English in Use ESO 4 Galician B Burlington Books · English in Use ESO 4 Galician© B Burlington...

1English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books

Getting Startedamusement park /L'lqIhlLmW UEY/ parque de atraccións

arrogant /'DpLZLmW/ arrogante, soberbio/a

art gallery /'EW ZDoLpi/ galería de arte

beak /VAY/ peteiro

bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/ salón de birlos

brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a

butterfly /'VJWLcoO/ bolboreta

caffeine /'YæcAm/ cafeína

carbohydrates /YEVN'kOXpMWg/ carbohidratos, hidratos de carbono

carrot /'YDpLW/ cenoria

cauliflower /'YFoicoPL/ coliflor

cheerful /'aRco/ alegre, ledo/a, xovial

chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/ chimpancé

church /WiKa/ igrexa

claw /YoG/ pouta

crocodile /'YpFYLXOo/ crocodilo

department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ grandes almacéns

easy-going /Ahi'ZNBn/ de trato doado / fácil, tolerante

energetic /CmL'bCWBY/ enérxico/a, activo/a

fat /cæW/ graxa

fin /cBm/ aleta

fly /coO/ mosca

fresh /cpCi/ natural; fresco/a

fried /cpOX/ frito/a, fritido/a

frog /cpFZ/ ra

frozen /'cpNhm/ conxelado/a, xeado/a

fruit /cpIW/ froita

generous /'bCmLpLg/ xeneroso/a

goldfish /'ZLHoXcBi/ carpa dourada, peixe de cores

hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/a

honest /'FmBgW/ honrado/a, sincero/a

horse /kGg/ cabalo

kind /YOmX/ atento/a, amábel

lazy /'oCBhi/ preguiceiro/a, lacazán/ana

library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca

mashed /lDiW/ machucado/a; en puré

milk /lBoY/ leite

mineral /'lBmLpLo/ mineral

moody /'lIXi/ temperamental, de humor / carácter variábel

mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/ mosquito

museum /lqI'hALl/ museo

nasty /'mEgWi/ desagradábel

nightclub /'mOWYoJV/ discoteca, club nocturno

office /'FcBg/ oficina

parrot /'UDpLW/ papagaio

paw /UG/ pata; gadoupa, pouta

playground /'UoMZpPmX/ parque, zona de xogos

post office /'UNgW FcBg/ administración de correo

protein /'UpLHWAm/ proteína

proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a

pushy /'UHii/ agresivo/a

railway station /'pMorM gWMim/ estación de tren

rude /pIX/ groseiro/a, basto/a

salamander /'gDoLlDmXL/ salamántiga, píntega

salty /'gGoWi/ salgado/a

selfish /'gCocBi/ egoísta

sensible /'gCmgLVo/ asisado/a

sensitive /'gCmgLWBd/ sensíbel

shark /iEY/ tiburón, quenlla

sheep /iAU/ ovella

shopping centre /'iFUBn gCmWL/ centro comercial

snake /gmMY/ serpe

soup /gIU/ sopa

sour /'gPL/ agre, acedo/a

spicy /'gUOgi/ picante; moi condimentado/a

spinach /'gUBmBWi/ espinacas

stubborn /'gWJVLm/ testán/ana, teimudo/a

sugar /'iHZL/ azucre

sweet /grAW/ doce

tail /WMo/ cola, rabo

tennis court /'WCmBg YGW/ cancha / pista de tenis

tiger /'WOZL/ tigre

tomato /WL'lEWN/ tomate

trunk /WpJnY/ trompa

tusk /WJgY/ cairo, cabeiro

unique /qI'mAY/ único/a, excepcional

university /qImB'dKgLWi/ universidade

vitamin /'dBWLlBm/ vitamina

whale /rMo/ balea

whiskers /'rBgYLh/ bigotes

wing /rBn/ á, ala

worm /rKl/ verme

Glossary


Unit 1amaze /L'lMh/ sorprender, deixar impresionado/a

ambitious /Dl'VBiLg/ ambicioso/a

avoid /L'dQX/ evitar (a)

charming /'aElBn/ engaiolante

counselling /'YPmgLoBn/ asistencia

courageous /YL'pMbLg/ valente, afouto/a

dare /XCL/ atreverse; intentar

daring /'XCLpBn/ atrevido/a

determined /XB'WKlBmX/ resolto/a, decidido/a

encourage /Bm'YJpBb/ animar, alentar

fearless /'cRoLg/ intrépido/a

give up /ZBd 'JU/ darse por vencido/a, renderse

go wrong /ZLH 'pFn/ saír mal

humble /'kJlVo/ humilde

influential /BmcoH'Cmio/ influente

inspiring /Bm'gUOLpBn/ inspirador/a

parachute (n) /'UDpLiIW/ paracaídas

parachute (v) /'UDpLiIW/ tirarse en paracaídas

passionate /'UDiLmLW/ apaixonado/a

prove /UpId/ demostrar

resourceful /pB'gGgco/ con recursos

regret /pB'ZpCW/ arrepentirse (de)

sceptical /'gYCUWBYo/ escéptico/a

skydive /'gYOXOd/ paracaidismo

struggle /'gWpJZo/ ter dificultades

stuntman /'gWJmWlæm/ dobre, especialista

support (n) /gL'UGW/ apoio

support (v) /gL'UGW/ apoiar, axudar

take risks /WMY 'pBgYg/ correr riscos

tough /WJc/ forte

turn back /WKm 'VDY/ botarse / volver atrás

war correspondent /'rG YFpLgUFmXLmW/

correspondente de guerra

wingsuit jumping /'rBngIW bJlUBn/ paracaidismo con traxe de ás, wingsuit

Unit 2advisor /LX'dOhL/ conselleiro/a (chief ~: conselleiro/a

xefe/a)

ally /'DoO/ aliado/a

army /'Eli/ exército/a

assassination /LgDgB'mMim/ asasinato

blockbuster /'VoFYVJgWL/ éxito de taquilla

cast /YEgW/ reparto

costume /'YFgWqIl/ traxe

crown /YpPm/ coroa

downfall /'XPmcGo/ caída

embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergoñado/a

execute /'CYgBYqIW/ executar

fate /cCBW/ destino

find out /cOmX 'PW/ esculcar, pescudar, descubrir, saber (de)

follower /'cFoNL/ seguidor/a

foreigner /'cFpLmL/ estranxeiro/a

get rid of /ZCW 'pBX Fd/ desfacerse de

heir /S/ herdeiro/a

kill /YBo/ asasinar, matar

kingdom /'YBnXLl/ reino

lead to /'oAX WL/ levar a

leading role /'oAXBn pLHo/ papel principal

loveless /'oJdoLg/ sen amor

low-budget film /'oLHVJbBW cBol/ película de baixo orzamento

loyalty /'oQLoWi/ lealdade

main character /lCBm 'YDpLYWL/ protagonista, personaxe principal

minor character /lOmL 'YDpLYWL/ personaxe secundario

outbreak /'PWVpMY/ estoupido

plot (n) /UoFW/ argumento, trama

plot (v) /UoFW/ conspirar

power /'UPL/ poder

powerful /'UPLco/ poderoso/a

rating /'pMWBn/ índice de audiencia; valoración

rebel /pB'VCo/ rebelarse, sublevarse

reign /pMm/ reinado

relative /'pCoLWBd/ familiar, parente

remake /'pAlMY/ nova versión

royal /'pQLo/ real, da realeza

rule /pIo/ gobernar

scene /gAm/ escena

setting /'gCWBn/ escenario

soundtrack /'gPmXWpDY/ banda sonora

special effects /gUCio B'cCYWg/ efectos especiais

spoiler /'gUQoL/ revelación

stop at nothing /gWFU DW 'mJeBn/ non deterse diante de nada

throne /epLHm/ trono

treason /'WpAhm/ traizón

tsar /hE/ tsar

twist /WrBgW/ xiro inesperado

3

Glossary

English in Use ESO 4 Galician © B Burlington Books

Unit 3ancient /'MmiLmW/ antigo/a, do pasado

anxious /'DnYiLg/ angustiado/a; preocupado/a (be ~: preocuparse, inquietarse)

assume /L'gqIl/ supor, supoñer

attempt /L'WClUW/ intentar, tratar de

corpse /YGUg/ cadáver

develop a theory /XBdCoLU L 'eBLpi/ desenvolver unha teoría

disturbed /XB'gWKVX/ axitado/a; preocupado/a

dust /XJgW/ po

eruption /B'pJUim/ erupción

flame /coMl/ chama

flashing /'coæiBn/ escintilante

frighten /'cpOWm/ asustar

get stuck /ZCW 'gWJY/ encallar, varar

get to the bottom of /ZCW WL fL 'VFWLl Fd/ chegar ao fondo / coñecer todos os detalles de

glowing /'ZoNBn/ vivo/a; brillante

haunted /'kGmWBX/ enmeigado/a; engaiolado/a

laughter /'oEcWL/ riso, gargallada

lay down /oCB 'XPm/ botarse

locate /oN'YMW/ localizar

look into /oHY 'BmWI/ estudar; investigar, pescudar

missing /'lBgBn/ desaparecido/a

notice /'mNWBg/ ver, advertir, decatarse

occurrence /L'YJpLmg/ suceso, fenómeno

proof /UpIc/ proba(s)

refuse /pB'cqIh/ negarse

relief /pB'oAc/ alivio

research (n) /pB'gKa/ investigación

research (v) /pB'gKa/ investigar

reveal /pB'dAo/ demostrar; revelar

roar /pG/ ruxido; balbordo

shadow /'iDXLH/ sombra

smoke /glNY/ fume

source /gGg/ orixe

succeed /gLY'gAX/ ter éxito, triunfar

turn /WKm/ volverse

turn out /WKm 'PW/ resultar

vanish /'dDmBi/ desaparecer; extinguirse

wave /rMd/ onda

whisper /'rBgUL/ moumeo, murmurio

wonder /'rJmXL/ preguntarse

Review 1free /cpA/ liberar

take care of /WMY 'YS Ld/ coidar

twin /WrBm/ xemelgo/a

Unit 4allow /L'oP/ permitir

commute /YL'lqIW/ desprazarse acotío (ao lugar de traballo)

