THE COLD WAR

WW II Casualties: Europe

WW II Casualties: Europe

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the

appropriate theater of operations

WW II Casualties: AsiaWW II Casualties: Asia

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the

appropriate theater of operations

WW II Casualtie

s

WW II Casualtie

s

Country Country Men in war Men in war Battle deaths Battle deaths WoundedWounded

Australia Australia 1,000,000 1,000,000 26,976 26,976 180,864180,864

Austria Austria 800,000 800,000 280,000 280,000 350,117350,117

Belgium Belgium 625,000 625,000 8,460 8,460 55,51355,51311

BrazilBrazil22 40,334 40,334 943 943 4,2224,222

Bulgaria Bulgaria 339,760 339,760 6,671 6,671 21,87821,878

Canada Canada 1,086,3431,086,34377 42,04242,04277 53,14553,145

ChinaChina33 17,250,5217,250,521 1

1,324,516 1,324,516 1,762,0061,762,006

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia — — 6,6836,68344 8,0178,017

Denmark Denmark — — 4,339 4,339 ——

Finland Finland 500,000 500,000 79,047 79,047 50,00050,000

France France — — 201,568 201,568 400,000400,000

Germany Germany 20,000,0020,000,000 0

3,250,0003,250,00044 7,250,0007,250,000

Greece Greece — — 17,024 17,024 47,29047,290

Hungary Hungary — — 147,435 147,435 89,31389,313

India India 2,393,891 2,393,891 32,121 32,121 64,35464,354

Italy Italy 3,100,000 3,100,000 149,496149,49644 66,71666,716

Japan Japan 9,700,000 9,700,000 1,270,000 1,270,000 140,000140,000

Netherlands Netherlands 280,000 280,000 6,500 6,500 2,8602,860

New Zealand New Zealand 194,000 194,000 11,62511,62544 17,00017,000

Norway Norway 75,000 75,000 2,000 2,000 ——

Poland Poland — — 664,000 664,000 530,000530,000

Romania Romania 650,000650,00055 350,000350,00066 ——

South Africa South Africa 410,056 410,056 2,473 2,473 ——

U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. — — 6,115,0006,115,00044 14,012,0014,012,0000

United Kingdom United Kingdom 5,896,000 5,896,000 357,116357,11644 369,267369,267

United States United States 16,112,5616,112,566 6

291,557 291,557 670,846670,846

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 3,741,000 3,741,000 305,000 305,000 425,000425,000

1. Civilians only.2. Army and navy figures.3. Figures cover period

July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps.

4. Deaths from all causes.5. Against Soviet Russia;

385,847 against Nazi Germany.

6. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany.

7. National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.

WWII PEACE?Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones

Poland reconstituted – Soviet satalite

Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence

Baltic States – absorbed into USSR

Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR

Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule

Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy

The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990

The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990

GERMANY DIVIDED

WWII PEACE?Greece – bloody civil war

France – 4th Republic – Unstable

Britain – empire evaporated

Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery = power status

China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao Zedong (1949)

League of Nations replaced by the United Nations

US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20c

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20c

What is the Cold War?

• The tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR was described as the Cold War (1945-1990).

• There was never a real war between the two sides between 1945 and 1990, but they were often very close to war (Hotspots). Both sides got involved in other conflicts in the world to either stop the spread of communism (USA) or help the spread (USSR).

WEAPONSPropaganda

Diplomatic Moves

Scientific Competition

Economic Competition

Espionage

Subversion

THE EARLY COLD WAR

YALTA

1945

BIG THREE

Issues?- What to do with Germany’s leaders after the war- What would happen to the occupied countries after liberation, especially those of Eastern Europe- How to build a lasting peace.

Intentions, suspicions

YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin

POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)Date: July 1945Date: July 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin

• At the Yalta Conference it was decided that Germany and Austria would be divided into four zones controlled by the US, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.

• At Yalta Stalin promised free elections. • At the Potsdam Conference all of the powers agreed decisions

should be made among a council and should be unanimous.

WHAT TO DO WITH EASTERN

EUROPEAN NATIONS?

STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS

• Stalin installed “satellite” communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany

• This after promising “free elections” for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference

In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible – and another war

was inevitable

• In 1946, Winston Churchill correctly warned that the Soviets were creating an “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe.

