sHecateHecate

Hecata-m

Hecata.Plural, like the first declension of Latin nouns.

Obs. i . In words like Hecate we also find all the inflexions of theFirst (Latin) declension. Vergil and Horace prefer the Latin forms ;the Greek were used by and after Ovid. (fl. A.D. 9).

H 2


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TOO LATIN DECLENSIONSingular.

Nom. Aenea-s Anchises and AnchisaVoc. Aenea Anchise AnchisaAce. Aenea-n and Aenea-m Anchise-nGen. Aeneae AnchisaeDat. Aeneae AnchisaeAbl. Aenea. Anchise Anchisa.

SECOND DECLENSION.I. Stems in -6 (Greek second declension in -o).

Examples: Delo-, f. Delos (A^Xo-); Pelio-, n. Pelion,Singular,Nom. Del6s XT TT A ) -n-^vN.V.A. \ Peh6-nVoc. Dele J

Ace. Del6-n and Delu-mGen. Deli Gen. PeliiDat. Abl. Delo. Dat. Abl. Pelio.

II. Stems in -6 (Greek second declension in -co).Examples : Atho-, m. Athos (*A0a>-) ; Androgeo-, m, Andro-

geos ('Ai/dpo-yfco-). Singular.Nom. Voc. Atho-sAce. Atho-n and AthoDat. Abl. Atho.

Singular.Nom. Androgeo-sGen. Androgeo and Androgei.

Obs. 2. Patronymics in -des always follow the first declension,other names in -ides and -ades belong to the third (e. g. Tydides,son o/Tydeus, ace. Tydiden; but Alcibiades, ace. Alcibiadem).


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OF GREEK NOUNS. IOI

THIRD DECLENSION.I. Stems in -o, -eu, -y.

Stems in -o. Examples : hero-, m. hero (17/30)-) ; Dido-, f.t&o-).

Singular.Nom. Voc. hero-sAce. hero-aGen. hero-isDat. hero-iAbl. hero-e.

PluralNom. Voc. hero-esAce. hero-asGen. hero-umDat. Abl. hero-isin hero-ibiis.

Singular.Nom. Voc.A I Dld5Acc. JGen. Didus.

Obs. 3. Forms from stems in -on (as Dido, Didonis) are found inearly poets and later writers. Vergil only uses the nom., voc., and ace.of Dido, employing the synonym Elissa for the other cases.


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102 LATIN DECLENSIONStems in -y. Ex. : Tethy-, f. Tethys (Tr)6v-).

Singular.Norn. Tethy-sVoc. TethyAce. Tethy-nGen. Tetby-6sDat. Tethy-iAbl. Tethy-e.

Stems in -eu partly retain the forms of the Greek thirddeclension, partly adopt those of the Latin second declension.Ex. : Orpheu-, m. Orpheus ('Opfav) ; Perseu-, m. Perseus

Singular.Nom. Orpheu-sVoc. OrpheuAce. OrpheaGen. Orphe6-sDat. Orphei, Orphei.Abl.

Singular.Nom. Perseu-sVoc. PerseuAce. PerseaGen. Perse6-sDat. Persi.Abl.

OrpheumOrpheiOrpheoOrpheo.

PerseumPerseiPersiaPersia.

Obs. 4. For the name of the Macedonian king Perseus, Livy uses theforms given above, Cicero those of an -a or -e.

Stem. Nom. Pers e-sAce. Perse-nGen. Dat. PersaeAbl. Perse and Pers a (cf. Anchises, p. 100).


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OF GREEK NOUNS. 103II. Stems in -e and -i.

Stems in -e (Gk. elided 2 stems). Ex. : Demosthene-, m.Demosthenes

Singular.Nom. Voc. Demosthene-sAce. Demosthene-n Demosthene-mGen. Demosthen-e Demostheni-sDat DemostheniAbl. Demosthene.

Stems in -i, chiefly feminine. Ex. : Charybdi-, f. CharybdisSingular.

Nom. Voc. Charybdi-sAce. Charybdi-m Charybdi-nGen. Charybdi-sDat. Abl. Charybdi.

III. Consonant Stems.Labial. Ex. : Cyclop-, m. Cyclops (Ku/cXwar-), Guttural.

Ex. : Styg-, f. Styx (s?-).Singular.

Nom. Voc. Cyclop-sAce. Cyclop -aGen. Cyclop -is.Plural

Nom. Voc. Cyclop-esAce. Cyclop -asGen. Cyclop-um.

Singular.Nom. Voc. StyxAce. Styg-aGen. Styg-6s Styg-is.


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104 LATIN DECLENSIONDental stems in -t. Ex. : poemat-, n. poem

Thalet-, m. Thales (eaX^r-) ; elephant-, m. elephan

Singular.Nom. Ace. poemaGen. poemat -is.

Plural.Nom. Ace. poemat-aGen. poemat-urnDat. Abl. poemat-is.

Singular.Nom. Voc. ThalesAce. Thalet-aGen. Thalet-isDat. Thalet -iAbl. Thalete.

Nom. Voc.Ace.Gen.Dat.Abl.