considerate /YLm'gBXLpLW/ considerado/a

crime rate /'YpOl pMW/ taxa de criminalidade

day-to-day /'XMWLXM/ diario/a, cotián/á

feel left out /cAo oCcW 'PW/ sentirse excluído/a

gang /ZDn/ banda criminal, panda

get along with /ZCW L'oFn rBf/ levarse ben con

graffiti /ZpL'cAWi/ graffiti, pintada

green space /'ZpAm gUMg/ zona verde

homeless /'kNloLg/ en fogar / teito (be ~: non ter fogar)

in charge of /Bm 'WiEb Fd/ responsábel de, a cargo de

juvenile delinquency /XjIdLmOo XB'oBnYrLmgi/ delincuencia xuvenil

lend /oCmX/ prestar, deixar

litter /'oBWL/ lixo, refugallos

low-income /'oLHBmYJl/ de baixos ingresos

mayor /lCL/ alcalde/sa

overcrowding /NdL'YpPXBn/ superpoboación

poverty /'UFdLWi/ pobreza

pull one’s weight /UHo rJmh 'rMW / facer a súa parte de traballo

reach a compromise /pAa L 'YFlUpLlOh/ chegar a un acordo

residential area /pChB'XLmio CLpiL/ zona residencial

see eye to eye /gA 'O WL O/ estar de acordo

sense of belonging /gCmg Ld VB'oFnBn/ sentido de pertenza (feel a ~: sentirse aceptado/a)

share /iS/ compartir

slum /goJl/ barrio baixo

suburb /'gJVKV/ aforas, arrabaldes; barrio residencial

take advantage of /WMY LX'dEmWBb Ld/ aproveitarse de

traffic jam /'WpDcBY bDl/ atasco, atoamento

treat /WpAW/ tratar

unemployment /JmBl'UoQlLmW/ desemprego

well-being /'rCoVABn/ benestar

willing to /'rBoBn WL/ disposto/a

work camp /'rKY YælU/ campo de traballo

youth /qIe/ xuvenil


Unit 5advertising agency /'DXdLWOhBn CBbLmgi/ axencia de

publicidade

attract /L'WpDYW/ atraer

awareness /L'rCLmLg/ coñecemento

banknote /'VDnYmNW/ billete

bargain /'VEZLm/ choio, bicoca, ganga; oferta

blow away /VoN L'rCB/ ser arrastrado polo vento, voar

budget /'VJbBW/ orzamento

cash /YDi/ (cartos en) efectivo, metálico

cashier /YD'iR/ caixeiro/a

charge /WiEb/ cargar, cobrar

coin /YQm/ moeda

convey a message /YLmdM L 'lCgBb/ transmitir unha mensaxe

copper /'YFUL/ cobre

counterfeiting /'YPmWLcBWBn/ falsificación

credit card /'YpCXBW YEX/ tarxeta / cartón de crédito

discount /'XBgYPmW/ desconto

exchange /BYg'WiMmb/ cambiar, trocar

fake /cCBY/ falso/a

flyer /'coOL/ folleto

free sample /cpA 'gElUo/ mostra gratuíta

goods /ZHXh/ produtos, artigos

guarantee /ZDpLm'WA/ garantía

height /kOW/ altura

increase (n) /'BmYpAg/ aumento

increase (v) /Bm'YpAg/ aumentar

luxury /'oJYiLpi/ luxo

make /lMY/ marca

make up one’s mind /lCBY JU rJmh 'lOmX/ decidirse

on sale /Fm 'gMo/ á venda; rebaixado/a

pedestrian /UL'XCgWpiLm/ peón

price range /'UpOg pCBmb/ orzamento, gama de prezos

price tag /'UpOg WDZ/ etiqueta

product /'UpFXJYW/ produto

purchase /'UKWiLg/ adquirir, mercar, comprar

receipt /pB'gAW/ recibo, tícket

reduce /pB'XqIg/ rebaixar, reducir

refund /'pAcJmX/ volver, reembolsar

save up /gMd 'JU/ aforrar

shine /iOm/ brillar, coruscar

shop display /'iFU XBgUoM/ expositor, escaparate

special offer /gUCio 'FcL/ oferta especial

strategy /'gWpDWLbi/ estratexia

tempt /WClUW/ tentar

trial period /'WpOLo UBLpiLX/ período de proba

Unit 6a billion /L 'VBoqLm/ mil millóns

add /DX/ agregar, engadir

admit /LX'lBW/ confesar, recoñecer

agree /L'ZpA/ estar de acordo; acceder

announce /L'mPmg/ anunciar

awareness /L'rCLmLg/ concienciación, conciencia

bottle /'VFWo/ botella

breed /VpAX/ reproducirse

bury /'VCpi/ enterrar, soterrar

can /Yæm/ bote, lata

cardboard /'YEXVGX/ cartón

carton /'YEWm/ caixa / envase (de cartón)

challenge /'WiDoLmb/ reto

cloth /YoFe/ tea, tecido

complain /YLl'UoMm/ queixarse

container /YLm'WCBmL/ colector; envase

cotton /'YFWm/ algodón

current /'YJpLmW/ corrente

cut down /YJW 'XPm/ cortar

decompose /XAYLl'UNh/ descompor(se), descompoñer(se)

disposable product /XB'gUNhLVo UpFXJYW/ produto refugábel

dump /XJlU/ verter, tirar

end up /CmX 'JU/ acabar, rematar

endanger /Bm'XMmbL/ pór en perigo

energy source /'CmLbi gGg/ fonte de enerxía

explain /BY'gUoMm/ explicar

glass /ZoEg/ cristal

global warming /ZoNVo 'rGlBn/ quecemento global

go viral /ZLH 'dOpLo/ espallarse axiña, facerse viral

issue /'BiI/ tema, asunto

jar /bE/ bote / tarro (de cristal)

landfill /'oDmXcBo/ vertedoiro

leather /'oCfL/ coiro, pel

metal /'lCWo/ metal

natural resource /mDapLo pB'gGg/ recurso natural

net /mCW/ rede

paper /'UMUL/ papel

peel /UAo/ casca, pel

plastic /'UoDgWBY/ plástico

pollute /UL'oIW/ contaminar

profitable /'UpFcBWLVo/ proveitoso/a, beneficioso/a

promise /'UpFlBg/ prometer

renewable /pB'mqILVo/ renovábel

seed /gAX/ semente

5

Glossary


shell /iCo/ casca

shout /iPW/ berrar

tin /WBm/ lata (de conservas)

tonne /WJm/ tonelada

warn /rGm/ advertir, avisar

whisper /'rBgUL/ bisbar, moumear, murmurar

wildlife /'rOoXoOc/ flora e fauna

wood /rHX/ madeira

wool /rHo/ la

Review 2fence /cCmg/ cercado, valado

kidnap /'YBXmDU/ raptar, secuestrar

pull away /UHo L'rCB/ afastar, apartar

ransom /'pDmgLl/ rescate

stand over /gWæmX 'NdL/ vixiar de preto

store /gWG/ gardar

Unit 7ankle /'DnYo/ nocello

back /VDY/ costas

band /VDmX/ grupo musical

bandage /'VDmXBb/ vendaxe

be sick /VA 'gBY/ golsar, trousar, vomitar (Br. Eng.); estar doente (Am. Eng.)

bite /VOW/ trabadura; picadura

brain /VpMm/ cerebro

chest /aCgW/ peito

cold /YNoX/ arrefriado

cough /YFc/ tusir

device /XB'dOg/ dispositivo

dizzy /'XBhi/ mareado/a

elbow /'CoVLH/ cóbado

fear /cR/ medo

flu /coI/ gripe

food poisoning /'cIX UQhLmBn/ intoxicación alimentaria

headache /'kCXMY/ dor de cabeza

heart /kEW/ corazón

itchy /'BWii/ que produce proído (be ~: proer)

knee /mA/ xeonllo

lung /oJn/ pulmón

neck /mCY/ pescozo

nerve cell /'mKd gCo/ neurona

ointment /'QmWlLmW/ pomada, ungüento, untura

pill /UBo/ pílula

rash /pDi/ sarabullo

rib /pBV/ costela

shoulder /'iNoXL/ ombro

skin /gYBm/ pel

sneeze /gmAh/ espirrar

sore /gG/ dorido/a, irritado/a (~ throat: dor de gorxa)

spine /gUOm/ columna vertebral, espiña dorsal

sprained /gUpMmX/ cunha escordadura (have a ~ ankle: ter unha escordadura de nocello)

