February 14ICAO Annex 14 Training Course1 Chapter 5 Visual Aids for Navigation.

Apr 10, 2023Apr 10, 2023 ICAO Annex 14 Training CourseICAO Annex 14 Training Course 11

Chapter 5Visual Aids for Navigation


Chapter 5 Visual Aids for Navigation5.15.1 Indicators and Signalling DevicesIndicators and Signalling Devices

LocationLocation

A wind direction indicator A wind direction indicator shall be located so as to be shall be located so as to be visible from aircraft in flight visible from aircraft in flight or on the movement area or on the movement area and in such a way as to be and in such a way as to be free from the effects of air free from the effects of air disturbances caused by disturbances caused by nearby objects.nearby objects.

Wind direction indicatorsWind direction indicators

ApplicationApplication

An aerodrome shall be equipped with at least one An aerodrome shall be equipped with at least one wind direction indicator.wind direction indicator.



Wind direction indicators (continued)Wind direction indicators (continued)

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Recommendations.— Recommendations.—

The location of at least one wind direction indicator The location of at least one wind direction indicator should be marked by a circular band 15 m in should be marked by a circular band 15 m in diameter and 1.2 m wide. diameter and 1.2 m wide.

The band should be centred about the wind direction The band should be centred about the wind direction indicator support and should be in a colour chosen to indicator support and should be in a colour chosen to give adequate conspicuity, preferably white.give adequate conspicuity, preferably white.

Provision should be made for illuminating at least Provision should be made for illuminating at least one wind indicator at an aerodrome intended for use one wind indicator at an aerodrome intended for use at night.at night.



Landing direction indicatorLanding direction indicator

LocationLocation

Where provided, a landing direction indicator shall be Where provided, a landing direction indicator shall be located in a conspicuous place on the aerodrome.located in a conspicuous place on the aerodrome.


Recommendation.— Recommendation.— The landing direction The landing direction indicator should be in the indicator should be in the form of a “T”.form of a “T”.



Landing direction indicatorLanding direction indicator


The shape and minimum dimensions of a landing “T” The shape and minimum dimensions of a landing “T” shall be as shown in Figure.shall be as shown in Figure.

The colour of the landing “T” shall be either white or The colour of the landing “T” shall be either white or orange, the choice being dependent on the colour that orange, the choice being dependent on the colour that contrasts best with the background against which the contrasts best with the background against which the indicator will be viewed.indicator will be viewed.

Where required for use at Where required for use at night the landing “T” shall night the landing “T” shall either be illuminated or either be illuminated or outlined by white lights.outlined by white lights.



Signalling lampSignalling lamp


A signalling lamp shall be provided at a controlled aerodrome in A signalling lamp shall be provided at a controlled aerodrome in the aerodrome control tower.the aerodrome control tower.


Recommendation.— Recommendation.— A A signalling lamp should be capable of signalling lamp should be capable of producing red, green and white signals, and of:producing red, green and white signals, and of:

a)a) being aimed manually at any target as required;being aimed manually at any target as required;

b)b) giving a signal in any one colour followed by a signal in giving a signal in any one colour followed by a signal in either of the either of the two other colours; andtwo other colours; and

c)c) transmitting a message in any one of the three colours by transmitting a message in any one of the three colours by Morse Code Morse Code up to a speed of at least four words per minute.up to a speed of at least four words per minute.




Meaning of Light and Pyrotechnic SignalsMeaning of Light and Pyrotechnic Signals

Signal Signal

Steady red light to aircraft or vehicle as indicated. Red flare from Steady red light to aircraft or vehicle as indicated. Red flare from tower or aircraft.tower or aircraft.

Meaning: Meaning: StopStop

Meaning: Meaning:

Immediate assistanceImmediate assistance

requiredrequired

Meaning: Meaning:

Do not land. Give Do not land. Give wayway

continue circling.continue circling.




Meaning of Light and Pyrotechnic SignalsMeaning of Light and Pyrotechnic Signals

Signal Signal

Steady green light to aircraft.Steady green light to aircraft.

Meaning: Meaning: Clear to take–Clear to take–offoff

Meaning: Meaning:

Clear to landClear to land



Signalling lampSignalling lampMeaning of Light and Pyrotechnic SignalsMeaning of Light and Pyrotechnic Signals

SignalsSignals

White flashes to aircraft or vehicle.White flashes to aircraft or vehicle.

Meaning: Meaning: Land here on receipt ofLand here on receipt of

steady green and await steady green and await

further instructions.further instructions.

Meaning: Meaning: Return to starting point onReturn to starting point on

the aerodrome.the aerodrome.


Chapter 5 Visual Aids for Navigation5.25.2 MarkingsMarkings

Colour and conspicuityColour and conspicuity

Runway markings shall be Runway markings shall be whitewhite..Notes.— Notes.—

1.1. On runway surfaces of light colour, the conspicuity of On runway surfaces of light colour, the conspicuity of white markings can be improved by outlining them in white markings can be improved by outlining them in black.black.

2.2. Markings may consist of solid areas or a series of Markings may consist of solid areas or a series of longitudinal stripes providing an effect equivalent to the longitudinal stripes providing an effect equivalent to the solid areas.solid areas.

Taxiway markings, runway turn pad markings and aircraft Taxiway markings, runway turn pad markings and aircraft stand markings shall be stand markings shall be yellow.yellow.

Apron safety lines shall be of a Apron safety lines shall be of a conspicuous colourconspicuous colour which which shall contrast with that used for aircraft stand markings.shall contrast with that used for aircraft stand markings.



