■ Essential QuestionEssential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, Dutch & British patterns of colonization in America?

■ Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up Questions: –What key changes in Europe What key changes in Europe

took place in the 15took place in the 15thth & 16 & 16thth centuries that allowed for centuries that allowed for overseas colonization?overseas colonization?

–How did European exploration in How did European exploration in America impact native peoples?America impact native peoples?

Motivations for Exploration■During the Renaissance, a desire

for new trade routes to Asia led to an Age of Exploration:–Led by Spain & Portugal,

explorers found new trade routes, colonies, & people to Christianize

–Colonization in North America led to destruction of Indian culture, permanent settlements for whites, & wealth for European nations

Motivation & Means of Exploration

Key Motivation of Explorers: Key Motivation of Explorers: • A search for new knowledge (Renaissance)• The 3 “Gs”:

1. GOLD: A desire for wealth, new markets for trade, a desire to escape poverty in Europe

2. GLORY: A desire by European kings to develop large overseas empires or for individual explorers to make a name for themselves

3. GOD: A desire by European Christians (Catholics) to convert people to their faith

Means: Means: • Better ships

(caravels)• Better

navigation tools:

1. Astrolabe & sextant

2. Magnetic compass

3. Maps with longitude & latitude

Voyages of European Exploration

Four Key ExplorersVasco da Gama found India

by sailing around AfricaChristopher Columbus “discovered” America

looking for a westward route to IndiaFerdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe

Samuel Champlain founded Quebec after failing to find a NW passage to India

This exploration led to colonies by European countries:

America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

America Before the Europeans■Before Columbus’ discovered

America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:

The AztecsAztecs (in Central America) & IncasIncas (in South America)

created large, powerful empires

These empires were destroyed by the arrival of Spanish conquistadors

America Before the Europeans■Before Columbus’ discovered

America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:

The PlainsPlains Indians were hunters & gathers but became mobile

hunters after the Spanish introduced the horse into North America

America Before the Europeans■Before Columbus’ discovered

America in 1492, North America was dominated Native Americans:

The Eastern WoodlandsEastern Woodlands Indians lived in small farming communities & were the first contacts with British settlers in

Virginia & Massachusetts

Eastern Woodland Cultures

■Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands:

–Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering

–Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

When Worlds Collide

On the map provided, label and shade trade patterns & the regions of

the world colonized by (a) Spain, (b) France, (c) England, & (d) Dutch

during the Age of Exploration

Voyages of European Exploration

The Columbian Exchange■The arrival of Europeans led to the

introduction of new products between Indians & Europeans called the Columbian Exchange:–Indians introduced corn, tobacco,

potatoes, peanuts to whites–Europeans introduced horses,

livestock, citrus, & diseases–An estimated 90% of Indians

died due to European disease

The Columbian Exchange

The Spanish Colonies in America

Spanish Colonies in North America

Spanish Colonies in North America■Motivations:

–After Columbus, Spain dominated Central & South America & the SE & SW sections of North America

–Spanish conquistadors explored in search of gold & silver

–Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism

The Spanish government encouraged converting Indians

& establishing missions

Spanish Colonies in North America■Government: Royal control

–Spanish colonies were funded & controlled by the monarch

–Viceroys were sent to the colonies to serve as governors

■Economy: Desire for wealth –Used Indian & African slave

labor to mine gold & silver–Built encomiendas (plantations)

to farm cash crops

Spanish Colonies in North America■Society: Strictly controlled

–Viceroys were sent to rule–Creoles were white colonists

living in Spanish colonies; had opportunities for land & wealth

–The lack of women led to inter-marriage with Indians & a mixed-race population (mestizos)

–Indians & African slaves made up the bottom of society

The French Colonies in America

French Colonies in North America

French Colonies in North America■Motivations:

–After Champlain’s attempt to find a NW passage through Canada, he founded Quebec

–The “French crescent” included Canada, the Mississippi River, & New Orleans

–Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism

Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged

converting Indians & establishing missions

French Colonies in North America■Government: Royal control

–The French colonies were strictly controlled by royal governors

■Economy: Desire for fur trade –Most French colonists profited

from the fur trade, small-scale farming, or lumbering

■Society: Friendly with Indians –Because the French needed furs,

they were the most friendly with the local Native Americans

Dutch Colonies in North America

Dutch Colonies in North America■Motivations:

–The Dutch established New Amsterdam as a trade center

■Political, Economic, Social:–To attract settlers, the gov’t

allowed anyone to immigrate–As a result, New Amsterdam

was one of the most diverse colonies in North America

The English Colonies in America

The English Colonies■In the 1600s, English settlers

arrived in North America–English colonization differed

from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World

–Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

Migrating to the English Colonies■17th century England faced major

social changes:–The most significantly was a

boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?)

–People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)

British Colonies in North America

British Colonies in North America■Motivations: Many different reasons

– Economic: Escape poverty or gain wealth from cash crop farming

–Religious: For religious freedom & to escape religious persecution

– Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution

■ As a result, the British colonies were very different from each other & were never very unified

British Colonies in North America■Government:

–The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America

–Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists could create local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies

–Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power

British Colonies in North America■ Economy &

Society: –The societies

& economies of the British colonies were dependent upon the reasons people settled

Southern colonies, like Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps between rich & poor

farmers, & slave labor

New England colonies, like Massachusetts, were closely

connected by religion & families & were mostly

subsistence farmers who had little desire to make money

Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonists never made sweeping attempts to convert,

marry, or trade with local Native Americans, although conflicts

over land were common

By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America

(but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)

These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native

Americans already living there

The Spanish & French adopted Frontiers of Inclusion while the British

used Frontiers of Exclusion