sting /gWBn/ picadura, picada

stomach /'gWJlLY/ estómago

swollen /'grLHoLm/ inchado/a, inflamado/a

temperature /'WClUpLaL/ febre; temperatura

throat /epNW/ gorxa

upset stomach /JU'gCW gWJlLY/ estómago revolto

wheelchair /'rAoWiCL/ cadeira de rodas

wrist /pBgW/ pulso

X-ray /'CYgpM/ radiografía

Unit 8accountant /L'YPmWLmW/ contábel

bitter /'VBWL/ amargo/a, acedo/a, agre

bland /VoDmX/ insípido/a, eslamiado/a

blind /VoOmX/ cego/a, invidente

bright /VpOW/ brillante

bump /VJlU/ golpe leve, toque

chilly /'WiBoi/ frío/a

coarse /YGg/ áspero/a

damp /XDlU/ húmido/a

deaf /XCc/ xordo/a

deafening /'XCcmBn/ enxordecedor/a

despair /XB'gUS/ desesperarse, perder a esperanza

developing /XB'dCoLUBn/ en (vías de) desenvolvemento

guide dog /'ZOX XFZ/ can guía

hearing /'kBLpBn / oído, ouvido

hearing aid /'kBLpBn CBX/ audífono

hearing loss /'kBLpBn oFg/ perda de audición, xordeira

high five /kO 'cOd/ choca eses cinco

hug /kJZ/ aperta, abrazo

in one's teens /Bm rJmh 'WAmh/ ao longo da adolescencia

loose /oIg/ folgado/a

mute /lqIW/ mudo/a

odourless /'NXLoCg/ inodoro/a

perceive /UL'gAd/ comprender; percibir

release /pB'oAg/ liberar

scented /'gCmWBX/ perfumado/a, aromático/a, arrecendente

sight /gOW/ vista; espectáculo

sighted /'gOWBX/ vidente


sign language /'gOm oDnZrBb/ lingua de signos

smell (n) /glCo/ olor, ulido; olfacto

smell (v) /glCo/ ulir

smooth /glIf/ terso/a

sniff /gmBc/ olfactear

soft /gFcW/ suave

stroke /gWpLHY/ agarimar, aloumiñar, acariciar

taste (n) /WMgW/ sabor; gosto

taste (v) /WMgW/ probar, gorentar

tasteless /'WMgWoLg/ eslamiado/a (be ~: non ter sabor)

tight /WOW/ axustado/a, apertado/a, cinguido/a

touch (n) /WJWi/ tacto; (mostra de) contacto

touch (v) /WJWi/ tocar; conmover

transparent /Wpæmg'UæpLmW/ transparente

visually-impaired /'dBjHLoi BlUCLX/ discapacitado/a visual

Unit 9A-Level /'MoCdo/ de acceso á universidade

advisor /LX'dOhL/ conselleiro/a

amaze /L'lMh/ sorprender, deixar impresionado/a

amazed /L'lMhX/ sorprendido/a, impresionado/a

amazement /L'lMhlLmW/ sorpresa, abraio, asombro

amazing /L'lMhBn/ asombroso/a, abraiante, incríbel

ambitious /Dl'VBiLg/ ambicioso/a

assassination /LgDgB'mMim/ asasinato

attract /L'WpDYW/ atraer

attraction /L'WpæYim/ atracción

attractive /L'WpDYWBd/ atractivo/a

awareness /L'rCLmLg/ concienciación, conciencia

burned out /VKmX 'PW/ esgotado/a

consider /YLm'gBXL/ considerar, formularse

considerate /YLm'gBXLpLW/ considerado/a

consideration /YLm'gBXLpMim/ consideración; preocupación

container /YLm'WCBmL/ colector; envase

cram school /'YpDl gYIo/ escola de cursos intensivos

depressed /XB'UpCgW/ deprimido/a

determined /XB'WKlBmX/ resolto/a, decidido/a

dishonest /XBg'FmBgW/ pouco honrado/a, deshonesto/a

disposable /XB'gUNhLVo/ refugábel

disprove /XBg'UpId/ rexeitar, rebater

encouragement /Bm'YJpBblLmW/ apoio, ánimo, alento

get along with /ZCW L'oFn rBe/ levarse ben con

get nowhere /ZCW 'mNrCL/ non chegar a ningures, non acadar / conseguir ningunha cousa

get started /ZCW 'gWEWBX/ comezar, poñerse / porse en marcha

get to the bottom of /ZCW WL fL 'VFWLl Ld/ chegar ao fondo / coñecer todos os detalles de

give away /ZBd L'rCB/ agasallar

give back /ZBd 'VDY/ volver

give up /ZBd 'JU/ darse por vencido/a, renderse

impatient /Bl'UCBimW/ impaciente

impolite /BlUL'oOW/ maleducado/a, descortés; de mala / má educación

inconsiderate /BmYLm'gBXLpLW/ desconsiderado/a

inconvenient /BmYLm'dAmiLmW/ inconveniente, inoportuno/a (be ~: vir mal)

laugh /oEc/ rir(se)

laughable /'oEcLVo/ ridículo/a, irrisorio/a

laughter /'oEcWL/ riso, gargallada

look after /oHY 'EcWL/ coidar de / a

look for /'oHY cG/ procurar, buscar

look into /oHY 'BmWI/ estudar; esculcar

Look out! /oHY 'PW/ Coidado!

loyalty /'oQLoWi/ lealdade

make a difference /lMY L 'XBcpLmg/ influír, cambiar

make a mistake /lMY L lB'gWMY/ cometer un erro, errar, equivocarse

make one's bed /lCBY rJmh 'VCX/ facer a cama

make up one’s mind /lCBY JU rJmh 'lOmX/ decidirse

mark /lEY/ cualificación

odourless /'NXLoLg/ inodoro/a

part-time job /'UEWWOl bFV/ traballo a tempo parcial

passionate /'UDiLmLW/ apaixonado/a

perceive /UL'gAd/ comprender; percibir

perception /UL'gCUim/ percepción, idea

perceptive /UL'gCUWBd/ perspicaz, agudo/a

pollute /UL'oIW/ contaminar

polluted /UL'oIWBX/ contaminado/a

pollution /UL'oIim/ contaminación

reside /pB'hOX/ residir, vivir

resident /'pChBXLmW/ residente, habitante

residential /pChB'XLmWio/ residencial

sceptical /'gYCUWBYo/ escéptico/a

score /gYG/ resultado

stressed out /gWpCgW 'PW/ estresado/a

stressful /'gWpCgco/ estresante

take action /WMY 'DYim/ tomar medidas

take advantage of /WMY LX'dEmWBb Ld/ aproveitarse de

take one's temperature /WMY rJmh 'WClUpLaL/ coller a temperatura

take risks /WMY 'pBgYg/ correr riscos

taste (n) /WMgW/ sabor

taste (v) /WMgW/ probar, saborear

tasteless /'WMgWoLg/ eslamiado/a (be ~: non ter sabor)

7

Glossary


tasty /'WMgWi/ saboroso/a, apetitoso/a, sabedeiro/a, rico/a

top (adj) /WFU/ alto/a

top (n) /WFU/ posto máis alto, cume

unemployment /JmBl'UoQlLmW/ desemprego

uninspiring /JmBm'gUOLpBn/ aborrecido/a, pouco estimulante

vocational training school /dN'YMiLmo WpMmBn gYIo/ escola de formación profesional

Review 3breathe /VpAf/ respirar, alentar

climb up /YoOl 'JU/ subir (por), gabear

mortified /'lGWBcOX/ terribelmente avergoñado/a

shake (something) out /iMY gJleBn 'PW/ sacudirse, quitar (algunha cousa) de enriba

slow down /'goLH XPm/ minorar a velocidade

stable /'gWMVo/ corte, cortello

take off /WMY 'Fc/ quitar (roupa)

uneasy /Jm'Ahi/ incómodo/a


InterviewingHow would you describe yourself? /kP rHX qI

XB'gYpOV qGgCoc/ Como te definirías?

What’s the most exciting thing you’ve ever done? /rFWg fL lNgW BY'gOWBn eBn qId CdL XJm/ Que é o máis emocionante que fixeches xamais?

Have you ever struggled with something? /kDd

qI CdL 'gWpJZoX rBf gJleBn/ Algunha vez tiveches dificultades con algo?

How have you changed in the last few years? /kP kDd qI 'aMmbX Bm fL oEgW cqI qRh/ Que cambiou de ti nos últimos anos?

What are you passionate about? /rFW E qI 'UDiLmLW

LVPW/ Que é o que te apaixona?

Are you a risk taker? /E qI L 'pBgY WMYL/ Es arriscado/a?

Are you ambitious? /E qI Dl'VBiLg/ Es ambicioso/a?

Who do you admire and why? /kI XI qI LX'lOL

LmX rO/ A quen admiras e por que?

Talking about filmsWhat type of film is it? /rFW 'WOU Ld cBol Bh BW/

Que tipo de película é?

What’s it about? /rFWg BW L'VPW/ De que se trata?

What is the setting? /rFW Bh fL 'gCWBn/ Cal é o escenario?

Is the cast good? /Bh fL 'YEgW ZHX/ É o reparto bo?

What did you like about the film? /rFW XBX qI 'oOY

LVPW fL cBol/ Que che gustou da película?

What’s your favourite scene? /rFWg qG 'cCBdLpBW gAm/ Cal é a túa escena favorita?

Has it got special effects? /kLh BW ZFW gUCio B'cCYWg/ Ten efectos especiais?

Did it get good ratings? /XBX BW ZCW ZHX 'pMWBnh/ Recibiu / Obtivo unha boa valoración?

Talking about unusual phenomenaWhat happened exactly? /rFW 'kæULmX BZhDYWoi/

Que ocorreu / pasou exactamente?

Where did they see it? /'rCL XBX fM gA BW/ Onde o/a viron?

When did this occur? /'rCm XBX fBg LYK/ Cando ocorreu?

Has anyone else reported seeing it? /kLh CmBrJm Cog

pBUGWBX 'gABn BW/ Alguén máis dixo que o/a viu?

What did it look like? /rFW XBX BW 'oHY oOY/Como era?

How did people feel when they saw it? /kP XBX UAUo 'cAo

rCm fM gG BW/ Como se sentiu a xente cando o/a viu?

What could be a possible explanation for this? /rFW YLX VA L UFgLVo CYgUoL'mMim cL fBg/ Que posíbel explicación podería ter isto?

Talking about problems and solutions It bothers me that … . /BW 'VFfLh lA fDW/

Preocúpame que... .

I’m fed up with … . /Ol 'cCX JU rBf/ Estou farto/a de... .

I can’t stand … . /O 'YEmW gWæmX/ Non podo soportar / aturar... .

It’s a pity that … . /BWg L 'UBWi fDW/ É unha mágoa / pena que... .

I’m afraid that … . /Ol L'cpCBX fDW/ Temo que... .

… get on my nerves. /ZCW Fm lO 'mKdh/ ... póñenme fóra de min.

