Europe WW II

Europe WW IIEurope WW II

Between the WarsBetween the WarsRise of the AxisRise of the Axis

1919 – 19451919 – 1945Western and Eastern FrontsWestern and Eastern Fronts

Between the Wars Between the Wars

1921 Washington Naval Conference1921 Washington Naval Conference -4-Power Treaty US UK FR JAP – Status -4-Power Treaty US UK FR JAP – Status

Quo of the PacificQuo of the Pacific -9-Power Treaty Maintain Open Door -9-Power Treaty Maintain Open Door

ChinaChina -5-Power Treaty US=5 UK=5 JAP=3 -5-Power Treaty US=5 UK=5 JAP=3

FR=1.75 IT = 1.75FR=1.75 IT = 1.75 1925 Locrano Treaty established 1925 Locrano Treaty established

GermanyGermany

Between the WarsBetween the Wars

1928 – The Kellog –Braind Pact 1928 – The Kellog –Braind Pact • Anti -war treaty designed to disarm the Anti -war treaty designed to disarm the

world and to control future arms races – world and to control future arms races – it reviewed the 1921 agreementsit reviewed the 1921 agreements

1929 Great Depression – starts in the U.S 1929 Great Depression – starts in the U.S spreads to Europe German is it the spreads to Europe German is it the hardesthardest

19311931Both Germany and the Soviet Union join Both Germany and the Soviet Union join

the League of Nationsthe League of Nations

Conditions in Europe and U.S.Conditions in Europe and U.S.

FranceFrance

EnglandEngland

RussiaRussia

UnitedStatesUnitedStates

Ideology FascismIdeology Fascism

A political philosophy, movement, or A political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition. Promotes suppression of opposition. Promotes extreme nationalismextreme nationalism

Ideology SocialismIdeology Socialism

A political theory that advocates A political theory that advocates collective or governmental ownership collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods-production and distribution of goods-no private property-means of no private property-means of production are controlled by the state production are controlled by the state – the transition between capitalism – the transition between capitalism and communism. Promotes world and communism. Promotes world conquest nationalism does not existconquest nationalism does not exist

Why Benito MussoliniWhy Benito Mussolini

The birth of The birth of Fascism (extreme Fascism (extreme nationalism) In the nationalism) In the 1920 as a result of 1920 as a result of economic economic depression – depression – political instability political instability and the results of and the results of WW WW

Why Benito MussoliniWhy Benito Mussolini

1919 and 1920 there were a lot of 1919 and 1920 there were a lot of agricultural strikes that terrified the agricultural strikes that terrified the middle class and the industrial class – the middle class and the industrial class – the groups in which Mussolini appealed to the groups in which Mussolini appealed to the most – By 1922 he had gained enough most – By 1922 he had gained enough support and his BLACK SHIRT army was support and his BLACK SHIRT army was strong enough that he threatened to strong enough that he threatened to march on Rome – Fearful of an overthrow march on Rome – Fearful of an overthrow Victor Emanuel III abdicated and gave Victor Emanuel III abdicated and gave power to Mussolini – he began his fascist power to Mussolini – he began his fascist state – individual rights were not to come state – individual rights were not to come before the loyalty to the nation of Italy- before the loyalty to the nation of Italy-

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini His goal was to create a new Italy or a new His goal was to create a new Italy or a new

ROME to once again bring civilization to ROME to once again bring civilization to the world – he hoped to create a nation of the world – he hoped to create a nation of hard workers who were physically fit – hard workers who were physically fit – intellectually sharp – disciplined and intellectually sharp – disciplined and intellectually sharp. intellectually sharp.

He did manage to also– major economic He did manage to also– major economic reforms-- reforms--

Built railroads and created jobsBuilt railroads and created jobs And he fed the people – And he fed the people – Women were expected to stay home and Women were expected to stay home and

cook and have babies. cook and have babies.

HitlerHitler

At 6:30 p.m. on the evening of April At 6:30 p.m. on the evening of April 20, 1889, he was born in the small 20, 1889, he was born in the small Austrian village of Braunau Am Inn Austrian village of Braunau Am Inn just across the border from German just across the border from German Bavaria. Adolph Hitler would one day Bavaria. Adolph Hitler would one day lead a movement that placed lead a movement that placed supreme importance on a person's supreme importance on a person's family tree even making it a matter family tree even making it a matter of life and death.of life and death.

