Essential Question Essential Question: –How did America progress towards greater democracy between...

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Essential Question Essential Question : –How did America progress towards greater democracy between 1800 & 1840? Essential Question: Essential Question: –Examine Alexis de Tocqueville’s journey through America in the 1830s & read excerpts from his observations. What did this French visitor observe about U.S. society & gov’t in the 1830s?

Transcript of Essential Question Essential Question: –How did America progress towards greater democracy between...

Page 1: Essential Question Essential Question: –How did America progress towards greater democracy between 1800 & 1840? Essential Question: Essential Question:

Essential QuestionEssential Question:–How did America progress

towards greater democracy between 1800 & 1840?

Essential Question:Essential Question:–Examine Alexis de Tocqueville’s

journey through America in the 1830s & read excerpts from his observations. What did this French visitor observe about U.S. society & gov’t in the 1830s?

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Alexis de Tocqueville

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The Growth of White Men's Democracy

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The Growth of DemocracyFrom 1824 to 1840, democracy

was extended to more Americans:–Before 1800, most states limited

the right to vote exclusively to property owners & taxpayers

–By 1840, these restrictions were removed for most white men

–Nowhere else in the world was the right to vote as widespread as in the USA

Less than 50% of white men could vote

90% of white men could vote

This increase in “democracy” was a major shift from the “virtuous republic”

envisioned by Jefferson & Hamilton

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The Growth of DemocracyBy the 1830s, a “democracy of

commoners” became more accepted than a “republic of natural aristocrats”

–Positions of power became attainable for “self-made” men

–Americans valued equal opportunities among white men, but not necessarily equality

White males were seen as equal before the law & in voting

Decreased requirements in the licensed professions

No clear domestic servant class

There was a growing % of Americans who owned no land

Rising industrialization led to a population of low-paid laborers

Division between commercial farmers & yeoman farmers

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Quick Class Discussion: Why did this unprecedented growth in democracy occur?

Before 1800, most states limited the right to vote exclusively to property

owners & taxpayers

The Simple Answer: Westward expansion led to an increase in democracy

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Westward expansion led to increased suffrage for “common” men in the “new states” who

did not qualify in the “older states”

Jefferson’s vision of “republicanism” did not apply in the West because there were no

“virtuous elite” to rule for the people

As more western states extended democracy to

“common men,” political parties in eastern states felt

pressure to do the same

By 1840, more than 90% of all adult white men could vote (“universal white male suffrage”)

But…this extension of suffrage did not include African-Americans or women

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Universal Manhood Suffrage Political parties developed new

types of politicking in order to reach “new voters”–In the 1820s, politicians began

using campaigns, parades, slogans to appeal to the masses

–Well-organized, statewide “political machines” developed

–Party loyalty became expected –Partisan newspapers boomed

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Universal Manhood Suffrage

Could “mob rule” really work in America?

Partisan newspapers played an important role in early American politics

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Universal Manhood SuffrageThe 1830s & 1840s experienced:

–Massive voter turnout due to the growth of suffrage & increased organization of political parties

–Direct methods of selecting presidential electors, county officials, state judges, & governors (replaced indirect methods by state legislatures)

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What is voter turnout like today?

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Democratic CultureIn the 1830s, high literacy & cheap

printing allowed artists & writers to work for a “mass” audience:–Popular genres include

romanticism, gothic horror, & landscape paintings

–Authors included Wadsworth, Emerson, Melville, Hawthorne, Whitman, Poe; showed human nature, morality, romanticism

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Kindred Spirits, by

Asher Durand

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PoliticsPolitics:The Elections of

1824 & 1828

John Quincy Adams video

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The Election of 1824The election of 1824 was a 4-way

race among Dem-Republicans:–John Quincy Adams

represented New England–William Crawford represented

the South –Henry Clay & Andrew Jackson

represented the West Jackson won the popular vote but

not a majority of electoral votes

Sec of State under Monroe

Speaker of the House; author of American System

Not taken seriously at first; but “war hero” status made Jackson a nat’l candidate

Sec of Treasury under Monroe

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Jackson did well in the South & the West

Clay’s influence was limited to a few

western states

JQ Adams won NE

Crawford won VA but few other Southern states

But, because no one candidate received 51% of the electoral votes, the House of Reps had

to determine the presidential winnerAdams won when

Henry Clay threw his support behind him

Led to charges that Adams had "bought"

the presidency (Corrupt Bargain!!)

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J. Q. Adams' AdministrationAdams had a difficult presidency:

–JQ Adams wanted to continue the nationalist programs of the “Era of Good Feelings”

–The depression of 1819 limited the nationalist agenda & few of Adams’ policies became law

–A protective tariff was passed to help farmers & industry, but this angered the South

One exception: the National Road

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Jackson Comes to Power“Jacksonians” prepared for the

election of 1828 by creating a well-organized, national campaign – Jackson (TN) formed a coalition

with Adams’ VP Calhoun (SC), Van Buren (NY), & 2 newspaper editors (KY) to rival JQ Adams

– Formed the basis of 1st modern political party, calling themselves the “DemocratsDemocrats”

“Democrats” distinguished themselves as different from the “Nationalist Republicans” who has strayed from the Jeffersonian ideal

But, these “Jacksonian Democrats” are not going to mirror the “Jeffersonian Republicans”

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Jackson Comes to PowerThe election of 1828 changed

American politics:– Showed the effectiveness of

political parties in elections – It was the 1st election with overt

mudslinging & propaganda – Exciting appeals to average the

man (public rallies & barbeques)Jackson won the election as a

“common man of the people”

“Ms. Jackson is a bigamist” & “Ms. Adams is a bastard”

Democrats presented Jackson as “Old Hickory,”

uneducated, a hero, a dueler & a man of the people

Democrats painted Adams as an out-of-

touch aristocrat

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Who is Andrew Jackson? Jackson’s wild & rowdy inauguration

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Jackson Comes to PowerJackson was a popular candidate

but it was not clear what type of president Jackson would be:

–Jackson’s supporters wanted states’ rights & limited gov’t

–During the campaign, Jackson never clarified his stand on major issues: banks, tariffs, etc.

–Only stood for Indian removal

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ConclusionsIn the 1820s & 1830s, America

became more democratic:–Westward expansion facilitated

the expansion of suffrage for common white men

–Led to unprecedented voter participation by citizens

–Allowed for a new breed of “common man” politicians to come to power

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Review QuestionsReview Questions:

–What did the term common man mean in the early 19th century?

–In what ways were Presidents Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, & Monroe different from the “common man”?