The … should … . /fL '… iLX/ O / A... debería... .

It’s clear … . /BWg 'YoBL/ Está claro que... .

Why don’t … ? /'rO XLHmW/ Por que non...?

If they … , there would be … . /Bc fM '… fCL rHX VA/ Se eles/as... , habería... .

The … would have solved the problem if it had … . /fL … rHX kDd 'gFodX fL UpFVoLl Bc BW kLX/ O / A... solucionaría o problema se tivese... .

If it gets worse, … . /Bc BW ZCWg 'rKg/ Se vai a peor, ... .

Making a decisionHow much would you like to spend? /'kP lJa rHX

qI oOY WL gUCmX/ Canto querería gastar?

How would you like to pay? /'kP rHX qI oOY WL UM/ Como lle gostaría pagar?

Have you considered … ? /kDd qI YLm'gBXLX/ Pensou en... ?

I can’t make up my mind. /O YEmW lCBY JU lO

'lOmX/ Non podo decidirme.

What have you got on sale? /rFW kDd qI ZFW Fm 'gMo/ Que teñen rebaixado?

Have you got anything particular in mind? /kDd qI

ZFW CmieBn UL'WBYqLoL Bm lOmX/ Ten en mente algo / algunha cousa en particular?

I'll take it! /Oo 'WMY BW/ Lévoo!

Conducting a surveyWhat kinds of things do you recycle? /rFW YOmXh Ld

eBnh XI qI pA'gOYo/ Que tipo de cousas reciclas?

What do you do with your empty bottles? /rFW XI

qI XI rBf qG 'ClUWi VFWoh/ Que fas coas botellas baleiras?

Is there anything else you recycle? /Bh fCL CmieBn Cog

qI pA'gOYo/ Hai algo máis que recicles?

Speaking Glossary

Speaking Glossary

9

Glossary


How far do you have to go to the nearest recycling bins? /kP cE XI qI kDd WL ZLH WL fL mBLpBgW pA'gOYoBn

VBmh/ Até onde tes que desprazarte para ir ao colector de reciclaxe máis próximo?

When you go shopping, do you look for environmentally friendly products? /rCm qI ZLH

iFUBn XI qI oHY cL BmdOpLmlCmWLoi 'cpCmXoi UpFXJYWg/ Cando vas de compras, procuras produtos ecolóxicos / respectuosos co medio natural?

Are you willing to pay a little more for green products? /E qI rBoBn WL UM L oBWo lG cL 'ZpAm

UpFXJYWg/ Estás disposto/a a pagar un pouco máis polos produtos ecolóxicos?

Do you think you could do more for the environment? /XI qI eBnY qI YLX XI lG cL fL

Bm'dOpLmlLmW/ Cres que poderías facer máis polo medio natural?

Talking about picturesThis picture shows … . /'fBg UBYaL iLHh/ Esta fotografía

amosa... .

… are apparently … . /E L'UDpLmWoi/ ... seica están... .

That … might have … . /fDW '… lOW kDd/ Ese/a... podería ter... .

It could be that … . /BW 'YHX VA fDW/ Podería ser que... .

It looks like … . /BW 'oHYg oOY/ Seica... .

I suppose that … . /O gL'UNh fDW/ Supoño que... .

It seems to me that … . /BW gAlh WL 'lA fDW/ Paréceme que... .

I would say that … . /O rHX 'gM fDW/ Diría que... .

I think that … . /O 'eBnY fDW/ Creo que... .

It appears that … . /BW L'UBLh fDW/ Dá a impresión de que... .

Discussing an experienceYou’ll never believe what happened to me … .

/qIo 'mCdL VBoAd rFW kDULmX WL lA/ Non vas crer o que me pasou... .

… felt so good that … . /cCoW 'gN ZHX fDW/ ... sentía tan ben que... .

All of a sudden, … . /'Go Ld L gJXm/ De súpeto / socato... .

Before I knew it, … . /VB'cG O mqI BW/ Cando quixen decatarme, ... .

I’ll never forget … . /Oo 'mCdL cLZCW/ Nunca esquecerei... .

I’d never been so … . / OX 'mCdL VAm gN/ Nunca me dera tanta... .

All I wanted to do … . /'Go O rFmWBX WL XI/ O único que quería facer... .

Reacting to newsYou don’t say! /qI 'XLHmW gM/ Non me digas!

That’s too bad! /fDWg 'WI VDX/ Que mágoa / lástima!

That’s terrible! /fDWg 'WCpLVo/ Que horror!

That was lucky! /fDW rLh 'oJYi/ Vaia sorte!

Expressing surpriseI had no idea. /O kDX mN O'XBL/ Non tiña nin idea.

That’s amazing! /fDWg L'lMhBn/ É incríbel.

I don’t believe it. /O XNmW VB'oAd BW/ Non podo crelo.

You really did that? /qI 'pALoi XBX fDW/ De verdade fixeches iso?

Giving feedbackThat’s right. /fDWg 'pOW/ Iso / Así é., Moi ben.

I’m afraid you’re wrong. /Ol LcpCBX qHL 'pFn/ Temo que estás errado / non tes razón.

Try again. /WpO L'ZCm/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo., Volve intentalo.

Good for you! /'ZHX cL qI/ Ben feito!, Moi ben!

Expressing certaintyDefinitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ De certo / Seguro., Sen dúbida.

Of course. /Ld 'YGg/ Por suposto / Abofé que si.

Absolutely. /'DVgLoIWoi/ Desde logo., Por suposto / Abofé que si.

Comparing and contrastingLike you, ... /oOY 'qI/ O mesmo ca ti, ...

Unlike you, ... /'JmoOY qI/ A diferenza de ti, ...

Just like you, ... /'bJgW oOY qI/ Igual ca ti, ...

EmpathisingI can only imagine how … /O YLm Nmoi B'læbBm

kP/ Xa podo imaxinar como...

That’s really scary. /fDWg 'pALoi gYCLpi/ Dá moito medo.

I bet you were ... /O 'VCW qI rK/ Aposto a que estabas...

Showing regretI’m sorry … /Ol 'gFpi/ Sinto...

It’s a pity … /BWg L 'UBWi/ É unha mágoa / pena...

It’s a shame … /BWg L 'iMl/ É unha mágoa / pena...

It’s too bad … /BWg 'WI VDX/ É unha mágoa / pena...

Expressing hopehopefully … /'kNUcLoi/ cun pouco de sorte /

agardemos...

it’s likely … /BWg 'oOYoi/ é probábel...

there’s a chance … /fCLh L 'aEmg/ cabe / existe a posibilidade...


Responding to guessesYou’re close! /qHL 'YoNg/ Xa case o tes!

Well done! /rCo 'XJm/ Ben feito!

You’re way off! /qHL 'rM Fc/ Frío, frío!

Have another go! /kDd L'mJfL ZLH/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo!

Try again! /WpO L'ZCm/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo!

Responding to thanksYou’re welcome. /qHL 'rCoYLl/ De nada.

It’s a pleasure. /BWg L 'UoCjL/ É un pracer.

Don’t mention it. /'XLHmW lCmim BW/ De nada.

Not at all. /mFW LW 'Go/ De nada.

SequencingSo then … /gN 'fCm/ Daquela...

After that … /'EcWL fDW/ Despois diso...

The next thing … /fL 'mCYgW eBn/ Despois diso...

Assessing our actionsI guess I should … /O 'ZCg O iLX/ Supoño / Coido que

debería...

I suppose I could … /O gL'ULHh O YLX/ Supoño / Coido que podería...

I’m afraid I don’t … /Ol L'cpCBX O XLHmW/ Temo que eu non...

Showing concernAre you alright? /E qI Go'pOW/ Estás ben?

Oh, you poor thing! /N qI UG 'eBn/ Ah, pobriño/a!

Take care of yourself. /WMY 'YS Ld qGgCoc/ Cóidate.

I hope you feel better. /O kNU qI cAo 'VCWL/ Agardo que te atopes / sintas mellor.

Agreeing / DisagreeingIt’s hard to say. /BWg kEX WL 'gM/ É difícil de dicir.

You may be right. /qI lM Vi 'pOW/ Pode que teñas razón.

I’d agree with that. /OX L'ZpA rBf fDW/ Estou de acordo con iso.

I’m not convinced. /Ol mFW YLm'dBmgW/ Non estou convencido/a.

Asking for clarificationWhy do you say that? /'rO XI qI gM fDW/ Por que

dis iso?

What do you mean? /'rFW XI qI lAm/ Que queres dicir?

Could you explain that, please? /YLX qI BY'gUoMm fDW

UoAh/ Poderías explicar iso, por favor?

ReactingAre you serious? /E qI 'gBLpiLg/ Dilo en serio?

I’d never have guessed! /OX 'mCdL kDd ZCgW/ Nunca o adiviñaría / imaxinaría!

You’re kidding! /qHL 'YBXBn/ Estás de broma.


IntroductionContraste Present Simple / Present Continuous•OPresentSimpleexpresahábitos,maisoPresentContinuoussinalaoqueestáaocorrermentressefala. I usually eat salad, but today I’m eating lasagna.(Poloxeralcomoensalada,maishoxeestouacomerlasaña.)

•OPresentSimpletaménseempregaparafalardeprogramasehorariosmentresqueoPresentContinuousparafalardeplanspersoaisqueocorreránnofuturovindeiroporquesefixarondeantemán.The next train leaves at 4 o’clock.(Ovindeirotrensaeás4.)It doesn’t leave at 4.15.(Nonsaeás4:15.) I am cooking for my friends today.(Hoxecociño/cociñareiparaosmeusamigos.)[xasedecidiu]

• CoPresentSimpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:everyday/week/year(todososdías/semanas/anos),once/twice a year(unha/dúasvecesaoano),on+undíadasemanaenplural,etc.CoPresentContinuous,porén,adoitanempregarseestas:now(agora),at the moment(nestemomento),today(hoxe),these days(hoxeendía),etc.