Why HitlerWhy Hitler

Clause 231 – and the Clause 231 – and the war debtwar debt

High unemployment High unemployment and the nation was in and the nation was in a state of depressiona state of depression

Powerful speaker – Powerful speaker – CULT OF PERSONALITYCULT OF PERSONALITY

Fascist -- extreme Fascist -- extreme nationalismnationalism

WHY HitlerWHY Hitler

The Nazis won their support primarily from The Nazis won their support primarily from the lower middle class and the peasantry. the lower middle class and the peasantry. These voters were strongly nationalistic in These voters were strongly nationalistic in their political views and feared that the their political views and feared that the depression would deprive them of their depression would deprive them of their standard of living. The conservative upper standard of living. The conservative upper classes generally regarded Hitler as an classes generally regarded Hitler as an uneducated demagogue and gutter uneducated demagogue and gutter politician. politician.

National Socialism according to National Socialism according to the NAZIthe NAZI

We are enemies of cowardly pacifism We are enemies of cowardly pacifism because we recognize that according to the because we recognize that according to the laws of nature, struggle is the father of all laws of nature, struggle is the father of all things. We are enemies of democracy things. We are enemies of democracy because we recognize that an individual because we recognize that an individual genius represents at all times the best in genius represents at all times the best in his people and that he should be the leader. his people and that he should be the leader. Numbers can never direct the destiny of a Numbers can never direct the destiny of a people. Only genius can do this. We are the people. Only genius can do this. We are the deadly enemies of internationalism because deadly enemies of internationalism because nature teaches us that the purity of race nature teaches us that the purity of race and the authority of the leader alone are and the authority of the leader alone are able to lead a nation to victoryable to lead a nation to victory

Hitler’s ToolsHitler’s Tools 1. Long-term 1. Long-term

bitterness Treaty of bitterness Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

2. Ineffective 2. Ineffective Constitution Constitution

3. Money from backers 3. Money from backers inc – Thyssen/ inc – Thyssen/ Krupp/IG Faben/ Krupp/IG Faben/ Skoda/ Henry Ford/ Skoda/ Henry Ford/ Irenee du PontIrenee du Pont

4.Propaganda – 4.Propaganda – blames the blames the Communists/JewsCommunists/Jews

5. Programme appeals 5. Programme appeals to many Germans to many Germans

6. Attacks on other 6. Attacks on other parties parties

7. Personal qualities – 7. Personal qualities – brilliant speaker/ great brilliant speaker/ great organizer/ determinedorganizer/ determined

8. Economic 8. Economic Depression – makes Depression – makes Germans desperateGermans desperate

Why Hitler Why Hitler

Born in Austria 1889Born in Austria 1889 Received Iron Cross for bravery in WW Received Iron Cross for bravery in WW

II 1920 leader of the NSDAP = NAZI 1920 leader of the NSDAP = NAZI

partyparty 1923 attempted a putsch in Munich 1923 attempted a putsch in Munich

and was arrested wrote mien kampf and was arrested wrote mien kampf from prison in 1 year out of a 20 Year from prison in 1 year out of a 20 Year sentencesentence

Mein KampfMein Kampf

German people were German people were of the highest racial of the highest racial purity and those purity and those destined to be the destined to be the master race according master race according to Hitler. To maintain to Hitler. To maintain that purity, it was that purity, it was necessary to avoid necessary to avoid intermarriage with intermarriage with subhuman races such subhuman races such as Jews and Slavs”as Jews and Slavs”

NAZI PARTYNAZI PARTY Late 1920 Nazi party has little power in Late 1920 Nazi party has little power in

German politics – the Depression of the German politics – the Depression of the 1930’s would change that1930’s would change that

Unemployment rose 2.25 million or 25% of Unemployment rose 2.25 million or 25% of the labor force 1 in 4 was out of workthe labor force 1 in 4 was out of work

This was the hardest hit industrial country This was the hardest hit industrial country by the depressionby the depression