Colour and conspicuityColour and conspicuity

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— At aerodromes where At aerodromes where operations take place at night, pavement operations take place at night, pavement markings should be made with reflective markings should be made with reflective materials designed to enhance the visibility of materials designed to enhance the visibility of the markings.the markings.

Unpaved taxiwaysUnpaved taxiwaysRecommendation.— Recommendation.— An unpaved taxiway An unpaved taxiway should be provided, so far as practicable, with should be provided, so far as practicable, with the markings prescribed for paved taxiways.the markings prescribed for paved taxiways.



Runway designation Runway designation markingmarking


A runway designation A runway designation marking shall be provided at marking shall be provided at the thresholds of a the thresholds of a paved paved runwayrunway..

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— A A runway designation marking runway designation marking should be provided, so far as should be provided, so far as practicable, at the thresholds practicable, at the thresholds of an of an unpaved runway.unpaved runway.

LocationLocation A runway designation A runway designation

marking shall be located marking shall be located at a threshold as shown at a threshold as shown in Figure.in Figure.



Runway designation marking (continued)Runway designation marking (continued)


A runway designation marking:A runway designation marking:

shall consist of a two-digit number indicating the magnetic heading shall consist of a two-digit number indicating the magnetic heading (azimuth) of the runway to the nearest 10 degrees when viewed (azimuth) of the runway to the nearest 10 degrees when viewed from the direction of approach; and from the direction of approach; and

on parallel runways shall be supplemented with a letter.on parallel runways shall be supplemented with a letter.

When the above rule would When the above rule would give a single digit number, it give a single digit number, it shall be preceded by a zero.shall be preceded by a zero.



Runway designation Runway designation marking (continued)marking (continued)

CharacteristicsCharacteristics The numbers and letters The numbers and letters

shall be in the form and shall be in the form and proportion shown in Figure.proportion shown in Figure.

The dimensions shall be not The dimensions shall be not less than those shown in less than those shown in Figure.Figure.

[Where the numbers are [Where the numbers are incorporated in the incorporated in the threshold marking, larger threshold marking, larger dimensions shall be used in dimensions shall be used in order to fill adequately the order to fill adequately the gap between the stripes of gap between the stripes of the threshold marking.]the threshold marking.]



Runway centre line markingRunway centre line marking

ApplicationApplication A runway centre line marking shall be provided on A runway centre line marking shall be provided on

a paved runway.a paved runway.

LocationLocation A runway centre line marking shall be located A runway centre line marking shall be located

along the centre line of the runway between the along the centre line of the runway between the runway designation markings as shown in Figure runway designation markings as shown in Figure 5-2, except when interrupted in compliance with 5-2, except when interrupted in compliance with 5.2.1.1.5.2.1.1.





A runway centre line A runway centre line marking shall consist of a marking shall consist of a line of uniformly spaced line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps.stripes and gaps.

The length of a stripe plus a The length of a stripe plus a gap shall be gap shall be not less than not less than 50 m50 m or or more than 75 mmore than 75 m..

The length of each stripe The length of each stripe shall be shall be at least equal to the at least equal to the length of the gap or 30 mlength of the gap or 30 m,,

whichever is greater.whichever is greater.



The width of the stripes The width of the stripes shall be not less than:shall be not less than:

—— 0.90 m0.90 m on on precision precision approach category II approach category II

and and III runways;III runways;

—— 0.45 m0.45 m on on non-non-precision precision approach approach runwaysrunways where where the the code number is 3 or code number is 3 or 4, and 4, and precision approach precision approach category I runwayscategory I runways; and; and



— — 0.30 m0.30 m on on non-precision approach runways where the code non-precision approach runways where the code number is 1 or 2number is 1 or 2, and on , and on non-instrument runwaysnon-instrument runways..



Threshold markingThreshold marking


A threshold marking shall be provided at the threshold of a A threshold marking shall be provided at the threshold of a paved instrument runway, and of a paved non-instrument paved instrument runway, and of a paved non-instrument runway where the code number is 3 or 4 and the runway is runway where the code number is 3 or 4 and the runway is intended for use by international commercial air transport.intended for use by international commercial air transport.

Recommendations.— Recommendations.— A A threshold marking should be provided at the threshold of threshold marking should be provided at the threshold of

a paved non-instrument runway where the code number is a paved non-instrument runway where the code number is 3 or 4 and the runway is intended for use by 3 or 4 and the runway is intended for use by other than other than international commercial air transport.international commercial air transport.

A A threshold marking should be provided, so far as threshold marking should be provided, so far as practicable, at the thresholds of an practicable, at the thresholds of an unpaved runwayunpaved runway..



Threshold marking (continued)Threshold marking (continued)

LocationLocationThe stripes of the threshold marking shall commence 6 m from the The stripes of the threshold marking shall commence 6 m from the threshold.threshold.

Characteristics Characteristics A runway threshold marking A runway threshold marking shall consist of a pattern of shall consist of a pattern of longitudinal stripes of uniform longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions disposed dimensions disposed symmetrically about the symmetrically about the centre line of a runway as centre line of a runway as shown in Figure (A) and (B) shown in Figure (A) and (B) for a runway width of 45 m.for a runway width of 45 m.



Runway widthRunway widthNumber Number

of of stripesstripes

18 m18 m 44

23 m23 m 66

30 m30 m 88

45 m45 m 1212

60 m60 m 1616


CharacteristicsCharacteristicsThe number of stripes shall be in accordance with the runway The number of stripes shall be in accordance with the runway width as follows:width as follows:

except that on non-precision approach and non-instrument except that on non-precision approach and non-instrument runways 45 m or greater in width, they may be as shown in runways 45 m or greater in width, they may be as shown in Figure (C)Figure (C) [optional pattern]. [optional pattern].