• CandooPresentContinuoustenvalordefuturo,asexpresións temporaisqueseempreganson:soon(axiña),later(máistarde),tomorrow(mañá),tonight(estanoite),next week/month/year(asemana/omes/oanoquevén),etc.

Todasestasexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.

• OPresentSimpletaménadoitaempregarsecosseguintesadverbiosdefrecuencia:always(sempre),usually(poloxeral,normalmente),often(amiúdo),sometimes(algunhasveces),never(nunca),etc.Estescolócansediantedoverbo,agásnocasodoverboto be,quevandetrás.

Os verbos “estáticos”Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargostos,sentimentosedesexos,actividadesdamente,posesiónepercepción.Refírenseaestadosencantodeaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresentContinuous. I want to eat pizza.(Querocomerpizza.)CandoseempregancoPresentContinuousadoitanterunsignificadodiferente.

I think this is a nice nightclub.(Pensoqueesteéunclubnocturnoagradábel.)

I’m thinking about travelling to Paris. (EstoupensandoenviaxaraParís.)

Contraste Past Simple / Past Continuous• OPastSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuerematounotemposinaladonafrase,mentresqueoPastContinuousfaladeacciónsprolongadasqueestabanaocorrernopasado. He did his homework last Monday. (Fixoosdeberesolunspasado.) He was doing his homework all afternoon yesterday.(Estivoafacerosdeberesdurantetodaatardedeonte.)

• CoPastSimpleadoitaempregarsewhenecoPastContinuousasconxunciónswhileouas. We were listening to the news when Peter arrived. (EstabamosaescoitarasnoticiascandochegouPeter.) While / As we were listening to the news, Peter arrived. (Mentresestabamosaescoitarasnoticias,chegouPeter.)

• CoPastSimpleeoPastContinuousadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,last night/week(estanoite,asemanapasada),at+unhahora,on+undía/data,in+unano,yesterday(onte),etc.Todasestasexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.

Contraste will / be going to• Willemprégaseparaanunciaracciónsoufeitosfuturos,paraprediciroquesecrequeocorreráeparaexpresardecisiónssúbitas.

Paul will travel to Australia. (PaulviaxaráaAustralia.)

I think it will snow tonight. (Coidoquenevaráestanoite.)

I’m worried. I’ll phone the police. (Estoupreocupada.Chamareiápolicía.)

• Encambio,be going toemprégaseparafalardeintencións,plansoudecisiónseparaexpresaroquevaiocorrerpoissevenindiciosdiso.

I’m going to learn French. (Vouaprenderfrancés.)

She’s going to have a baby.(Vaiterunbebé.)

•Conwillebe going toadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde),soon(axiña),in an hour (nunhahora),tomorrow(mañá),next year (oanovindeiro),in the future(nofuturo),in+unano,etc.Todasestasexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.

Grammar Appendix


Os determinantes

a / an

Connomescontábeisensingular.Úsansediantedunnomequenonécoñecidopolofalante.

un/unha a picture, an orange

some

Frasesafirmativas:Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.Frasesinterrogativas:Candoapreguntaexpresaunhaofertaoupeticióneagárdasequearespostasexaafirmativa.

uns/unhasalgúns/algunhasalgodeunpoucode(ounonsetraduce)

There are some trees. We’ve got some fruit.

Would you like some tea?

any

Frasesnegativasouinterrogativas:Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.

ningún/ningunhanadade(ounonsetraduce)

I haven’t got any sisters. She hasn’t got any money.

algún/algunhaalgúns/algunhasalgode(ounonsetraduce)

Are there any biscuits? Have you got any water?

Os cuantificadores

a lot of / lots of

Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.

moito/a/os/asunhachea/moreade

A lot of children study here. I have got a lot of homework. Lots of people enjoy films.

many Connomescontábeisenplural.

moitos/as Many students play football.

much

Frasesnegativaseinterrogativas:Connomesnoncontábeis.

moito/aI haven’t got much money.Was there much smoke?

How many ... ?Cantos/as...?

Nomescontábeisenplural.How many chairs are there?

How much ... ?Canto/a...?

Nomesnoncontábeis.Candovaicoverboto beserveparapreguntaroprezodunhacousa.

How much flour do you need? How much is it?

O comparativo dos adxectivosParacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoasempréganseosadxectivosengraocomparativo.

• Ocomparativodesuperioridade(máis...que/ca/doque)úsaseparacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoascandounhasuperaáoutranalgúnaspecto.Paraformalocómprerepararnalonxitudedoadxectivo:

1.Seten1sílaba,ou2eremataeny,considérasecurtoeengádeselleaterminación-er.Detrásponseapartículathan. The red dress is cheaper than the blue one. (Ovestidovermelloémáisbaratoqueoazul.)

Nosseguintescasos,oadxectivocambiaaoengadirlle-er:-Seten1sílabaeremataen1 vogal + 1 consoante,dóbraseesaconsoante: thin - thinner big - bigger-Seten2sílabaseremataenconsonante+y,cámbiaseoyporuni: crazy - crazier lucky - luckier-Seremataenl,duplícaseesaletra:

cruel - crueller-Seremataenemudo,sóseengade-r:

nice - nicer 2.Seoadxectivoten2sílabasoumáis,élongoeacomparativafórmaseconmore+adxectivo+than. My trainers are more comfortable than yours. (Osmeustenissonmáiscómodosqueosteus.)

• Ocomparativodeinferioridadefórmaseconless+adxectivo+than(menos...que/ca/doque).The book is less popular than the film.(Olibroémenospopularqueapelícula.)

• Ocomparativodeigualdadefórmasecon(not) as+adxectivo+as((non)tan...como/a).My office is not as large as hers. (Omeudespachononétangrandecomaoseu.)

O superlativo dos adxectivos• Emprégaseparacompararmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.Levathediantedoadxectivoetaméncómpreterencontaasúalonxitude:

-Seécurto,engádeselleaterminación-estsegundoasmesmasregrasqueparaformarocomparativo. Paul is the strongest boy in my class. (Pauléorapazmáisfortedaclase.)

-Seélongo,ponsediantethe most. This is the most elegant shirt in the shop. (Estaéacamisamáiselegantedatenda.)

• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposicións in,ofeon.She is the best actress of all / on TV. (Éamelloractrizdetodas/datelevisión.)

• Paraindicarquealguénoualgoéinferiorqueorestonalgúnaspectoemprégaseaestruturathe least+adxectivo.This is the least interesting book in the library. (Esteéolibromenosinteresantedabiblioteca.)

Os adxectivos irregularesAononseguirenregraningunha,cómpreaprenderassúasformascomparativaesuperlativadememoria.

Grammar Appendix


Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativo

good(bo/a) better bestbad(malo/a,mao/má)

worse worst

far(lonxano/a,afastado/a)

farther/further farthest/furthest

little(pouco/a) less least

Unit 1O Present Perfect Simple

Afirmativa Forma contraídaI have talked I’ve talkedYou have talked You’ve talkedHe has talked He’s talkedShe has talked She’s talkedIt has talked It’s talkedWe have talked We’ve talkedYou have talked You’ve talkedThey have talked They’ve talkedNegativa Forma contraídaI have not talked I haven’t talkedYou have not talked You haven’t talkedHe has not talked He hasn’t talkedShe has not talked She hasn’t talkedIt has not talked It hasn’t talkedWe have not talked We haven’t talkedYou have not talked You haven’t talkedThey have not talked They haven’t talked

InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa

Have I talked ... ? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Has he talked ... ? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Has she talked ... ? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.Has it talked ... ? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.Have we talked ... ? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have they talked ... ? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+has/have+unverboenparticipio.They have climbed Mount Everest twice. (SubironaomonteEverestdúasveces.)

• Negativa:suxeito+has/have +apartículanotouacontracciónn’t+unverboenparticipio.Paul hasn’t been to China.(PaulnonestivoenChina.)

• Interrogativa:Has/Have+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.Has she worked as a war correspondent? (Elatraballoucomocorrespondentedeguerra?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+has / havesencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanot ennegativa.Have you seen the film? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.(Vichesapelícula?Vina.Si./Non.)

•CoPresentPerfectSimpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporaise adverbios:

ever

interrogativa:“algunhavez”

Have you ever travelled abroad?

negativa:“nunca”,“xamais”

I haven’t ever watched that film.

never afirmativa:“nunca”

She has never called me.

always “sempre”You’ve always been her friend.

already afirmativa:“xa”

We’ve already finished the exam.

just afirmativa:“acabar/virde”

They have just arrived here.

yetnegativa:“aínda”

He hasn’t found his glasses yet.

interrogativa:“xa”

Have you bought any fruit yet?

for “durante” ounonsetraduce

My brother has lived in Manchester for five years.

since “desde/dende”I haven’t heard from him since 2002.

recently “haipouco”Has Lisa talked to you recently?

lately “ultimamente”Jim hasn’t been to the gym lately.

several times “variasveces”

They have worked for us several times.

so far “atéomomento”How long has your assignment taken you so far?

over the years

“cotempo”,“aolongodosanos”

Many children have read that book over the years.

• Cómpreterencontaquejust,already,always,evereneversepoñenentreoauxiliarhaveeoparticipiodoverboprincipal.Yetcolócaseaofinaldafrase,forvaiseguidadunperíododetempopoisindicaaduracióndaacción,esincevaidiantedomomentoenquecomezouamesma.Orestopodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.


Os usos do Present Perfect SimpleAcciónsquecomezaronnopasadoeaíndacontinúan(levaforousinceetradúceseenpresente)

She has worked here since 1999.(Elatraballaaquídende1999.)

Acciónspasadasqueafectanaopresenteouteñenconsecuenciasnomomentoactual

I have already finished. I’m bored now. (Xarematei.Agoraestouaborrecida.)

Acciónspasadassenespecificarcandoocorreron

They have enjoyed their holiday. (Pasáronobennasvacacións.)