1930 The Nazi party gained 107 seats in 1930 The Nazi party gained 107 seats in the Reichstagthe Reichstag

1932 Nazi party was the largest party in 1932 Nazi party was the largest party in the German Govt controlling 14.5 million the German Govt controlling 14.5 million votes of only 35 million votersvotes of only 35 million voters

Rise of HitlerRise of Hitler

On January 30, On January 30, 1933 Hindenburg 1933 Hindenburg made Hitler made Hitler Chancellor. He Chancellor. He thought he could thought he could control Hitler control Hitler

In the end, In the end, Hitler did not TAKE Hitler did not TAKE power – he was power – he was given it.given it.

HITLER as ChancellorHITLER as Chancellor

From 1933 – 1936 Hitler and the Nazi From 1933 – 1936 Hitler and the Nazi party rebuilt the German Economy – party rebuilt the German Economy – provided thousands of jobs – Massive road provided thousands of jobs – Massive road and public works were built – Science and public works were built – Science research expanded – military and raw research expanded – military and raw material resources were horded material resources were horded

Nazi youth camps were created which Nazi youth camps were created which resembled the boy scoutsresembled the boy scouts

Hitler as FuhrerHitler as Fuhrer

1934 he became the Fuhrer of 1934 he became the Fuhrer of Germany (only 15% of the population Germany (only 15% of the population claimed to be Nazi )and began to claimed to be Nazi )and began to ignore the treaty of Versailles – ignore the treaty of Versailles – began to rebuild his military –began to rebuild his military –

1934 he supported the Franco forces 1934 he supported the Franco forces in the Spanish Civil War --- this was a in the Spanish Civil War --- this was a testing ground or the Germany testing ground or the Germany tactics the BLITZtactics the BLITZ

Prelude to War Prelude to War

1937 March Rhineland1937 March Rhineland 1938 March Anschluss 1938 March Anschluss 1938 Oct 1938 Oct

SudetenlandSudetenland 1938Nov1938Nov

KristallnachtKristallnacht 1939 March 1939 March

CzechloslavkiaCzechloslavkia 1939 Aug Nazi Soviet 1939 Aug Nazi Soviet

pactpact

Peace with the UK?Peace with the UK?

1938 Munich Conference – Appeasement 1938 Munich Conference – Appeasement France and United Kingdom did not want France and United Kingdom did not want another war – there nations were still another war – there nations were still recovering from the last one – Pacifist recovering from the last one – Pacifist governments were in charge – Chamberlain governments were in charge – Chamberlain the Prime minister of the UK went to Munich the Prime minister of the UK went to Munich and met with Hitler to insure peace in and met with Hitler to insure peace in Europe – This conference gave German the Europe – This conference gave German the go ahead to take over Czechoslovakia - One go ahead to take over Czechoslovakia - One year late German and the UK would be at year late German and the UK would be at war with each otherwar with each other

Peace with the Soviets?Peace with the Soviets?

1939 -Non Aggression pact with Russia- 1939 -Non Aggression pact with Russia- this was an agreement not to fight each this was an agreement not to fight each other it also guaranteed the division of other it also guaranteed the division of Poland 2/3 to Germany once it invaded Poland 2/3 to Germany once it invaded and 1/3 to the Soviet Union once Germany and 1/3 to the Soviet Union once Germany invaded. This part of the agreement was invaded. This part of the agreement was kept secret. Both Countries however knew kept secret. Both Countries however knew war between each other was unavoidable war between each other was unavoidable – this pact was a delaying tactic for both – this pact was a delaying tactic for both sidessides

Acts of Neutrality or War Acts of Neutrality or War U.S.U.S.