CharacteristicsCharacteristics The stripes shall extend laterally to within 3 m of the edge of a runway or to The stripes shall extend laterally to within 3 m of the edge of a runway or to

a distance of 27 m on either side of a runway centre line, whichever results a distance of 27 m on either side of a runway centre line, whichever results in the smaller lateral distance.in the smaller lateral distance.

Where a runway Where a runway designation marking isdesignation marking isplaced within a placed within a thresholdthresholdmarking there shall be marking there shall be a a minimum of three minimum of three stripesstripeson each side of the on each side of the centre line of the centre line of the runway.runway.





Where a runway designation marking is placed above a threshold Where a runway designation marking is placed above a threshold marking, the stripes shall be continued across the runway. marking, the stripes shall be continued across the runway.

The stripes shall be at least 30 m long and approximately 1.80 m wide The stripes shall be at least 30 m long and approximately 1.80 m wide with spacings of approximately 1.80 m between them.with spacings of approximately 1.80 m between them.





Where the stripes are continued across a runway, a double spacing shall Where the stripes are continued across a runway, a double spacing shall be used to separate the two stripes nearest the centre line of the runway.be used to separate the two stripes nearest the centre line of the runway.

In the case where In the case where the designation the designation marking is included marking is included within the threshold within the threshold marking this spacing marking this spacing shall be 22.5 m.shall be 22.5 m.



Threshold marking Threshold marking (continued)(continued)

Transverse stripeTransverse stripe

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— Where Where a threshold is displaced from a threshold is displaced from the extremity of a runway or the extremity of a runway or where the extremity of a where the extremity of a runway is not square with the runway is not square with the runway centre line, a runway centre line, a transverse stripe as shown in transverse stripe as shown in Figure (B) should be added to Figure (B) should be added to the threshold marking.the threshold marking.

A transverse stripe shall be A transverse stripe shall be not less than 1.80 m widenot less than 1.80 m wide..




ArrowsArrows

Where a runway Where a runway threshold is permanently threshold is permanently displaced, arrows displaced, arrows conforming to Figure (B) conforming to Figure (B) shall be provided on the shall be provided on the portion of the runway portion of the runway before the displaced before the displaced threshold.threshold.




ArrowsArrows

When a runway threshold is When a runway threshold is temporarily displaced from temporarily displaced from the normal position, it shall the normal position, it shall be marked as shown in be marked as shown in Figure (A) or (B) and all Figure (A) or (B) and all markings prior to the markings prior to the displaced threshold shall be displaced threshold shall be obscured except the runway obscured except the runway centre line marking, which centre line marking, which shall be converted to arrows.shall be converted to arrows.

Notes.— Notes.—

1)1) In the case where a threshold is temporarily displaced for only a short period of time, it has been found In the case where a threshold is temporarily displaced for only a short period of time, it has been found satisfactory to use markers in the form and colour of a displaced threshold marking rather than satisfactory to use markers in the form and colour of a displaced threshold marking rather than attempting to paint this marking on the runway.attempting to paint this marking on the runway.

2) 2) When the runway before a displaced threshold is unfit for the surface movement of aircraft, closed When the runway before a displaced threshold is unfit for the surface movement of aircraft, closed markings are required to be provided.markings are required to be provided.



Figure 8.3-9: Temporarily displaced Figure 8.3-9: Temporarily displaced threshold markings (more than 30 threshold markings (more than 30

days)days)

Figure 8.3-10: Temporarily displacedFigure 8.3-10: Temporarily displaced threshold markings (less than 30 days)threshold markings (less than 30 days)




Aiming point markingAiming point marking


An aiming point marking shall be provided at each approach An aiming point marking shall be provided at each approach end of a end of a paved instrument runwaypaved instrument runway where the code number is where the code number is 2, 3 or 4.2, 3 or 4.

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— An aiming point marking should be An aiming point marking should be provided at each approach end of:provided at each approach end of:

a)a) a paved non-instrument runwaya paved non-instrument runway where the code where the code number is 3 or 4,number is 3 or 4,

b)b) a paved instrument runwaya paved instrument runway where the code number is where the code number is 1, when additional conspicuity of the aiming point is 1, when additional conspicuity of the aiming point is desirable.desirable.



Aiming point marking (continued)Aiming point marking (continued)

LocationLocation The aiming point marking shall commence no closer to the threshold than the The aiming point marking shall commence no closer to the threshold than the

distance indicated in the appropriate column of Table.distance indicated in the appropriate column of Table.

On a runway equipped with a visual approach slope indicator system, the On a runway equipped with a visual approach slope indicator system, the beginning of the marking shall be coincident with the visual approach slope beginning of the marking shall be coincident with the visual approach slope origin.origin.

a.a. The greater dimensions of the specified ranges are intended to be used where The greater dimensions of the specified ranges are intended to be used where increased conspicuity increased conspicuity

is required.is required.

b.b. The lateral spacing may be varied within these limits to minimize the contamination The lateral spacing may be varied within these limits to minimize the contamination of the marking of the marking

by rubber deposits.by rubber deposits.

c.c. These figures were deduced by These figures were deduced by reference reference to the outer main gear wheel span which to the outer main gear wheel span which is element 2 of is element 2 of

the aerodrome reference code.the aerodrome reference code.



Aiming point marking Aiming point marking (continued)(continued)

LocationLocation An aiming point marking shall An aiming point marking shall

consist of two conspicuous consist of two conspicuous stripes. stripes.