Acciónsmoirecentes(levajustetradúcesepor“acabar/virde”+inf.)

The train has just left the station. (Otrenacabadesaírdaestación.)

Contraste Present Perfect Simple / Past SimpleOPresentPerfectSimplesinalaqueoocorridonopasadogardarelacióncopresenteenondicandosucedeu.Porén,oPastSimple faladeacciónspasadasquexanonafectanaomomentoactualesinalacandoocorreron.

She has worked as a newspaper reporter since 2010. (Traballacomoxornalistadunxornaldesde2010.)She wrote the article for the magazine yesterday.(Escribiuoartigoparaarevistaonte.)

used toUsed toexpresafeitosouestadosqueeranhabituaisnoutrotempoelogodeixarondeselo.Sótenformadepasadoevaiseguidodoutroverbonaformabase.Tradúcesecomoopretéritoimperfectodoverbo“adoitar”oudoverboqueosegue.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+used to +unverbonaformabase.We used to go to the swimming pool every day. (Adoitabamosir/Iamosápiscinatodososdías.)

• Negativa:suxeito+did not /didn’t+use to(sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase.He didn’t use to buy vegetables at the supermarket.(Nonadoitabamercar/mercabaverdurasnosupermercado.)

• Interrogativa:Did+suxeito+use to(sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase.Did you use to play tennis on Sundays? (Adoitabasxogar/Xogabasaotenisosdomingos?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+did ou didn’t.Did she use to travel abroad? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.(Adoitabaviaxar/Viaxabaaoestranxeiro?Viaxaba.Si./Non.)

Unit 2As oracións de relativoSonoraciónssubordinadasqueacheganmáisinformaciónsobreapersoa,cousaouanimalqueseamentanaoraciónprincipalevanintroducidasporpronomesrelativosquepodenserosuxeitoouocomplementodaoración.Nesteúltimocasoécomúnomitilosnaconversa.

• Who:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.He is the actor who plays the role of Henry VIII. (ÉoactorqueinterpretaopapeldeHenriqueVIII.)

• Which:emprégaseparasereferiracousasouanimais.I didn’t like the film which she recommended. (Nonmegustouapelículaquerecomendou.)

• That:emprégaseparasereferirapersoas,cousasouanimais.Downton Abbey is a series that you should watch. (Downton Abbey éunhaseriequedeberíasver.)

• Where:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunlugar.Nuncaseomiteninsepodesubstituírporthat.Windsor Castle is the place where the Royal Family spend the summer. (OCastelodeWindsoréolugarondeafamiliarealpasaoverán.)

• When:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhacláusulatemporal.Pódeseomitirousubstituírporthat.It was the year when she married the king. (Foioanoenquecasoucorei.)

• Whose:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Expresaposesión.She was the queen whose husband was assassinated. (Elafoiaraíñacuxomaridofoiasasinado.)

Compostos de some, any e noEmprégansepoloxeralnasoraciónsderelativo.

• Apartirdesomefórmansesomeone(alguén),somewhere(a/nalgúnsitio,enalgures)esomething(algo,algunhacousa,unhacousa).Astresempréganseenoraciónsafirmativas.Someone has knocked at the door. (Alguénpetounaporta.)We can go somewhere on holiday. (Podemosiraalguresdevacacións.)She has got something important to tell her friends. (Tenalgoimportantequediciraosseusamigos.)

• Apartirdeanyfórmanseanyone,anywhereeanything,queseempreganenoraciónsnegativaseinterrogativas,maiscondistintosignificado.Enfrasesnegativassignifican“ninguén,a/enningures,nada”,mentresqueenoraciónsinterrogativassignifican“alguén,a/enalgures,algo,algunhacousa”.

Do you know anyone who watches Game of Thrones? (CoñecesaalguénquevexaXogo de tronos?)

Grammar Appendix


I didn’t go anywhere last weekend. (Nonfunaninguresapasadafindesemana.)The actors won’t say anything about the next season. (Osactoresnoncontaránnadasobreavindeiratempada.)

• Apartirdenofórmanseno one(ninguén),nowhere(ningures,ningúnsitio)enothing(nada,ningunhacousa).Oscompostosdenoequivalenanot any esóseempreganenafirmativa,poisxateñenunsignificadonegativodeseu.

No one knows how the story will end. (Ninguénsabecomoremataráahistoria.)They found nowhere to stay in the town. (Nonatoparonningúnsitioparaficarnavila.)There is nothing to worry about. (Nonhainadadequesepreocupar.)

Unit 3O Past Perfect Simple

Afirmativa Forma contraídaI had walked I’d walkedYou had walked You’d walkedHe had walked He’d walkedShe had walked She’d walkedIt had walked It’d walkedWe had walked We’d walkedYou had walked You’d walkedThey had walked They’d walkedNegativa Forma contraídaI had not walked I hadn’t walkedYou had not walked You hadn’t walkedHe had not walked He hadn’t walkedShe had not walked She hadn’t walkedIt had not walked It hadn’t walkedWe had not walked We hadn’t walkedYou had not walked You hadn’t walkedThey had not walked They hadn’t walked


Had I walked ... ? Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Had he walked ... ? Yes, he had. No, he hadn’t.Had she walked ... ? Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.Had it walked ... ? Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t.Had we walked ... ? Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t.Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Had they walked ... ? Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.

Emprégaseparasinalarqueunhaacciónocorreuantescaoutranopasado.EstaúltimavaienPastSimple.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+had+unverboenparticipio.The experts had solved the mystery of the ship. (Osexpertosresolveranomisteriodobarco.)

• Negativa:suxeito+had +apartículanotouacontracciónn’t+unverboenparticipio.We hadn’t heard any strange noises in the house.(Nonoiramosruídosestrañosnacasa.)

• Interrogativa:Had+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.Had they found the missing men? (Atoparanoshomesdesaparecidos?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+hadouhadn’t.Had she been to Loch Ness? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t.(ForaaoLagoNess?Fora.Si./Non.)

• CoPastPerfectSimpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporaise adverbios:

before “antes”I had cleaned the car before I went to the party.

after “despois”He ate some ice cream after he had finished lunch.

as soon as

“tanpronto/axiñacomo”

As soon as I had got up, I went to buy the newspaper.

by the time “(para)cando”

By the time he was five, he had read many books.

until “atéque”Until I went to Italy, I hadn’t eaten real Italian food.

when “cando”Ian had finished his homework when I arrived.

already afirmativa:“xa”

I had already seen Jim when he said hello to us.

yet

negativa:“aínda”

It was 3 am and the pub hadn’t closed yet.

interrogativa:“xa”

When you arrived at the station, had the train left yet?

Contraste Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple• OPastPerfectSimpleadoitairenoraciónsacompañadodoutroverboquevaienPastSimple.OPastPerfectSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuantesqueaoutraqueestáenPastSimple.By the time he arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.(Candochegouaocinema,apelículaxacomezara.)

• Paraexplicaromotivopoloqueocorreualgonopasado,ponseoverboprincipaldafraseenPastSimpleeaoraciónsubordinadaintroducidaporbecauseen PastPerfectSimple.We were nervous because we had seen unusual shadows. (Estabamosnerviosospoisviramosunhassombrasestrañas.)


Unit 4O primeiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónsqueocorreránsesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.

• Afirmativa:acondición(oraciónsubordinada)exprésaseconif+PresentSimple,eoresultado(oraciónprincipal)adoitairenfuturoconwill.He will move to London if he doesn’t find a job here. (MudaraseaLondressenonatopatraballoaquí.)

Seacondiciónvaiprimeiro,ponseunhavírgulaentreaoraciónprincipaleasubordinada.If he doesn’t find a job here, he will move to London. (Senonatopatraballoaquí,mudaraseaLondres.)

• Negativa: pódesenegaroverboenpresente,overboenfuturoouambososdous.If you don’t come, I will be sad. (Senonvés,estareitriste.)If you come, I won’t be sad. (Sevés,nonestareitriste.)If you don’t come, I won’t be sad. (Senonvés,nonestareitriste.)

• Interrogativa:Will+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Will she go to the concert if she leaves work early? (Iráaoconcertosesaeaxiñadotraballo?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+willouwon’t. Will your parents let you go out if you do your homework? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.(Teuspaisdeixaránquesaiassefasosdeberes?Deixaranme.Si./Non.)

Paraexpresarmosquealgoocorreráounonocorrerásenonsecumpreacondición,asubordinadaintrodúcesepolaconxunciónunless,queequivaleaif not(“anonserque”,“amenosque”,“senon”).

Unless we use public transport, the level of pollution will rise. (Anonserqueusemosotransportepúblico/Senonusamosotransportepúblico,oniveldecontaminacióniráamáis.)

O segundo condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónshipotéticasreferidasaopresente,édicir,queépoucoprobábelqueocorran.

• Afirmativa:acondiciónexprésaseconif+PastSimple,eoresultadoconwould(ouacontracción’d)+overbonaformabase.If there were more police officers, people would feel safe. (Sehoubesemáispolicías,axentesentiríasesegura.)

Nocantodewould,podemosempregaroverbomodalcouldnoresultado,maisestesinalaqueaprobabilidadedequesecumpraahipóteseéaíndamenor.Equivaleaoverbo“poder”encondicionalouásexpresións“talvez”ou“quizais”+condicional.If I had the chance, I could travel around the world. (Seeutiveseaoportunidade,poderíaviaxarportodoomundo.)

Seoverbodacondiciónéto be,adóitaseempregarwereentodasaspersoasdosingularedoplural.If he were in charge, he’d keep the city clean. (Seelestiveseaomando,manteríaacidadelimpa.)

Paradarconsellosemprégaseafórmula If I were.If I were you, I’d live in a suburb. (Eu,deti,viviríanunbarrioresidencial.)

• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I didn’t have a car, I would go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,iríaenautobús.)If I had a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeutiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)If I didn’t have a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)

• Interrogativa:Would+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Would you buy a house in the city if you had enough money? (Mercaríasunhacasanacidadesetivesescartosdeabondo?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+wouldouwouldn’t.Would you do volunteer work if you had free time? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.(Traballaríascomovoluntariosetivesestempolibre?Traballaría.Si./Non.)

O terceiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardecondiciónsenteiramenteimposíbeis,poisserefirenaopasadoexanonpodenrealizarse.

• Afirmativa:acondiciónexprésaseconif+PastPerfectSimple,eoresultadoconwould have +participio.If Phil had finished the project, he would have gone on holiday. (SePhilremataseoproxecto,marcharíadevacacións.)

• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I hadn’t won the lottery, I would have accepted that job. (Senonmetocasealotaría,aceptaríaeseemprego.)If I had won the lottery, I wouldn’t have accepted that job. (Semetocasealotaría,nonaceptaríaeseemprego.)If I hadn’t won the lottery, I wouldn’t have accepted that job. (Senonmetocasealotaría,nonaceptaríaeseemprego.)

• Interrogativa:Would+suxeito+have + participio+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Would Sarah have helped people at the community centre if she had lived nearer? (Sarahaxudaríaáxentedocentrocívicosevivisemáispreto?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+wouldouwouldn’t.Would you have arrived at school on time if someone had driven you? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.(Chegaríasaocolexioatemposealguéntelevaseencoche?Chegaría.Si./Non.)

Grammar Appendix


Unit 5A voz pasiva en presente, pasado e futuro

Presente am / is / are+ oparticipiodoverboprincipal

Pasado was / wereFuturo will be

• Afirmativa:suxeito+ to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.That shirt is sold online. (Estacamisavéndeseeninternet.)Several people were interviewed for the job . (Variaspersoasforonentrevistadasparaotraballo.)The book will be delivered tomorrow. (Olibroentregarasemañá.)

Sesequereamentarqueouquenrealizaourealizouaacción,ponseofinaldafraseprecedidodeby.This bridge was built by the Romans. (Estapontefoiconstruídapolosromanos.)

Eninglésemprégasemoitoapasiva,peroadóitasetraduciroverbonaformaimpersoalounavozactiva.Today, smartphones are used for shopping. (Hoxeendía,ossmartphonesempréganseparamercar.)

• Negativa:suxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+notoun’t+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.The advert wasn’t placed in the newspaper. (Oanunciononsepuxonoxornal.)

• Interrogativa:to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+suxeito+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.Nasrespostas curtasponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.Will these clothes be shown in the shop display? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (Estaroupavaipoñersenoescaparate?Vai.Si./Non.)

Enpreguntasconpartículainterrogativataménseinverteaordedeto beeosuxeito,agásseapartículafaidesuxeitopoisnesecasononcambiaaorde.Where are these products advertised? (Ondeseanuncianestesprodutos?)What is said in this article? (Quesedinesteartigo?)

Candooverboprincipaldaoraciónrexeunhapreposición,estaponsesempreaofinaldapregunta.What is Picasso known for? (PorqueécoñecidoPicasso?)

Os usos da voz pasivaSalientaraacciónenonosuxeitoquearealiza

This picture was taken in Italy.(EstafototirouseenItalia.)

Candoosuxeitoquerealizaaacciónéobvio,descoñecidoounonquesequerenomear

New museums are opened every year.(Ábrensenovosmuseoscadaano.)

Como pasar unha frase activa a pasivaPonseto benomesmotempoquetiñaoverboprincipalenactiva,eesteverboenparticipio.Activa:Someone sold the bicycle yesterday.Pasiva: The bicycle was sold yesterday.Ponsecomosuxeitooprimeirocomplementoquehaxadetrásdoverbonavozactiva,xasexaodirectoouoindirecto.Activa:They used music in the advert.Pasiva: Music was used in the advert.Seocomplementoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolasúacorrespondenteformadesuxeito.Activa:Paul gave me a mobile phone.Pasiva:I was given a mobile phone.Pásaseosuxeitodaoraciónactivaaofinaldapasivaprecedidodeby.Activa:Alice will exchange the sweater.Pasiva:The sweater will be exchanged by Alice.Seosuxeitoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolopronomeobxectocorrespondente.Activa:He ordered a book from the online shop.Pasiva:A book was ordered from the online shop by him.

• Asexpresións temporaisqueseempregannavozpasivasonasmesmasquenaactiva.Polotanto,seoverboestáenpresente:every day/week/year,once/twice a year,on+undíadasemanaenplural,ouadverbioscomousually,sometimes,etc.Seoverboestáenpasado:last night/week,at+unhahora,on+undía/data,in+unano,in the past,yesterday,etc.Seoverboestáenfuturo:tomorrow,next week /month/year,later,etc.

Unit 6O estilo indirecto• Emprégaseparacontarmosoquealguéndixosenrepetirxustamenteassúaspalabras.Paraiso,emprégaseoverbosay,eaconxunciónthat(estaadóitaseomitirnoinglésfalado),quítanseascomiñasecámbianseopronomesuxeitoeapersoadoverbo.“Many people use disposable products,” Alice says. Alice says that many people use disposable products.(Alicediquemoitaxenteempregaprodutosrefugábeis.)

• Maisonormalécontaloenpasado.Polotanto,emprégasesaide,ademais,overbodaoraciónintroducidaporthatdáunsaltocaraatrásnotempo.

Estilo directo Estilo indirectoPresent Simple Past Simple

“I always recycle newspapers,” Beth said.Beth said that she always recycled newspapers. (Bethdixoquesemprereciclabaosxornais.)

Present Continuous Past Continuous“She is giving a talk at school,” Paul said.Paul said that she was giving a talk at school. (Pauldixoqueelaestabaadarunhacharlanocolexio.)


Past Simple Past Perfect Simple“We set up a foundation,” Tom said.Tom said that they had set up a foundation. (Tomdixoqueelescrearanunhafundación.)

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple“I have received 2,000 e-mails a day,” the boy said.The boy said that he had received 2,000 e-mails a day. (Orapazdixoquetiñarecibido2.000correosaodía.)

Future (will) Future (would)“I will visit all the museums in Oslo,” Jane said.Jane said that she would visit all the museums in Oslo. (JanedixoquevisitaríatodososmuseosdeOslo.)

can could“You can buy green products,” the teacher said.The teacher said that we could buy green products. (Aprofesoradixoquepodiamosmercarprodutosecolóxicos.)

must had to“We must take care of the environment,” Dad said.Dad said that we had to take care of the environment. (Papádixoquetiñamosquecoidaromedionatural.)

• Ocambiodeestilodirectoaindirectotaménafectaásexpresiónsdetempoedelugar,aosdemostrativoseaosposesivos:

Estilo directo Estilo indirectonow thentoday, tonight that day, that nighttomorrow the next / following dayyesterday the previous day, the day beforenext week / year the following week / year

last week / year the week / year before, the previous week / year

a month ago a month before / the previous month

here therethis, these that, thosemy his / her, etc.

Reporting verbs• Sonosqueintroducenoestiloindirectocomosayetell,quetransmitenamensaxesenengadirmáisinformación.Overbotellvaisempreseguidoduncomplementosento.Overbosaypodelevarounonlevarcomplemento,maisseoleva,debelevarto.

tell+comp. say(+to+compl.)

“I’ve thrown the newspaper in the recycling bin,” he said. He said (to us) / told us that he had thrown the newspaper in the recycling bin.(Eldíxonosquetiraraoxornalaocolectordereciclaxe.)

• Candosequerecomunicaraintenciónouotondofalante,podenempregarseoutrosmoitosreportingverbs:add, admit,agree, announce,complain,explain,promise,shout,warn,whisper,etc.

“We must change to renewable energy sources,” Carol explained. Carol explained that we had to change to renewable energy sources.(Carolexplicouquetiñamosquemudarafontesdeenerxíarenovábeis.)

Unit 7may / might

AfirmativaI may go I might goYou may go You might goHe may go He might goShe may go She might goIt may go It might goWe may go We might goYou may go You might goThey may go They might go

Negativa

I may not go I might not goYou may not go You might not goHe may not go He might not goShe may not go She might not goIt may not go It might not goWe may not go We might not goYou may not go You might not goThey may not go They might not go

• May(poidaque,talvez)emight(puidese/poderíaserque)expresanposibilidade,aíndaquenosegundocasoémáisrecuada.Maytaménseempregaparadar,pedirounegarpermiso,ouparafacerpeticiónsmáiseducadas.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+may/might+verbonaformabase. I may / might be late. (Poidaquechegue/Poderíaserquechegasetarde.) You may use my phone, but don’t break it. (Podesusaromeuteléfono,maisnonorompas.)

• Negativa:suxeito+may/ might not+verbonaformabase. She may / might not come today. (Pode/Poderíaserquenonveñahoxe.)

• Interrogativa:May+suxeito+verbonaformabase.Eninterrogativa,sóseempregamayetenosignificadodepermisooupetición,nonodeposibilidade.May I use your bike? (Podousaratúabici?)

• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+mayoumay not.May I go with you? Yes, you may. / No, you may not. (Podoircontigo?Podes.Si./Non.)

Grammar Appendix


can / can’tAfirmativa NegativaI can swim I cannot / can’t swimYou can swim You cannot / can’t swimHe can swim He cannot / can’t swimShe can swim She cannot / can’t swimIt can swim It cannot / can’t swimWe can swim We cannot / can’t swimYou can swim You cannot / can’t swimThey can swim They cannot / can’t swim


Can I swim? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.Can you swim? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can he swim? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.Can she swim? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.Can it swim? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.

Can we swim? Yes, we can. No, we can’t.

Can you swim? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.

Can they swim? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.

Canexpresahabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgo(saber),posibilidade(poder)etaménseempregaparapedirpermisooufavores(poder).

• Afirmativa:suxeito+can+verbonaformabase.They can play the guitar.(Sabentocaraguitarra.)I can go to bed early tonight.(Pododeitarmecedoestanoite.)You can see the film now.(Podesverapelículaagora.)