London conference London conference 1933 FDR 1933 FDR chose domestic policy over foreign by chose domestic policy over foreign by refusing to attend Conference was refusing to attend Conference was designed to stabilize all currency in designed to stabilize all currency in each nation at a level to begin trade – each nation at a level to begin trade – FDR say this as a threat to American FDR say this as a threat to American recovery – as it would put the dollar recovery – as it would put the dollar under control of a new world market – under control of a new world market – Conference failed and extreme Conference failed and extreme nationalism in Europe was bornnationalism in Europe was born


Philippines and RussiaPhilippines and Russia Far east was to expensive to maintain Far east was to expensive to maintain Tidings-McDuffie Act passed – granting Tidings-McDuffie Act passed – granting

Philippines independence in 1946 and a Philippines independence in 1946 and a U.S. Army but not Naval pull out. Set the U.S. Army but not Naval pull out. Set the Philippines up for conquest in 1941-42 Philippines up for conquest in 1941-42 Also at the same time in 1933 FDR Also at the same time in 1933 FDR announced the existence of the USSR announced the existence of the USSR done to get their help in pressure on Japan done to get their help in pressure on Japan (1937 Russo/Japanese treaty) (1937 Russo/Japanese treaty)


Good NeighborGood Neighbor U.S. would stay out of Europe U.S. would stay out of Europe

andconcentrate on protecting the Western andconcentrate on protecting the Western Hemisphere – promised non intervention in Hemisphere – promised non intervention in the America’s pulled out all U.S. troops – the America’s pulled out all U.S. troops – convinved the America’s that the Monroe convinved the America’s that the Monroe Doctrine was now a protector of them as Doctrine was now a protector of them as well and needed there help to keep the well and needed there help to keep the rising power of Germany out. Announced at rising power of Germany out. Announced at the 7the 7thth Pan American conference in Uruguay Pan American conference in Uruguay –Latin America was sold Bonds and –Latin America was sold Bonds and prospered under this. prospered under this.


Reciprocal trade Agreement ActReciprocal trade Agreement Act Created by Sec State Hull – trade is two Created by Sec State Hull – trade is two

ways and it became a presidential ways and it became a presidential agreement so that it did not have to go agreement so that it did not have to go through congress (FDR was given through congress (FDR was given permission to lower tariffs by 50% new permission to lower tariffs by 50% new deal) 29 nations agreed and America was deal) 29 nations agreed and America was trading on the foreign market and climbing trading on the foreign market and climbing out of depression – it lead the way for out of depression – it lead the way for American domination of trade after WW IIAmerican domination of trade after WW II


1936 Neutrality Act 1936 Neutrality Act keep us out of foreign wars – and no keep us out of foreign wars – and no

American in time of a foreign war could American in time of a foreign war could sell munitions or sail on a belligerent ship sell munitions or sail on a belligerent ship

Destroyers for Bases UK 1940Destroyers for Bases UK 1940 Use of bases in Caribbean for 99 years to Use of bases in Caribbean for 99 years to

protect Panama UK get 50 destroyers – protect Panama UK get 50 destroyers – U.S. chose sides no longer a 19U.S. chose sides no longer a 19thth century century gentlemen’s wargentlemen’s war


Lend Lease 1940Lend Lease 1940 With U.K. and later Russia – weapons With U.K. and later Russia – weapons

would be returned at the end of the would be returned at the end of the war – like getting a used tire backwar – like getting a used tire back

$50 billion dollars in aid to the allies$50 billion dollars in aid to the allies U.S. aid to the soviets prevented the U.S. aid to the soviets prevented the

Germans form sending supplies to Germans form sending supplies to fight in the battle of Britainfight in the battle of Britain

Marching through WarsawMarching through Warsaw

Division of Poland Division of Poland

The Blitz on PolandThe Blitz on Poland

Sept 1939 Invasion Sept 1939 Invasion of Polandof Poland

Poland is divided Poland is divided results in the results in the French and British French and British declaring war on declaring war on GermanyGermany

Advance through BelgiumAdvance through Belgium

Spring 1940 Blitz Spring 1940 Blitz on Belgium (EBEN on Belgium (EBEN EMAEL) EMAEL) Netherlands Netherlands Denmark and Denmark and Norway Norway