The dimensions of the stripes The dimensions of the stripes and the lateral spacing between and the lateral spacing between their inner sides shall be in their inner sides shall be in accordance with the provisions of accordance with the provisions of the appropriate column of Table. the appropriate column of Table.

Where a touchdown zone Where a touchdown zone marking is provided, the lateral marking is provided, the lateral spacing between the markings spacing between the markings shall be the same as that of theshall be the same as that of the touchdown zone marking.touchdown zone marking.

Aiming point and Aiming point and touchdown zone touchdown zone markings for a runway markings for a runway with a length of 2 400 with a length of 2 400 m or morem or more



Touchdown zone markingTouchdown zone marking


A touchdown zone marking shall be provided in the A touchdown zone marking shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a paved precision approach runway touchdown zone of a paved precision approach runway where the code number is 2, 3 or 4.where the code number is 2, 3 or 4.

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— A A touchdown zone marking should touchdown zone marking should be provided in the touchdown zone of a paved non-be provided in the touchdown zone of a paved non-precision approach or non-instrument runway where the precision approach or non-instrument runway where the code number is 3 or 4 and additional conspicuity of the code number is 3 or 4 and additional conspicuity of the touchdown zone is desirable.touchdown zone is desirable.



Touchdown zone marking Touchdown zone marking (continued)(continued)

Location and characteristicsLocation and characteristics

A touchdown zone marking A touchdown zone marking shall consist of pairs of shall consist of pairs of rectangular markings rectangular markings symmetrically disposed about symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line.the runway centre line.

The marking is to be displayed The marking is to be displayed at both the approach at both the approach directions of a runway.directions of a runway.



Touchdown zone marking (continued)Touchdown zone marking (continued)


The number of pairs is related to the landing distance available.The number of pairs is related to the landing distance available.

Landing distance availableLanding distance available Pair(s)Pair(s)[or the distance between[or the distance between of of

thresholds]thresholds] markingsmarkings

less than 900 mless than 900 m 11

900 m up to but not900 m up to but not 22including 1 200 mincluding 1 200 m

1 200 m up to but not1 200 m up to but not 33including 1 500 m including 1 500 m

1 500 m up to but not1 500 m up to but not 44including 2 400 mincluding 2 400 m

2 400 m or more2 400 m or more 66



Touchdown zone markingTouchdown zone marking (continued)(continued)


A touchdown zone marking shall A touchdown zone marking shall conform to either of the two patterns conform to either of the two patterns shown in Figure.shown in Figure.

For the pattern shown in Figure (A), the For the pattern shown in Figure (A), the markings shall be not less than 22.5 m markings shall be not less than 22.5 m long and 3 m wide. long and 3 m wide.

For the pattern shown in Figure (B) For the pattern shown in Figure (B) each stripe of each marking shall be each stripe of each marking shall be not less than:not less than:

- 22.5 m long; and- 22.5 m long; and

- 1.8 m wide with a spacing of 1.5 m- 1.8 m wide with a spacing of 1.5 m

between adjacent stripes.between adjacent stripes.



Runway side stripe markingRunway side stripe marking


A runway side stripe marking shall be provided between the thresholds A runway side stripe marking shall be provided between the thresholds of a paved runway where there is a lack of contrast between the of a paved runway where there is a lack of contrast between the runway edges and the shoulders or the surrounding terrain.runway edges and the shoulders or the surrounding terrain.

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— A A runway side stripe marking should be runway side stripe marking should be provided on a precision approach runway irrespective of the provided on a precision approach runway irrespective of the contrast between the runway edges and the shoulders or the contrast between the runway edges and the shoulders or the surrounding terrain.surrounding terrain.



Runway side stripe marking (continued)Runway side stripe marking (continued)

LocationLocationRecommendations.—Recommendations.—

A A runway side stripe marking should consist of two stripes, one runway side stripe marking should consist of two stripes, one placed along each edge of the runway with the outer edge of placed along each edge of the runway with the outer edge of each stripe approximately on the edge of the runway, except each stripe approximately on the edge of the runway, except that, where the runway is greater than 60 m in width, the that, where the runway is greater than 60 m in width, the stripes should be located 30 m from the runway centre line.stripes should be located 30 m from the runway centre line.

Where a runway turn pad is provided, the runway side stripe Where a runway turn pad is provided, the runway side stripe marking should be continued between the runway and the marking should be continued between the runway and the runway turn pad.runway turn pad.

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendation.— Recommendation.— A A runway side stripe should have an runway side stripe should have an overall width of overall width of at least 0.9 mat least 0.9 m on runways 30 m or more in on runways 30 m or more in width and width and at least 0.45 mat least 0.45 m on narrower runways. on narrower runways.



Taxiway centre line markingTaxiway centre line marking


Taxiway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved Taxiway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved taxiway, taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facilityde-icing/anti-icing facility and apron where the and apron where the code number is 3 or 4 in such a way as to provide code number is 3 or 4 in such a way as to provide continuous guidance between the runway centre line and continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stands.aircraft stands.

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— Taxiway centre line marking Taxiway centre line marking should be provided on a paved taxiway, should be provided on a paved taxiway, de-icing/anti-de-icing/anti-icing facilityicing facility and apron where the code number is 1 or 2 and apron where the code number is 1 or 2 in such a way as to provide continuous guidance between in such a way as to provide continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stands.the runway centre line and aircraft stands.



