Getting Students to Vlog Their Learning with Vine & Instagram
ERMslides3
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![Page 1: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Restless Earth
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Why are some locations vulnerable?
![Page 3: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener1880 - 1930
Meteorologist
1915 “The Origin of Continents and Oceans”
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Pangaea
![Page 5: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Earth’s interior
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Earth’s interior
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Plate tectonics
Evidence:
Mesosaurus fossils
Glossopteris ferns
“puzzle pieces”
Glacial debris
![Page 8: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mesosaurus & Glossopteris
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Gemstones
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Jigsaw Puzzle pieces
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Sea Floor magnetization
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Plate tectonics
![Page 13: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tectonic Plate Motion
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Plate boundaries
Divergent
Convergent
Lateral Transform
![Page 15: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Divergent plates
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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Convergent boundary
Nazca/S. Americanplates
Himalayas
Orogeny
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Lateral Transform
San Andreas
![Page 18: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fault Rupture
1906
Bolinas
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Seismic Waves
P wavesfastermove throughland &
water
S wavesdo not pass through liquids
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Seismic waves
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Seismograph
![Page 22: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Triangulation
3 locations
Measure arrival timesof P and S waves
P: 6 - 6.7 km/s
S: 3 - 4 km/s
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Triangulating epicenters
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Epicenter
![Page 25: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Richter scale
1935 Charles Richter(Cal Tech)
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Richter Scale
Logarithmic scale
7.2 quake hasamplitude10x greater than6.230x energy released
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Richter values
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Mercalli scale
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Tsunamis
Not tidal waves
High velocity
silent
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December 26, 2004
9.2 earthquake
250,000 deaths
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December 26, 2004
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Predicting Earthquakes
May 12, 2008
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Ancient Earthquakes
Jericho
Red Sea
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Decade of Earthquakes
London
Feb 8, 1750
March 6, 1750
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Lisbon
Nov 1 1755
All Saints Day
tsunami
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Rev. Charles Davy
“Every parish church, convent, nunnery, palace, and public edifice, with an infinite number of private houses, were either thrown down or so miserably shattered that it was rendered dangerous to pass by them.The whole number of persons that perished, including those who were burnt or afterwards crushed to death whilst digging in the ruins, is supposed, on the lowest calculation, to amount to more than sixty thousand;”
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New Madrid, MO 1811
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San Francisco 1906
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SF Earthquake 1906
April 18, 19065:12 am
7.8 - 8.2
42 secondsof shaking
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Bay Area quakes
1836 7.0
1838 7.0
1858 6.4
1861 6.1
1865 6.6
1868 6.9
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San Francisco 1905
Dennis Sullivan
1851 “Great Fire”
1900 City Hall
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April 18, 1906
Caruso @ Palace Hotel
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Fire
Ruptured gas lines
74 hours
490 blocks damaged
$500 million
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Aftermath
40,000+ Homeless
Chinatown
500 - 3000 deaths
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1906 - 1989
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Loma Prieta 1989
Oct 17, 19895:04 pm
7.2
15 - 20 seconds
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1989
Battle of the Bay
Game 3
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Bay Bridge
![Page 49: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Cypress Street Viaduct
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SF Marina
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Liquefaction
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Santa Cruz
Garden Mall
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Loma Prieta 1989
67 deaths,3800 injured
12,000 homeless
$6 Billion
![Page 54: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Benefits?
Stopped Hayward creep
Raised mountains
retrofitting
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The Next Quake
70% probabilityin the next 20-30years
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Northridge 1994
Jan 17, 19944:30 am
61 deaths, 9,000 injured
$20 Billion
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Palm Desert
Oct 16, 1999
6.9 magnitude
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Seattle 2001
Feb 28, 2001
6.8 magnitude
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Pacific Northwest
Potential?
tsunami
![Page 60: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Plate tectonics
![Page 61: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Vulcanism
![Page 62: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Hot spots
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Hawaiian Islands
![Page 64: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Ring of Fire
![Page 65: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Magma Pressure
![Page 66: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Volcanic Gases
VOG(volcanic smog)
![Page 67: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Benefits?
Fertile soil
Land creation
![Page 68: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Geothermal Energy
![Page 69: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Extinct vs. Dormant vs. Active
Extinct(Devil’s Tower)
Dormant(Mt. Fuji)
Active(Kilauea)
![Page 70: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Iceland
![Page 71: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Historic Eruptions
Toba 74,000 yrs ago
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Caldera
MT. Mazama
Aka Crater Lake
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Santorini
1628 BC
Atlantis?