Blitz on France 1940Blitz on France 1940

MAGINOT LINE Blitz MAGINOT LINE Blitz ON FRANCE 1940ON FRANCE 1940

"If you entrench "If you entrench yourself behindyourself behind

strong strong fortifications, you fortifications, you compel the enemycompel the enemyto seek a solution to seek a solution

elsewhere." elsewhere." CLAUSEWITZCLAUSEWITZ

Maginot Line Maginot Line

IT WORKEDIT WORKED

The Maginot Line was built between 1929 and The Maginot Line was built between 1929 and 1940. It was built to protect France from her 1940. It was built to protect France from her longtime enemy, Germany, and to defend the longtime enemy, Germany, and to defend the traditional invasion routes across her eastern traditional invasion routes across her eastern frontier. The Maginot Line was built to frontier. The Maginot Line was built to provide time for the French army to mobilize provide time for the French army to mobilize and to make up for a potentially disastrous and to make up for a potentially disastrous shortfall of manpower predicted for the late shortfall of manpower predicted for the late 1930s. Most of all, it was built to provide a 1930s. Most of all, it was built to provide a place behind which the French army could place behind which the French army could hide, a so-called "Great Wall" of France where hide, a so-called "Great Wall" of France where the nation could feel secure in its doctrine the nation could feel secure in its doctrine which would become known as the "Maginot" which would become known as the "Maginot"

mentalitymentality

Dunkirk 1940Dunkirk 1940

A large force of A large force of British and French British and French were cut off by a were cut off by a German armoured German armoured advance to the advance to the Channel Over Channel Over 330,000 Allied 330,000 Allied troops were troops were evacuated by seaevacuated by sea

Operation DynamoOperation Dynamo From May 22 preparations for the From May 22 preparations for the

evacuation began, codenamed evacuation began, codenamed operation operation DynamoDynamo, commanded from Dover by Vice-, commanded from Dover by Vice-Admiral Ramsay. He called for as many Admiral Ramsay. He called for as many naval vessels as possible as well as every naval vessels as possible as well as every ship capable of carrying 1,000 men within ship capable of carrying 1,000 men within reach. It initially was intended to recover reach. It initially was intended to recover around 45,000 men of the British Army around 45,000 men of the British Army over two days, this was soon stretched to over two days, this was soon stretched to 120,000 men over five days. On May 27 a 120,000 men over five days. On May 27 a request was placed to civilians to provide request was placed to civilians to provide all shallow draught vessels of 30 to 100 all shallow draught vessels of 30 to 100 feet (9 to 30 m) for the operation,feet (9 to 30 m) for the operation,

Operation Sea LionOperation Sea Lion 1941Operation Sea Lon A plan similar to 1941Operation Sea Lon A plan similar to

Napoleon’s a century earlier – the Battle of Napoleon’s a century earlier – the Battle of Britain – Germany’s attempt to invade Great Britain – Germany’s attempt to invade Great Britain and the first real test of Prime Britain and the first real test of Prime Minister Winston Churchill who replaced Minister Winston Churchill who replaced ChamberlainChamberlain

The Battle of Britain was fought entirely in The Battle of Britain was fought entirely in the air over England and the English the air over England and the English Channel – the Use of the newly invented Channel – the Use of the newly invented Radar by the British enabled the smaller Raf Radar by the British enabled the smaller Raf to defeat the German Luftwaffa – thus to defeat the German Luftwaffa – thus successfully preventing Germany from successfully preventing Germany from invading Englandinvading England

German Plane downed over UKGerman Plane downed over UK

Battle over London 1940Battle over London 1940

Aircraft in the Battle of BritainAircraft in the Battle of Britain

Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa This was a direct This was a direct

violation of the Non violation of the Non aggression Pact (Hitler aggression Pact (Hitler followed the same followed the same invasion plan as invasion plan as Napoleon depart in the Napoleon depart in the spring quick victory) spring quick victory) destruction of 1 million destruction of 1 million Soviet troops and 2000 Soviet troops and 2000 Russian aircraft it was Russian aircraft it was not as successful as it not as successful as it should have been – should have been – Bailing out the Italians Bailing out the Italians in Greece –in Greece –

19421942Stalingrad and KurskStalingrad and Kursk

These were the turning point in the war in These were the turning point in the war in Europe and Russia’s first victoriesEurope and Russia’s first victories

Stalingrad cost the Germans an entire Stalingrad cost the Germans an entire army The attack on Stlaingrad started with army The attack on Stlaingrad started with 300,000 German troops in 1943 a year 300,000 German troops in 1943 a year after the battles in around Stalingrad after the battles in around Stalingrad began 90,000 Germans surrendered of this began 90,000 Germans surrendered of this number, 50,000 would be killed or die number, 50,000 would be killed or die from disease in Russian POW campsfrom disease in Russian POW camps