Taxiway centreTaxiway centreline markingline marking



Taxiway centre line marking (continued)Taxiway centre line marking (continued)


Taxiway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved Taxiway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved runway when the runway is part of a standard taxi-route and:runway when the runway is part of a standard taxi-route and:

a)a) there is no runway centre line there is no runway centre line marking; ormarking; or

b) where the taxiway b) where the taxiway centrecentre

line is not coincident line is not coincident withwith

the runway centre line.the runway centre line.




LocationLocation

Recommendations.— Recommendations.— On a straight section of a On a straight section of a

taxiway the taxiway taxiway the taxiway centre line marking centre line marking should be located along should be located along the taxiway centre line. the taxiway centre line.

On a taxiway curve the On a taxiway curve the marking should continue marking should continue from the straight portion from the straight portion of the taxiway at a of the taxiway at a constant distance from constant distance from the outside edge of the the outside edge of the curve.curve.



Taxiway centre line marking (continued)Taxiway centre line marking (continued)LocationLocation

Recommendations.— Recommendations.— At At an intersection of a taxiway an intersection of a taxiway

with a runway where the taxiway with a runway where the taxiway serves as an exit from the serves as an exit from the runway, the taxiway centre line runway, the taxiway centre line marking should be curved into marking should be curved into the runway centre line marking the runway centre line marking as shown in Figure. as shown in Figure.

The taxiway centre line marking The taxiway centre line marking should be extended parallel to should be extended parallel to the runway centre line marking the runway centre line marking for a distance of for a distance of at least 60 mat least 60 m beyond the point of tangency beyond the point of tangency where the code number is 3 or 4, where the code number is 3 or 4, and for a distance of and for a distance of at least 30 at least 30 mm where the code number is 1 or where the code number is 1 or 2.2.




LocationLocation




LocationLocation

Recommendations.— Recommendations.— Where taxiway centre line Where taxiway centre line marking is provided on a runway , forming a part of a marking is provided on a runway , forming a part of a standard taxi route , the marking should be located on standard taxi route , the marking should be located on the centre line of the designated taxiway.the centre line of the designated taxiway.



Taxiway centre lineTaxiway centre linemarking (continued)marking (continued)


A taxiway centre line marking A taxiway centre line marking shall be shall be at least 15 cmat least 15 cm in in width and continuous in width and continuous in length except where it length except where it intersects with a runway-intersects with a runway-holding position marking or an holding position marking or an intermediate holding position intermediate holding position marking as shown in Figure.marking as shown in Figure.



Runway turn pad markingRunway turn pad marking

ApplicationApplication Where a runway turn pad is provided, a runway turn pad marking Where a runway turn pad is provided, a runway turn pad marking

shall be provided for continuous guidance to enable an aeroplane to shall be provided for continuous guidance to enable an aeroplane to complete a 180-degree turn and align with the runway centre line.complete a 180-degree turn and align with the runway centre line.



Runway turn pad markingRunway turn pad marking




Runway turn pad marking (continued)Runway turn pad marking (continued)

LocationLocationRecommendations.— Recommendations.—

The runway turn pad marking should be curved from the The runway turn pad marking should be curved from the runway centre line into the turn pad. The radius of the runway centre line into the turn pad. The radius of the curve should be compatible with the manoeuvring curve should be compatible with the manoeuvring capability and normal taxiing speeds of the aeroplanes for capability and normal taxiing speeds of the aeroplanes for which the runway turn pad is intended. The intersection which the runway turn pad is intended. The intersection angle of the runway turn pad marking with the runway angle of the runway turn pad marking with the runway centre line centre line should not be greater than 30 degrees.should not be greater than 30 degrees.

The runway turn pad marking should be extended parallel The runway turn pad marking should be extended parallel to the runway centre line marking for a distance of at least to the runway centre line marking for a distance of at least 60 m beyond the point of tangency where the code number 60 m beyond the point of tangency where the code number is 3 or 4, and for a distance of at least 30 m where the code is 3 or 4, and for a distance of at least 30 m where the code number is 1 or 2.number is 1 or 2.




LocationLocation

Recommendations.— Recommendations.— A runway turn pad marking should guide the aeroplane in A runway turn pad marking should guide the aeroplane in

such a way as to allow such a way as to allow a straight portion of taxiinga straight portion of taxiing before before the point where a 180-degree turn is to be made. the point where a 180-degree turn is to be made. The The straight portion of the runway turn pad marking should straight portion of the runway turn pad marking should be parallel to the outer edge of the runway turn pad.be parallel to the outer edge of the runway turn pad.

The design of the curve allowing the aeroplane to The design of the curve allowing the aeroplane to negotiate a 180-degree turn should be based on a nose negotiate a 180-degree turn should be based on a nose wheel steering angle not exceeding wheel steering angle not exceeding 45 degrees.45 degrees.




LocationLocation

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— The design of the turn pad marking should be such that, when the cockpit of The design of the turn pad marking should be such that, when the cockpit of

the aeroplane remains over the runway turn pad marking, the clearance the aeroplane remains over the runway turn pad marking, the clearance distance between any wheel of the aeroplane landing gear and the edge of the distance between any wheel of the aeroplane landing gear and the edge of the runway turn pad should be not less than those specified below:runway turn pad should be not less than those specified below:

Code letterCode letter ClearanceClearance

AA 1.5 m1.5 m

BB 2.25 m2.25 m

CC 3 m if the turn pad is intended to be used by aeroplanes with 3 m if the turn pad is intended to be used by aeroplanes with

a wheel base less than 18 m;a wheel base less than 18 m;

4.5 m if the turn pad is intended to be used by aeroplanes4.5 m if the turn pad is intended to be used by aeroplanes

with a wheel base equal to or greater than 18 m.with a wheel base equal to or greater than 18 m.