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Yellowstone
![Page 75: ERMslides3](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102721/5461a7daaf79595e398b5a8f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Krakatoa
August 27, 1883
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Krakatoa
Localized tsunami Sumatra/Java
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Mt. Pelee
Martinique, May 1902nuee ardente(pyroclastic flow)
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Mt St Helens
May 1980
$3 Billion damage
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Mt St Helens
Lahar
Infrastructuredamage
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Cascade Volcanoes
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Predicting Eruptions
Earthquakes
Ground temperatures
Chouet
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Silent Killers 1986
Lake NyosCameroon
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El Chichon 1982
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Mt. Pinatubo 1991
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Mt Pinatubo
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Mt. Tambora 1815
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“The Year without a Summer” 1816
“Darkness” (Lord Byron)
“I had a dream, which was not all a dream.The bright sun was extinguish'd, and the starsDid wander darkling in the eternal space,Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earthSwung blind and blackening in the moonless air;Morn came and went--and came, and brought no day”
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Franklin 1783-4
Laki, Iceland
Asama, Japan
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1816
Jefferson’s Journal
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Volcanoes and Climate
Volume of debris
Height of Column
Gases emitted
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Volumes of Eruption Debris
Volcanic Explosivity Index(VEI)
Eruption Year VEI Casualties
Nevado del Ruiz
1985 3 25,000
Mt. Pelee 1902 4 30,000
Krakatau 1883 6 36,000
Tambora 1815 7 92,000
Unzen 1792 3 15,000
Laki 1783 4 9,000
Kelut 1586 4 10,000
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Climate effects
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Earth’s climate
Habitable zone
Sufficient Gravity
Water
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Early Earth
3 Billion years agoinitially H2 & He
Nitrogen (N2),
Carbon dioxide(CO2)
from volcanoes
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Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O -----> O2 + Glucose
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Earth’s atmosphere
N2 78%
O2 20.9%
Ar 0.93 %
CO2 0.038%
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Carbon Dioxide levels
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Global Temperatures
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Historic Climate Eras
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Medieval Warm Period
Population Boom
Viking Travel
England exported wine
Steppe Drought
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The Little Ice Age
Grain production
Ergot Blight
Plague
Patagonianicefields
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Climate Cycles
Ice Ages and Interglacials
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Ice Age - Glacial Maximum
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Tree Rings - Dendrochronology
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Assessing Historic Climates
Glacial Ice Cores
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Glacial Ice Cores
Air composition
Volcanic ashpollen
Oxygen isotopedistribution
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Oxygen Isotopes -16O, 18O
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Isotope data
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Causes of Climate Cycles
Orbital variation
Tilt change
Solar flux
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Orbital Variation
100,000 year cycle
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Obliquity of the Earth’s Axis
Tilt = 23.5o
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Changes in the Earth’s Tilt
41,000 year cycle
Greater tilt: Interglacial
Less tilt: Glaciation
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Precession
26,000 year cycle
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Solar Forcing
Changes in Flux
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Sunspots
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Maunder Minimum
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Comparison
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Cosmic Rays
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Cloud Cover
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Greenhouse gases
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Greenhouse Gases
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Greenhouse Gases
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Greenhouse Gases
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Venus
800 K temp
90x atmosphere
96% CO2
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Global Warming
Glacial Melting
Permafrost thaw
Increased evaporation
Coral reef bleaching
Seasonal change
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Glacial Melting
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Polar Ice Caps
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Greenland
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Antarctic Ice
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Sea Level Rising
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Coastlines Affected
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One to Five meter rise
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Since the last Glacial Maximum
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Consequences
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San Francisco
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Increased Evaporation Rates
Severe Storms
Coastal Erosion
Fires
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Tropical Storm Formation
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2005
KatrinaRitaWilma
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Coastal Erosion
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2005 Coastal Erosion
Hurricane Rita
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Saltwater Intrusion
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Ocean Heat Penetration
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El Niño
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El Niño 1998
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El Niño Frequency
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Permafrost Thaw
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Coral Reef Bleaching
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Wildlife Habitats
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Already Extinct
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Expanded Pest Ranges
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Expanded Pest Populations
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Ocean Conveyor Belt
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Salinity Decrease
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Day After Tomorrow?
Abrupt Climatechange
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Climate Flip Flop
Positive feedback
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Abrupt Climate Change
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Younger Dryas
12,800 - 11,400 yo
Thermohaline reversal?
Agriculture?
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The New Ice Age
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The New Interglacial
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The New Interglacial Climate
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Locations Affected
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What is affected?
Agriculture
Transportation
Population distribution
Energy needs
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Oceanic Overturning
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Carbon Content
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Carbon Capture & Storage
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Marine Sequestration
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Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O -----> O2 + Glucose
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Reforestation
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Chemical Conversion
Carbon dioxide---->formic acid
Preservative Perfume Scale removal Fuel cells
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CO2 to Fuel
Usinggalliumphosphide
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CO2 absorption
Peridotite(Oman)
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CO2 Consumption by Algae
GreenFuel Technologies
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Lower Emissions
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Carbon - Free?
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Hydrogen Fuel Cells
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Fuel Cell Hybrids