Singular.elephaselephant -aelephant -oselephant-Ielephante.

PluraLNom. Voc. elephant-esAce. elephant-asGen. elephant-umDat. Abl. elephant-ibiis.

Thalet-em

elephanselephant-emelephant -is

Obs. 5. Thales and Chremes are also declined as -e stems (cf. p. 103).Obs. 6. Besides elephas we find nom. elephantus, gen. elephanti, ace,

plur. elephantos, from an -o stem (Latin second declension).


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OF GREEK NOUNS. 1 05Stems in -ad. All feminine. Ex.: lampad-, f. torch

Singular.Nom. Voc. lampa-sAce. lampad-aGen. lampad-os lampad-isDat. lampad -iAbl. lampad -e.

Plural.Nom. Voc. lampad-esAce. lampad -as.

Stems in -id. Of these stems some have ace. sing, in-Ida or -idem, others reject the stem consonant, and haveace. in -in or -im, abl. in -i. Ex. : Laid-, f. LaisParid-, m. Paris (n.api-).

Singular.Nom.


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106Stems in -n.

Platon-, m. Plato

LATIN DECLENSIONEx. : Gorgon-, m. Gorgon


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OF GREEK NOUNS. 1OJStems in -r. Ex. : aether-, m. pure air (ai%>-) ; crater-,

m. mixing bowl


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w

.-I Ig S Sg-.s,!al|f Iif?5 4J 2ll

*JW '5 8-

CARDINA nswering

qnot

?

oiavay

ifl

s;prior,

tfIwd]

dus

;altej

1313^1 sjfgfllMs ^ o '-g g -I t5 DH'^ S >G "2 5S t! c^- ^^-id) 7! 3 ^ nt ** O 'O )il) C P 7^ TS 01 cr

O M


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en


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IhJI

u? . ^


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nongentiens

no-

nagiensnoviens.

milliens.


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112 FRACTIONS OF NUMBERS.2. FRACTIONS.

(1) Fractions with numerator i:\,

dimidia pars ; dimidiumJ, tertia ; tertia pars^, quarta ; quarta pars.

(2) Fractions with numerator less by one than denomi-nator :

|, duae partes|,

tres partes^, quattuor partes.

(3) Fractions with denominator 1 2 or its multiples :~2, unci-a, gen. -ao (fern.) T^, septunx-& = ^ sextan-s, gen. -tis ra = f> b s > gen - bessis

(masc.) (masc.)J^Y = }> quadran-s T% = i ^, dodran-s (do-quadrans)^ = 1, trien-s If = J i? dextan-s (de-

sextans)^, quincun-x, gen. -cis ^ = i y1^, deunx

(masc.)

^ = i semis gen. semissis i = as, gen. assis '(masc.).(masc.)(4) Other fractions :

i, quattuor septimae ^, pars tertia et nona|f, septem nonae ^Y, pars tertia et septima.

(5) Mixed numbers :2 J, semis tertius (sestertius) 3^, quadrans quartus.

Obs. ii. The unit was taken from as libralis, the name of theearliest Roman coin, which was supposed to weigh a pound of 12ounces (unciae). The names of its parts were taken to denotefractions.


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FEARS AND MONTHS. 113

APPENDIX III.THE ROMAN METHOD OF RECKONING TIME.

The Year.The Romans in referring to a past year frequently dis-

tinguished it by the name of the consuls who held office atthe time, and as being so many years before the beginningof some great war.As we date a year from that commonly assigned to thebirth of Christ, the Romans reckoned from the founding ofRome, which was supposed to have taken place in the year

called by us B.C. 753. Therefore the year B.C. 751 wouldbe known by them as annus urbis conditae tertius orA.U.C. in. It must be remembered that the Romans includedthe year, month, day, etc., from which they counted, so thatwhat we should call 2 years after 753, they counted as 3.In order therefore to find the year B. c. of any Roman dateA.U.C., subtract the number given from 754, adding i for the .inclusive reckoning. The same method will give the yearA.U.C. of any date B.C. ; e. g.

A.U.C. 710 = B.C. (7.54-710) -= B.C. 44.B.C. 44 = A.U.C. (754-44) = A.U.C. 710.

The lustrum was a period either of four or five years.The Months.

The Roman year originally contained ten, afterwardstwelve months, beginning with March.. These were calledmensis Martius (the month ofMars, the god of war), Aprflis(of sprouting, rt. aperi-, to open), Maius (ofgrowing, rt. mag.),Junius (of thriving, rt. juv.), Quintilis, Sexrllis, September,October, November, December (the fifth, sixth, seventh,eighth, ninth, and tenth months of the year), Januarius (ofopening farm labours, rt. Jan.), Februarlus (of cleansing, rt.ferv.). After B.C. 153 the year was considered to begin withJanuary. The name Quintilis was changed to Julius in