D, E & FD, E & F 4.5 m4.5 m

CharacteristicsCharacteristics A runway turn pad marking shall be A runway turn pad marking shall be at least 15 cmat least 15 cm in width and continuous in in width and continuous in

length.length.



Runway-holding position markingRunway-holding position marking

Application and locationApplication and location A runway-holding position marking shall be displayed along A runway-holding position marking shall be displayed along

a runway-holding position.a runway-holding position.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics The runway-holding position marking The runway-holding position marking

displayed at a runway-holding displayed at a runway-holding position established in accordance position established in accordance with following table shall be as with following table shall be as shown in Figure, pattern A.shown in Figure, pattern A.



For Increased ConspicuityFor Increased Conspicuity

CharacteristicsCharacteristics At an intersection of a taxiway and At an intersection of a taxiway and

a non-instrument, non-precision a non-instrument, non-precision approach or take-off runway, the approach or take-off runway, the runway-holding position marking runway-holding position marking shall be as shown in Figures, shall be as shown in Figures, pattern A.pattern A.

Runway-holding position markingRunway-holding position marking (continued)(continued)




CharacteristicsCharacteristics Where a single runway-holding position is provided at an Where a single runway-holding position is provided at an

intersection of a taxiway and a precision approach category I, II or intersection of a taxiway and a precision approach category I, II or III runway, the runway-holding position marking shall be as shown III runway, the runway-holding position marking shall be as shown in Figure, pattern A. in Figure, pattern A.





CharacteristicsCharacteristics Where two or three runway-holding positions are provided at an Where two or three runway-holding positions are provided at an

intersection of a taxiway and a precision approach category I, II or intersection of a taxiway and a precision approach category I, II or III runway, the runway-holding position marking closer (closest) to III runway, the runway-holding position marking closer (closest) to the runway shall be as shown in Figures, pattern A and the the runway shall be as shown in Figures, pattern A and the markings farther from the runway shall be as shown in Figures, markings farther from the runway shall be as shown in Figures, pattern B.pattern B.





CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendation.— Recommendation.— Where increased conspicuity of Where increased conspicuity of the runway-holding position is required, the runway-the runway-holding position is required, the runway-holding position marking should be as shown in Figure , holding position marking should be as shown in Figure , pattern A or pattern B, as appropriate.pattern A or pattern B, as appropriate.






The runway-holding position marking displayed at a The runway-holding position marking displayed at a runway/runway intersection shall be perpendicular to the centre runway/runway intersection shall be perpendicular to the centre line of the runway forming part of the standard taxi-route. The line of the runway forming part of the standard taxi-route. The pattern of the marking shall be as shown in Figure 5-7, pattern A.pattern of the marking shall be as shown in Figure 5-7, pattern A.

Examples of Holding Examples of Holding Position Marking at Position Marking at Runway/Runway Runway/Runway IntersectionsIntersections



VOR aerodrome check-point markingVOR aerodrome check-point marking

ApplicationApplication When a VOR aerodrome check-point is estab lished, it shall be indicated by a When a VOR aerodrome check-point is estab lished, it shall be indicated by a

VOR aerodrome check-point marking and sign.VOR aerodrome check-point marking and sign.

LocationLocation A VOR aerodrome check-point marking shall be centred on the spot at which an A VOR aerodrome check-point marking shall be centred on the spot at which an

aircraft is to be parked to receive the correct VOR signal.aircraft is to be parked to receive the correct VOR signal.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics A VOR aerodrome check-point A VOR aerodrome check-point

marking shall consist of a circle 6 marking shall consist of a circle 6 m in diameter and have a line m in diameter and have a line width of 15 cm as shown in Figure.width of 15 cm as shown in Figure.

VOR aerodrome check-VOR aerodrome check-pointpoint markingmarking



VOR aerodrome check-point marking (continued)VOR aerodrome check-point marking (continued)


Recommendations.— Recommendations.— When it is preferable for an aircraft to be aligned in a specific When it is preferable for an aircraft to be aligned in a specific

direction, a line should be provided that passes through the centre of direction, a line should be provided that passes through the centre of the circle on the desired azimuth. The line should extend 6 m outside the circle on the desired azimuth. The line should extend 6 m outside the circle in the desired direction of heading and terminate in an the circle in the desired direction of heading and terminate in an arrowhead. The width of the line should be 15 cm (see Figure (B)).arrowhead. The width of the line should be 15 cm (see Figure (B)).

A VOR aerodrome check point A VOR aerodrome check point marking should preferably be marking should preferably be white in colour but should differ white in colour but should differ from the colour used for the from the colour used for the taxiway markings.taxiway markings.

[Note.— To provide contrast, [Note.— To provide contrast, markings may be bordered with markings may be bordered with black.]black.]

VOR aerodrome check-VOR aerodrome check-pointpoint markingmarking



Aircraft stand markingsAircraft stand markings

ApplicationApplicationRecommendation.— Recommendation.— Aircraft stand markings should be provided Aircraft stand markings should be provided for designated parking positions on a paved apron and on a de-for designated parking positions on a paved apron and on a de-icing/anti-icing facility.icing/anti-icing facility.