19421942Stalingrad and KurskStalingrad and Kursk

The battle for KURSK – this was the world’s The battle for KURSK – this was the world’s largest tank battle over a 10-mile front – 2,700 largest tank battle over a 10-mile front – 2,700 German tanks vs. 3,600 Russian tanks – it was a German tanks vs. 3,600 Russian tanks – it was a Russian Victory – ½ million German casualties Russian Victory – ½ million German casualties and 1,500 tanks destroyedand 1,500 tanks destroyed

Germany is pushed back all along the Russian Germany is pushed back all along the Russian Front –Stalin begs the allies to open up a second Front –Stalin begs the allies to open up a second front in Europe (allies especially the US believe it front in Europe (allies especially the US believe it is to early and they are not ready to invade – is to early and they are not ready to invade – rather see the Germans and the Russians Kill rather see the Germans and the Russians Kill each other offeach other off

Africa Africa

1940 –41 Germans 1940 –41 Germans lead by Rommel lead by Rommel the Desert Fox the Desert Fox Conquered all of Conquered all of Northern Africa Northern Africa From Egypt to the From Egypt to the Atlantic Atlantic

November 1942 US November 1942 US and British troops and British troops drive Rommel out drive Rommel out of Africa of Africa

Montgomery captures TripolliMontgomery captures Tripolli

ITALYITALY

July 1943 Allies are in Italy By the end July 1943 Allies are in Italy By the end of July 43 Mussolini was hanged by his of July 43 Mussolini was hanged by his people and by Sept 43 Italy people and by Sept 43 Italy surrendered –surrendered –

the Germans in Italy continued to the Germans in Italy continued to fight--- Monte Casino –and its bombing fight--- Monte Casino –and its bombing fighting thought the mountains (Nisei fighting thought the mountains (Nisei Japanese American unit 99Japanese American unit 99thth) by the ) by the end of 1944 Italy belonged to the alliesend of 1944 Italy belonged to the allies

1943 Landing in Sicily1943 Landing in Sicily

Operation Overlord June 6Operation Overlord June 6thth 19441944

After having the After having the Russians fight in Russians fight in Europe sine 1939 Europe sine 1939 the US lead allies the US lead allies finally invaded finally invaded mainland Europe in mainland Europe in June 1944-- June 1944-- Operation Overlord Operation Overlord – D Day June 6– D Day June 6thth

June 6June 6thth 1944 1944

Omaha Beach U.SOmaha Beach U.S Utah Beach U.SUtah Beach U.S Sword Beach UKSword Beach UK Gold Beach UKGold Beach UK Juno Beach UKJuno Beach UK Prior to landings Prior to landings

massive Airborne massive Airborne dropdrop

D Day June 6D Day June 6thth 1944 1944

D DAY PHOTOSD DAY PHOTOS

OPERATION MARKET OPERATION MARKET GARDENGARDEN

1944 An attempt to 1944 An attempt to break into Germany break into Germany by going through by going through the Netherlands the Netherlands and crossing three and crossing three rivers – required rivers – required allies to control allies to control three bridges – on three bridges – on captured two – it captured two – it failed failed

BASTOGNEBASTOGNE

Crossing the RhineCrossing the Rhine

March 1945 the March 1945 the last natural last natural obstacle to obstacle to Germany and Germany and Berlin was crossed Berlin was crossed at Remagden at Remagden

Fall of BerlinFall of Berlin April 1945 Soviets April 1945 Soviets

surround Berlinsurround Berlin Roosevelt Dies and Roosevelt Dies and

Truman becomes Truman becomes presidentpresident

April 30April 30thth Hitler Suicide Hitler Suicide and marriage Eva and marriage Eva BraunBraun

May 2May 2ndnd Germany Germany surrenders under surrenders under Admiral Donitz a non-Admiral Donitz a non-NaziNazi

Hitler’s Last public appearance Hitler’s Last public appearance

Russian’s capture BerlinRussian’s capture Berlin

Europe WW II

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