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114 ROMAN METHOD OFB.C. 44 in honour of Caius Julius Caesar, whose birthday fellin that month; Sextilis became Augustus in B.C. 8, to cele-brate the triumphs, etc., of the first emperor.Before the reformation of the calendar by Julius Caesar(B.C. 46) the months March, May, July (then called Quintilis),and October contained 31 days, February 28, and the rest 29.To this year of 355 days an intercalary month (mensisintercalaris, but called by Greek writers Mercedonius, thelabour month) of 22 or 23 days was added every other year,probably after the 23rd of February.The calendar as reformed by Julius Caesar containedmonths of the same length as ours. Every fourth year the2 4th of February was reckoned twice, which was equivalentto our 2 Qth of February in leap-year.The month both before and after B.C. 46 was divided into\veeks, the first beginning on the first day or Calendae(proclamation day), on which the length of the first week wasin early days proclaimed to the people. The second week,of 8, or, according to Roman reckoning, 9 days, began onthe Nonae, which fell on the 5th of eight months in theyear, on the 7th of March, May, July, October, becausethey originally contained 31 days. The third week beganon the Idus (so called perhaps from (div-)ido, the divisionof the month, or from rt. id, to shine, the day of the full-moon) which fell on the 131)1 or i5th according as theNones fell on the 5th or 7th.The intervening days were reckoned backwards from these,the days between the Calends and the Nones as so many

before the Nones, those between the Nones and the Ides asso many before the Ides, those following the Ides as somany before the Calends of the next month.The day immediately preceding each of these three wascalled pridie (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), that next before antediem tertium (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), or a. d. Ill Won.Id. Kal, and so on. This expression was considered as oneword and might have a preposition before it, e. g. differrealiquid in ante diem XV Calendas Wovembres, to put off

Obs. 1 2. The first day of the fourth week was perhaps called nundlnae,nine days, and began 9 days before the end of the month.


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RECKONING TIME. 115something to the i%th of October. As for the construction,ante seems to govern Calendas Novembres, the ordinalnumbers being attracted from the ablative (e. g. quindecimodie) and inserted between the preposition and its noun.The days of intercalary months were denoted in the sameway, the first day being called calendae intercalates, fromwhich the days between the Ides and the 23rd of Februarywere reckoned backwards.

After Caesar's reform, every fourth year the 24th ofFebruary, or a. d. VI Kal. Mart, priorem, was followed bya. d. VI Kal. Mart, posteriorem. Hence arose the nameannus bissextus (or in later Latin bissextilis).

The Day.The civil day began at midnight and was marked out into

24 hours. The natural day began at sunrise and ended atsunset. It was marked out into twelve hours (horae) ofequal length, counted from sunrise. As in midwinter atRome the day is only 9 hours long, while at midsummerit is rather more than 15, the length of horae dependedupon the time of year, and varied from three-quarters of anhour to an hour and a quarter. The seventh hour (horaseptima) always began at midday.The night was divided for military purposes into fourwatches (vigilia prima, etc.) of equal length, beginning atsunset.

The following table gives the days of the months as theywere named after B.C. 45. Before that date, March, May,July, October were the same as in the table ; in all the othersour 1 4th would be a. d. XVII Kal., and so on, and Prid.Kal. would fall on our 2pth.

Kalendae, Nonae, Idus, are feminine ; the names of themonths adjectives agreeing with these ; the date (e. g. on theCalends, etc.) is in the ablative case (Kalendis, Nonis, Idibus) :a. d. IV Won. Jan. is for ante diem quartum NonasJanuarias.

I 2


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116 TABLE OF THE

IMV2 5^ .. i~H r5

73 73 73* 73rt rt rt rt

73 73 73 73* 73rt rt rt rt rt


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DAYS OF THE MONTH. 117

J '3 .j '3 3 "3 ._ '3 '* I KX rt k> h=H k> CT? K> M fcd

. ** M ^** HH W k> I-H t"HI-H . I"5"" |_J ?(-HHHI-H ^i ("K/'s/'K1>t?NK7kr^rKj^'i i "C?^?NX hHP>|>f>K> l-HI l^

. . . i . "**

a.g1s ^ ^ ^ *j>^ h "C u t: is

cj rt

^J- IOVO l^-OOP* N M N N

" ^ ^ ^ir^


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118 ROMAN MONEY.

X( IpwPHPH


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INTEREST ON MONEY. 119

2. INTEREST ON MONEY.After 451 B. c. the legal rate of interest wasUnciarium fenus, interest of one-twelfth (see p. 1 1 2 (3))= 8-^

per cent. As the year contained 10 months, this was pro-bably equivalent to 10 per cent, per annum.

After 8 1 B.C. the legal rate of interest wasCentensima pars sortis, one-hundredthpart ofthe whole= 1 2

per cent. Interest being at this time reckoned monthly, thiswas equivalent to 12 per cent, per annum.This rate was taken as the unit, and lower rates represented

by fractions, e.g.:Usurae unciae= T^ of centensimae usurae=i per cent,

per annum.Higher rates by distributives, e. g. :Binae centensimae^=huice one-hundredth=. 24 per cent, per

annum.Or by combinations of distributives and fractions, e. g. :Usurae centensimae et unciae=i3 per cent, per annum.O6s. 13. For the other fractions of centensima see p. no. They are

in the plural number, having usurae in apposition.


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