LocationLocationRecommendation.— Recommendation.— Aircraft stand markings on a paved apron Aircraft stand markings on a paved apron and on a de-icing/anti-icing facility should be located so as to and on a de-icing/anti-icing facility should be located so as to provide the following minimum clearances between an aircraft provide the following minimum clearances between an aircraft using the stand and any adjacent building, aircraft on another using the stand and any adjacent building, aircraft on another stand and other objects, when the nose wheel follows the stand stand and other objects, when the nose wheel follows the stand marking.marking.Code letterCode letter ClearanceClearanceA & BA & B 3 m 3 m CC 4.5 m 4.5 m D, E & FD, E & F 7.5 m 7.5 m



Aircraft stand markings (continued)Aircraft stand markings (continued)

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendations.— Recommendations.— Aircraft stand markings should include Aircraft stand markings should include such elements as :such elements as : stand identification;stand identification; lead-in line;lead-in line; turn bar;turn bar; turning line;turning line; alignment bar;alignment bar; stop line ; and stop line ; and lead-out linelead-out line

as are required by the parking configuration and to complement as are required by the parking configuration and to complement other other

parking aids.parking aids.





Aircraft SAircraft Stand identificationtand identification

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— An aircraft stand identification (letter and/or An aircraft stand identification (letter and/or number) should be included in the lead-in line a short distance after number) should be included in the lead-in line a short distance after the beginning of the lead-in line. The height of the identification should the beginning of the lead-in line. The height of the identification should be adequate to be readable from the cockpit of aircraft using the be adequate to be readable from the cockpit of aircraft using the stand.stand.

Aircraft stand identification Aircraft stand identification markings (Aircraft type limitmarkings (Aircraft type limit))

Aircraft stand identification Aircraft stand identification markings (for several aircraft markings (for several aircraft

stands)stands)





Aircraft SAircraft Stand identificationtand identification

Recommendation.— Recommendation.— Where two sets of aircraft stand markings are Where two sets of aircraft stand markings are superimposed on each other in order to permit more flexible use of the apron superimposed on each other in order to permit more flexible use of the apron and it is difficult to identify which stand marking should be followed, or safety and it is difficult to identify which stand marking should be followed, or safety would be impaired if the wrong marking was followed, then identification of would be impaired if the wrong marking was followed, then identification of the aircraft for which each set of markings is intended should be added to the the aircraft for which each set of markings is intended should be added to the stand identification.stand identification.

[Note.— Example: 6A - B727.][Note.— Example: 6A - B727.]

Aircraft stand identification Aircraft stand identification markings (Aircraft type limitmarkings (Aircraft type limit))





Recommendation.— Recommendation.— Lead-in, turning and lead-out lines Lead-in, turning and lead-out lines should normally be continuous in length and have a width of should normally be continuous in length and have a width of not less than 15 cm. not less than 15 cm.



Aircraft stand markings Aircraft stand markings (continued)(continued)


Recommendation.—Recommendation.—Where one or more Where one or more sets of stand markings sets of stand markings are superimposed on a are superimposed on a stand marking, the stand marking, the lines should be lines should be continuous for the continuous for the most demanding most demanding aircraft and broken for aircraft and broken for other aircraft.other aircraft.





Recommendation.— Recommendation.— The curved portions of lead-in, turning and The curved portions of lead-in, turning and lead-out lines should have radii appropriate to the most lead-out lines should have radii appropriate to the most demanding aircraft type for which the markings are intended.demanding aircraft type for which the markings are intended.




CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendations.— Recommendations.—

Where it is intended that an aircraft proceed in one direction only, Where it is intended that an aircraft proceed in one direction only, arrows pointing in the direction to be followed should be added as arrows pointing in the direction to be followed should be added as part of the lead-in and lead-out lines.part of the lead-in and lead-out lines.




CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendations.— Recommendations.— A turn bar A turn bar should be located at right angles to should be located at right angles to the lead-in line, abeam the left pilot the lead-in line, abeam the left pilot position at the point of initiation of position at the point of initiation of any intended turn. It should have a any intended turn. It should have a length and width of not less than 6 m length and width of not less than 6 m and 15 cm, respectively, and include and 15 cm, respectively, and include an arrowhead to indicate the an arrowhead to indicate the direction of turn.direction of turn.

[Note.— The distances to be [Note.— The distances to be maintained between the turn bar and maintained between the turn bar and the lead-in line may vary according the lead-in line may vary according to different aircraft types, taking into to different aircraft types, taking into account the pilot’s field of view.]account the pilot’s field of view.]




CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendations.— Recommendations.— If more than one turn bar and/or If more than one turn bar and/or stop line is required, they should be coded.stop line is required, they should be coded.




CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendations.— Recommendations.— An alignment bar should be placed An alignment bar should be placed so as to be coincident with the extended centre line of the so as to be coincident with the extended centre line of the aircraft in the specified parking position and visible to the aircraft in the specified parking position and visible to the pilot during the final part of the parking manoeuvre. It pilot during the final part of the parking manoeuvre. It should have a width of not less than 15 cm.should have a width of not less than 15 cm.




CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendations.— Recommendations.— A stop line should be located at right A stop line should be located at right angles to the alignment bar, abeam the left pilot position at angles to the alignment bar, abeam the left pilot position at the intended point of stop. It should have a length and width the intended point of stop. It should have a length and width of not less than 6 m and 15 cm, respectively.of not less than 6 m and 15 cm, respectively.

[Note.— The distances to [Note.— The distances to be maintained between be maintained between the stop line and the lead-the stop line and the lead-in line may vary according in line may vary according to different aircraft types, to different aircraft types, taking into account the taking into account the pilot’s field of view.]pilot’s field of view.]



Apron safety linesApron safety lines

ApplicationApplicationRecommendation.— Recommendation.— Apron safety lines should be provided on a Apron safety lines should be provided on a paved apron as required by the parking configurations and ground paved apron as required by the parking configurations and ground facilities.facilities.

