ESPAÑOL 3 GRAMMAR

NOTEBOOK

Carlos Carpentier

Table of Contents Sem. 1

El preterito

Preterite Trigger Words

Car, Gar, Zars

Spock Verbs

Snake and Snakey Verbs

Cucaracha Verbs

Imperfecto

Imperfect Triggers

Imperfect Irregulars

Preterite v. Imperfect

Verbs like Gustar

Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparatives and Superlatives Irregulars

Ser v Estar

Transition Words

El Futuro

Future Triggers

Future Irregulars

Por v Para

Saber v. Conocer

Preterito

To conjugate –ar

verbs, drop “ar”

ending and add…

é

aste

ó

amos

aron

To conjugate –er and

–ir verbs, drop

ending and add…

í

iste

ió

imos

ieron

Trigger Words

Anoche

Ayer

El año pasada

Semana pasada

Mes pasada

Irregular Preterito

Tocar

• toqué

• tocaste

• tocó

• tocamos

• tocaron

Jugar

• jugué

• jugaste

• jugó

• jugamos

• jugaron

Comenzar

• comence

• comenzaste

• comenzo

• comenzamos

• comenzaron

“Spock” Irregular Verbs

Ir/Ser

-fui

-fuiste

-fue

-fuimos

-fueron

Dar

-di

-diste

-dio

-dimos

-dieron

Hacer

-hice

-hiciste

-hizo

-hicimos

-hicieron

Ver

-vi

-viste

-vio

-vimos

-vieron

Snake Verbs and Snakey Verbs

EI

Pedir

Preferir

Competir

Repetir

Servir

Sentir

Venir

OU

Dormir

Morir

Pedí pedimos

Pediste

Pidio pidieron

Snakey Verbs

I changes to y in 3rd person

Leer

Creer

Oir

Cucaracha Verbs

Andar

Estar

Poder

Poner

Querer

Saber

Tener

Venir

Conducir

Producir

Traducir

Decir

traer

El Imperfecto

Indicates a continuous action

Imperfected Time

The very distant past.

ar verbs

aba

abas

aba

abamos

abais

aban

er/ir verbs

ía

ías

ía

íamos

íais

ían

Imperfect Triggers

-

• Frecuentamente

• Muchas veces

• siempre

-

• Los lunes

• A veces

• Cada dia

-

• A menudo

• Todos los dias

• mientras

Imperfect Irregular

ir

• iba

• ibas

• iba

• ibamos

• ibais

• iban

ser

• era

• eras

• era

• éramos

• erais

• eran

ver

• veía

• veías

• veía

• veíamos

• veíais

• veían

Preterite v. Imperfect

The imperfect is

used for actions in

the past that are not

seen as completed.

Use of the imperfect

tense implies that

the past action did

not have a definite

beginning or a

definite end.

The preterite is used

for actions in the

past that are seen

as completed. Use

of the preterite tense

implies that the past

action had a definite

beginning and

definite end.

Verbos Like Gustar

aburrir to bore

fascinar to be fascinating to

bastar to be sufficient

importar to be important to

caer bien (mal) to (not) suit

interesar to be interesting to

dar asco to be loathsome

molestar to be a bother

disgustar to hate something

parecer to appear to be

doler (o:ue) to be painful

picar to itch

encantar to "love" something

quedar to be left over, remain

faltar to be lacking something

volver (o:ue) loco to be crazy about

Comparatives v. Superlatives

Compartives

Superiority más... (que)more... than or ____erthan

Inferiority menos... (que)less/fewer... than

Equality tan... como as... as tanto... como as much/many as

Superlatives

definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de

Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.

Irregulars Comp v. Sup

Buenomejor

Malopeor

ViejomayorJovenmenor

Ser vs. Estar

Ser Estar

soy

eres

es

somos

son

estoy

estás

está

estamos

están

Ser vs. Estar

Ser is permanent

Description (physical)

Origin

Characteristics

Time

Occupation

Relationship

Possession

Events

Dates

Estar is temporary

Health

Emotion

Location

Present Condition

I

N -ar=ando

G -er/-ir=iendo

Transition Words

• In spite of

• Even though

• While

• nevertheless

a pesar de

Aunque

Mientras

No obstante

• But

• Therfore

• Nevertheless

• also

Pero

Por lo tanto

Sin embargo

tambien

Future Tense

Infinitive +

é

ás

á

emos

an

I will eat

comeré

Trigger Words

El proximo

Dia, semana, hora, año

En dos, tres, …

Dias, semanas, horas, años

Irregulars

Caber cabr

Decirdir

Haberhabr

Hacerhar

Hayhabrá

Poderpodr

Ponerpondr

Quererquerr

Sabersabr

Salirsaldr

Tenertendr

Valervaldr

Venirvendre

Por v. Para

Rule: to express gratitude or apology

Model: Gracias por la ayuda.

(Thanks for the help.)

Rule: meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in

the area of"

Model: Andamos por el parque.

(We walk through the park.)

Rule: when talking about exchange, including

sales

Model: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro.

(He gave me ten dollars for the book.)

Rule: to mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of,"

Model: No voté por nadie.

(I didn't vote for anyone.)

Rule: to express a length of time

Model: Yo estudié por dos horas.

(I studied for two hours.)

Rule: to express an undetermined, or general

time, meaning "during"

Model: Se puede ver las estrellas por la

noche.

(One can see the stars during the night.)

Rule: to indicate destination

Model: El hombre salió para Madrid.

(The man left for Madrid.)

Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing

Model: El vaso es para agua.

(The glass is for water.)

Rule: to mean "in order to" or "for the purpose

of"

Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore

las carnes.

To make a paella, first sauté the meats.

Rule: to indicate a recipient

Model: Este regalo es para ti.

(This gift is for you.)

Rule: to express a deadline or specific time

Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes.

(I need the dress by Monday.)

Rule: to express a contrast from what is

expected

Model: Para un niño lee muy bien.

(For a child, he reads very well.)

Rule: "estar para" to express an action that

will soon be completed

Model: El tren está para salir.

Saber vs. Conocer

To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something, use "saber.“

Juan sabe dondeestá María.Juan knows where Maria is.

Yo no sé tu númerode teléfono.I don't know your telephone number.

To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object, use conocer.

Yo no conozco a María.I don't know (am not acquainted with) Maria.

Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.Alberto and Alfredo know (are acquainted with) Madrid.

Table of Contents Sem. 2

Conditional + irregulars

Perfect Tenses

Present

Past

Present perfect irregulars

Subjunctive perfect

tanto y tan

Impersonal „se‟

Saber vs. Conocer

Los Mandatos

Informal/Formal

Affirmative

Negative

Irregular

DOP + IOP placement

Nosotros command

-mono verbs

Subjunctive + irregulars

Trigger phrases

Impersonal expressions

Expressions of emotion

Conjunctions of time

Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

Conditional Tense/Irregulars

To conjugate regular -ar, -er

and -ir verbs in the

conditional, simply add one

of the following to the

infintive:

ía

ías

ía

íamos

íais

ían

poder

yo podría

tener

yo tendría

querer

yo querría

valer

yo valdría

saber

yo sabría

venir

yo vendría

caber

yo cabría

poner

yo

pondría

decir

yo diría

haber

yo

habría

salir

yo

saldría

hacer

yo haría

Present Perfect

In Spanish, the present

perfect tense is formed by

using the present tense of

the auxiliary verb "haber"

with the past participle.

Haber is conjugated as

follows:

he

has

ha

hemos

han

Por Ejemplo…

He comido.I have eaten.

Has comido.You have eaten.

Ha comido.He has eaten.

Hemos comido.We have eaten.

Han comido.They have eaten.

Irregulars

Abrir…abierto

Cubrir…cubierto

Decir…dicho

Escribir…escrito

Hacer…hecho

Morir…murto

Poner…puesto

Resolver…resuelto

Romper…roto

Ver…visto

Volver…vuelto

Ir…ido

Past Perfect

habia habiamos

habias --

habia habian

VERB

ER, IR = IDO

AR = ADO

Subjunctive Perfect

The present perfect

subjunctive is used

in the same types of

clauses as the

present subjunctive,

and is normally used

to indicate the action

as completed with

verbs in the present

or future tense.

Haya

Hayas

Haya Participle

Hayamos

Hayan

Tan v. Tanto

Tan…como (as…as)

-tan is used with

adjectives and

adverbs

Ejemplo

-Conduzco tan

despacio como

puedo.

Tanto…como (as

much…as)

-tanto is used with

nouns

and verbs

Ejemplo

-El tiene tanto miedo

como yo.

Impersonal Se

Use “se” to avoid

specifying the

person who is

performing the

action.

When using “se”,

the verb is ALWAYS

in 3rd person.

Por ejemplo…

Se vende carne en

el marcado.

Se habla español.

Saber v. Conocer

Saber

To know facts and information

Conocer

To know people, places, things,

or literary works

Los Mandatos

APPLIES FOR –AR –ER AND –IR VERBS!!

Irregular Formal Commands

T -tenga

V -venga

D -de

I -vaya

S -sea

H -haga

E -este

S -sepa

Informal Commands

• Conjugate to tu form

• Drop the “s”Affirmative

• Put in yo form

• Change to opposite vowel

• Add “s”

Negative

Informal Irregulars

Affirmative

Dij

Haz

Ve

Pon

Sal

Se

Ten

Ven

Negative

T -tenga

V -venga

D -de

I -vaya

S -sea

H -haga

E -este

S -sepa

DOP and IOP Placement

Ir + infinitive phrase

• Attach to end of infinitive

• Place in front of conjugated verb

Estar + ing verb phrases

• Attach to end of ing verb and add accent over 3rd to last syllable

commands

• Affirmative

• Attached to the end of the command

• Negative

• After the no but before the command

Nosotros Commands

1 •Yo form

2 •Opposite vowel

3 •Add “mos”

Mono Verbs

If object pronouns are used, they must be attached to the

end of the affirmative command

The first “s” of the affirmative reflexive

ending is lost

Mosnos monos

Irregulars

Vamonos

No vayamos

Present Subjunctive

Infinitive“yo” form

Changevowel

-ar

A

As

A

Amos

Ais

an

-er

E

Es

E

Emos

Eis

en

Es importante que…

Es necesario que…

Subjunctive Irregulars

T -tenga

V -venga

D -de

I -vaya

S -sea

H -haga

E -este

S -sepa

car •-que

gar •-gue

zar •cé

Trigger Phrases

Impersonal Expressions

Es mejor que…

Es bueno que…

Expressionsof Emotion

Esperar (tohope, wish)

Sorprender(tosurprise)

Conjunctionsof Time

cuando Hasta que

Demonstrative Adj. And

Prounouns

Este/esta

this

Ese/esa

that

Aquel/aquella

That over there

Estos/estas

these

Esos/esas

those