Winston Churchill giving the “Iron Curtain” address at Westminster College on March 5, 1946

Winston Churchill - “The Sinews of Peace”March 5, 1946 - Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow….Whatever conclusions may be drawn from these facts - and facts they are - this is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace….

U.S. ESTABLISHES A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

• Faced with the Soviet threat, Truman decided it was time to “stop babying the Soviets”

• In February 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containment

• Containment meant the U.S. would prevent any further extension of communist rule

CONTAINMENT THEORY

1947

George F. Kennan

“The main element of any United States policy toward Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.”

The Domino Effect• The USSR had a lot of influence over many of the

new communist countries (especially those in Europe).

• The USA was very worried that the USSR’s influence over these countries was making the USSR and communism more powerful.

• The USA did not want communism to spread any further – they were worried about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, then another, then another etc)

Domino Theory

Communism spreads like a disease

Truman Doctrine

• March 12, 1947• Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to

communist insurgents• Truman requested $400 million from Congress in

aid to both countries.• The U. S. should support free peoples throughout The U. S. should support free peoples throughout

the world who were resisting takeovers by armed the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own waytheir own way

• Successful effort

Marshall Plan• On June 5, U.S. Secretary of

State George Marshall – proposes a massive aid

program to rebuild Europe from the ravages of World War II.

• Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from 1948 to 1952. – The Soviet Union and

communist Eastern Europe decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."

Marshall Plan aid sent to European

countries

Marshall Aid

cartoon, 1947

• In 1946, reparation agreements broke down between the Soviet and Western zones. Response of the West was to merge French, British, and American zones in 1947.

• The West wanted to revive the German economy and combine the three western zones into one area. Soviet Union feared this union because it gave the one combined zone more power than its zone.

• On June 23, 1948, the western powers introduced a new form of currency into the western zones, which caused the Soviet Union to impose the Berlin Blockade one day later.

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT

June 1948 – May 1949

West Berlin – 2.5 million population

2.3 million tons of supplies

After 276,926 flights Soviet Union lifts blockade

NATO1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Brussels, Belgium

Defensive Military Alliance

12 Nations originally

Today 28 members

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West Germany1955: West Germany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

WARSAW PACT

UNITED NATIONS

1945 – 51 founding nations

Goals: International Peace and Security, Friendly Relations, Cooperation in International problems, Human Rights

Today 192 Nations

KOREA

1950-1953

“The Forgotten War”

38th Parallel

North Korea –Kim Il-Sung

HUNGARIAN UPRISING

1956

Imre Nagy

Prime Minister

Krushschev “Secret Speech” – De-Stalinization

Withdrawal – Warsaw Pact

End Communism in Hungary?

Executed 1958

Stalin Dies• 1953 Stalin Dies---- Nikita Khrushchev takes over

• Condemns Stalin’s reaign

• " Stalin acted not through persuasion, explanation and patient co-operation with people, but by imposing his concepts and demanding absolute submission to his opinion. Whoever opposed this concept or tried to prove his viewpoint, and the correctness of his position, was doomed to removal from the leading collective and to subsequent moral and physical annihilation. This was especially true during the period following the 17th Party Congress, when many prominent Party leaders and rank-and-file Party workers, honest and dedicated to the cause of communism, fell victim to Stalin's despotism."

SUEZ CRISIS

1956-1957

British/French Control – military base 80,000 troops

Symbol of the overseas power

“jugular vein of the empire”

Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt

Egyptian Nationalization

The Space Race Competition

• Khrushchev keen to compete

• Show Communist technology to be superior

• Increase Soviet prestige

• Sputnik launched in 1957

• USA failed to launch their satellite until 1958

• Race would continue until 1980’s

SPUTNIK

1957

Russia – 1st man-made satellite

US – NASA

“Space Race”

The serious side was….• That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also

launch a nuclear warhead at a target.• So space developments led to rapid advances in

nuclear weapons.• By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to

destroy the earth• In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the

first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for communism

U2 Incident

1960

Soviets - Krushchev

US – Eisenhower

Col. Francis Gary Powers

US Spy Plane shot down in Russia