LocationLocation Apron safety lines shall be located so as to define the areas Apron safety lines shall be located so as to define the areas

intended for use by ground vehicles and other aircraft servicing intended for use by ground vehicles and other aircraft servicing equipment, etc., to provide safe separation from aircraft.equipment, etc., to provide safe separation from aircraft.

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsRecommendations.— Recommendations.—

Apron safety lines should include such elements as wing tip Apron safety lines should include such elements as wing tip clearance lines and service road boundary lines as required by the clearance lines and service road boundary lines as required by the parking configurations and ground facilities.parking configurations and ground facilities.

An apron safety line should be continuous in length and at least 10 An apron safety line should be continuous in length and at least 10 cm in width.cm in width.



Apron safety lines (continued)Apron safety lines (continued)

Examples of best practices from some StatesExamples of best practices from some States

A.A. Parking Clearance LineParking Clearance LineParking clearance lines may be provided at an aircraft Parking clearance lines may be provided at an aircraft parking position to depict the area that must remain free parking position to depict the area that must remain free of personnel, vehicles and equipment when an aircraft is of personnel, vehicles and equipment when an aircraft is taxiing (or being towed) into position or has started taxiing (or being towed) into position or has started engines in preparation for departure.engines in preparation for departure.

Parking Clearance LineParking Clearance Line



Apron safety lines (continued)Apron safety lines (continued)


B.B. Equipment Clearance LineEquipment Clearance Line Equipment clearance lines must be used on congested aprons to Equipment clearance lines must be used on congested aprons to

assist service vehicles keep clear of manoeuvring aircraft. assist service vehicles keep clear of manoeuvring aircraft. This marking must consist of red stripes, 1 m long and 0.15 m wide, This marking must consist of red stripes, 1 m long and 0.15 m wide,

separated by 1 m gaps. The designation ‘EQUIPMENT CLEARANCE’ separated by 1 m gaps. The designation ‘EQUIPMENT CLEARANCE’ must be painted on the side of the line occupied by the equipment must be painted on the side of the line occupied by the equipment and readable from that side.and readable from that side.

The designation must be repeated along the line at intervals of not The designation must be repeated along the line at intervals of not more than 30 m. Letters must be 0.3 m high, 0.15 m from the line, more than 30 m. Letters must be 0.3 m high, 0.15 m from the line, painted red.painted red.

Equipment Clearance Equipment Clearance LineLine



Apron safety lines Apron safety lines (continued)(continued)


Apron Service RoadApron Service RoadMarkingsMarkings

D.D. Apron Service RoadApron Service RoadMarkingsMarkings

Roads on apron areas must be Roads on apron areas must be marked to keep vehicle traffic marked to keep vehicle traffic clear of aircraft and taxiways, clear of aircraft and taxiways, and to minimise the risk of and to minimise the risk of vehicle-to-vehicle accidents.vehicle-to-vehicle accidents.

Each lane of an apron service Each lane of an apron service road must be of a minimum road must be of a minimum width to accommodate the width to accommodate the widest vehicle in use at that widest vehicle in use at that location, e.g. emergency vehicles location, e.g. emergency vehicles or ground support equipment.or ground support equipment.

The apron service road marking The apron service road marking must consist of a continuous must consist of a continuous white painted line, 0.1 m wide.white painted line, 0.1 m wide.





Apron Service RoadApron Service RoadMarkingsMarkings

D.D. Apron Service RoadApron Service RoadMarkingsMarkings

Where a service road is located Where a service road is located adjacent to taxiing aircraft the adjacent to taxiing aircraft the side marking must be shown with side marking must be shown with a continuous double white line. a continuous double white line. This indicates DO NOT CROSS. This indicates DO NOT CROSS. Each continuous white line must Each continuous white line must be 0.1 m wide. The separation be 0.1 m wide. The separation between the two continuous between the two continuous white lines must not be less than white lines must not be less than 0.05 m.0.05 m.





Passenger Path MarkingsPassenger Path Markings

E.E. Passenger Path Passenger Path MarkingsMarkings

Where provided, passenger path Where provided, passenger path markings are provided to assist the markings are provided to assist the orderly movement of passengers orderly movement of passengers embarking or disembarking. embarking or disembarking. Passenger path markings must be Passenger path markings must be provided in accordance with the provided in accordance with the pattern and colour of the relevant pattern and colour of the relevant State Road Authority pedestrian State Road Authority pedestrian crossing marking standards. The crossing marking standards. The width of the passenger pathway is to width of the passenger pathway is to be commensurate with the expected be commensurate with the expected pedestrian traffic.pedestrian traffic.

The following diagram illustrates a The following diagram illustrates a typical layout for a pedestrian typical layout for a pedestrian crossing.crossing.



Road-holding position markingRoad-holding position marking

ApplicationApplication A road-holding position marking shall be provided at all A road-holding position marking shall be provided at all

road entrances to a runway.road entrances to a runway.

LocationLocation The road-holding position marking shall be located across The road-holding position marking shall be located across

the road at the holding position.the road at the holding position.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics The road-holding position marking shall be in accordance The road-holding position marking shall be in accordance

with the local road traffic regulations.with the local road traffic regulations.


End of Chapter 5 End of Chapter 5 Part 5.2 MarkingsPart 5.2 Markings

February 14ICAO Annex 14 Training Course1 Chapter 5 Visual Aids for Navigation.

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Transcript of February 14ICAO Annex 14 Training Course1 Chapter 5 Visual Aids for Navigation.