• Negativa:suxeito+cannotouaformacontraídacan’t+verbonaformabase.I cannot speak German.(Nonseifalaralemán.)

• Interrogativa:Can +suxeito+verbonaformabase. Can I drive your car? (Podoconduciroteucoche?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+canoucan’t.Can you swim? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.(Sabesnadar?Sei.Si./Non.)

could / couldn’tAfirmativa NegativaI could sing I couldn’t singYou could sing You couldn’t singHe could sing He couldn’t singShe could sing She couldn’t singIt could sing It couldn’t singWe could sing We couldn’t singYou could sing You couldn’t singThey could sing They couldn’t sing


Could I sing? Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.Could you sing? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could he sing? Yes, he could. No, he couldn’t.Could she sing? Yes, she could. No, she couldn’t.Could it sing? Yes, it could. No, it couldn’t.Could we sing? Yes, we could. No, we couldn’t.Could you sing? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could they sing? Yes, they could. No, they couldn’t.

Couldexpresahabilidadeeposibilidadenopasadoetaménsepodeempregarparapedirpermisooufavoresdemaneiramáiseducadaqueconcan.• Afirmativa:suxeito+could+verbonaformabase.

Robert could talk when he was one year old. (Robertsabíafalarcandotiñaunano.)She could run fast last year. (Elapodíacorrerrápidooanopasado.)

• Negativa:suxeito+could notouaformacontraídacouldn’t+verbonaformabase.She could not swim when she was younger. (Elanonsabíanadarcandoeramáisnova.)I couldn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. (Nonpuideniraocolexioonteporqueestabadoente.)

• Interrogativa: Could +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Could you take me home?(Poderiadeslevarmeácasa?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+couldoucouldn’t.Could you play basketball? Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t.(Puidechesxogaraobaloncesto?Puiden.Si./Non.)

be able toAfirmativa Negativa

I am able to run I’m not able to runYou are able to run You aren’t able to runHe is able to run He isn’t able to runShe is able to run She isn’t able to runIt is able to run It isn’t able to runWe are able to run We aren’t able to runYou are able to run You aren’t able to runThey are able to run They aren’t able to run


Am I able to run? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you able to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he able to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she able to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it able to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.

Are we able to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.

Are you able to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.

Are they able to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.


Tenomesmosignificadoquecan,pero be able to podeconxugarse.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+to beenpresente+able to+verbonaformabase.

I am able to ride a horse.[habilidade] (Seimontaracabalo.)

She is able to work with a broken arm. [posibilidade] (Elapodetraballarcunbrazoroto.)

• Negativa:suxeito+ to beenpresente+notoun’t +able to+verbonaformabase.He isn’t able to help you with your homework. [posibilidade] (Nonpodeaxudarchecosdeberes.)

• Interrogativa: to be enpresente+suxeito+able to+verbonaformabase.

Are you able to run in the race? [posibilidade](Podescorrernacarreira?)

• Respostas curtas:pronomepersoalsuxeito+to becomoverboauxiliarenpresente,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídoennegativa.

Are they able to find an organ donor on Facebook? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (PodenatoparundoadordeórganosenFacebook?Poden.Si./Non.)

should / shouldn’tAfirmativa NegativaI should use I shouldn’t useYou should use You shouldn’t useHe should use He shouldn’t useShe should use She shouldn’t useIt should use It shouldn’t useWe should use We shouldn’t useYou should use You shouldn’t useThey should use They shouldn’t use


Should I use? Yes, I should. No, I shouldn’t.Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should he use? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.Should she use? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.Should it use? Yes, it should. No, it shouldn’t.Should we use? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn’t.Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should they use? Yes, they should. No, they shouldn’t.

Shouldemprégaseparadaroupedirconselloseparadiciroquesedeberíaounonfacer.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+should+verbonaformabase.You should stay in bed today. (Deberíaspermanecernacamahoxe.)

• Negativa:suxeito+should not ou shouldn’t (amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.

She shouldn’t go to school today.(Elanondeberíairaocolexiohoxe.)

• Interrogativa:Should +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Should I exercise more? (Deberíafacermáisexercicio?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+shouldoushouldn’t.Should we visit him in hospital? Yes, we should. / No, we shouldn’t.(Deberiamosirveloaohospital?Deberiamos.Si./Non.)

must / mustn’tAfirmativa NegativaI must tell I mustn’t tellYou must tell You mustn’t tellHe must tell He mustn’t tellShe must tell She mustn’t tellIt must tell It mustn’t tellWe must tell We mustn’t tellYou must tell You mustn’t tellThey must tell They mustn’t tell

• Afirmativa:suxeito+must+verbonaformabase.Expresaaobrigaeanecesidadeouqueconvénfaceralgo,esignifica“deber”.You must walk slowly.(Debedescamiñaramodo.)

• Negativa: suxeito+must not oumustn’t(amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.Expresaprohibición,quealgononestápermitido,etaménquealgononsedebefacerpoisnonconvénounonécorrectofacelo.You mustn’t talk on the phone while you’re driving. (Nondebedesfalarporteléfonomentresconducides.)[estáprohibido]She mustn’t lie to her parents. (Nondebementirosseuspais.)[nonécorrecto]

• Interrogativa:Must +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Nestecaso,mustexpresaobrigaounecesidade,aíndaqueesteverbomodalnonseadoitaempregarnaformainterrogativa.Must we tell her about the accident? (Debemosdicirlleodoaccidente?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+must.Must I see a doctor? Yes, you must. (Deboverunmédico?Debes.Si.)

have to / don’t have toAfirmativa NegativaI have to go I don’t have to goYou have to go You don’t have to goHe has to go He doesn’t have to goShe has to go She doesn’t have to goIt has to go It doesn’t have to goWe have to go We don’t have to goYou have to go You don’t have to goThey have to go They don’t have to go

Grammar Appendix



Do I have to go? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he have to go? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Does she have to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Does it have to go? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.Do we have to go? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Do they have to go? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+have / has to +verbonaformabase.Significa“terque”eexpresa,comomust,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Adiferenzaéquehave tosiseconxugae,poriso,emprégasenostemposquemustnonten.We have to take the train at ten o’clock. (Temosquecollerotrenásdez.)

• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t have to+verbonaformabase.Significa“nonterque/porque”.He doesn’t have to call an ambulance. (Nontenque/porquechamarunhaambulancia.)

• Lembraquehave tosignificaomesmoquemust, pero don’t have to e mustn’t nonsonequivalentes.You don’t have to go. (Nontesque/porqueir.)[nonépreciso]You mustn’t go. (Nondebesir.)[estáprohibido]

• Interrogativa:Do/Does+suxeito+have to+verbonaformabase.Do you have to study this afternoon?(Tesqueestudarestatarde?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do/does oudon’t/doesn’t.Does she have to take any medicine? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.(Tenquetomaralgúnmedicamento?Ten.Si./Non.)

• Maliaqueoempregodehave toemust ésemellante, must adoitanempregaloaspersoasqueteñenautoridade(profesores,pais,médicos,etc.)mentresquehave tooempregatodoomundo.You must arrive on time at the doctor’s. (Debeschegarpuntualáconsultadomédico.)I had to answer lots of e-mails. (Tivenquecontestarunhacheadecorreoselectrónicos.)

need to / don’t need to • Significa“terque”eexpresacomohave to,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Pódeseconxugare,polotanto,podeempregarseentodosostemposverbais.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+need to +verbonaformabase.I need to rest for a few days to recover. (Teñoquedescansarunsdíasparamerecuperar.)

• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t need to+verbonaformabase.

You don’t need to help me. (Nontesqueaxudarme.)

• Interrogativa:Do/Does+suxeito+need to+verbonaformabase.Do you need to buy something for dinner?(Tesquemercaralgoparaacea?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do/does oudon’t/doesn’t.Does he need to call to make an appointment? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.(Tenquechamarparapedircita?Ten.Si./Non.)

needn’tDamesmamaneiraquedon’t need to,emprégaseneedn’tparasinalarquenonhaiobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgunhacousa,maliaqueoseuusosexamáisformal.Vaiseguidodunverbonaformabasesenapreposiciónto.

You needn’t drive me to the hospital.(Nontesquemelevarencocheaohospital.)

Unit 8

O xerundio e o infinitivo

O xerundio Éaformaverbalrematadaen-ingquefuncionacomosubstantivonosseguintescasos:

•Comosuxeitodaoraciónaofalarmosdeacciónsoufeitosenxeral.Visiting the Beijing market was an incredible experience.(VisitaromercadodePequínfoiunhaexperienciaincríbel.)

•Comoobxectodirectodalgúnsverbos:finish,enjoy,like,avoid,miss,recommend,suggest,imagine,regret,finish,keep,mind,etc.She enjoys eating food from different countries. (Elagozatomandocomidadedistintospaíses.)

•Detrásdaspreposicións.He is thinking about learning sign language. (Elestáapensarenaprenderalinguaxedesignos.)

•Detrásdalgunhasformasverbais:can’t stand,feel like,don’t mind,it’s no use,look forward to,etc.I don’t mind walking to work.(Nonmeimportairandandoaotraballo.)

O infinitivo•Éaformaverbalprecedidadeto.Emprégasecandoalgúnsverbos(decide,want,promise,hope,pretend,refuse,offer,agree,seem,appear,choose,expect,learn,plan,wish, allow, etc.)vanseguidosdoutroverbo;sendoasíesteúltimoponseeninfinitivo.Paul has promised to take her dog to the vet.(Paulprometeulevaroseucanáveterinaria.)They decided not to take part in the experiment.(Decidironnonparticiparnoexperimento.)

•Taménseempregadetrásdeadxectivostalescomoeasy,happy,sad,lucky,hard e nice.I’m happy to volunteer for the association. (Estoucontentadeservoluntarianaasociación.)


Verbos seguidos de xerundio e de infinitivo • Algúns verbos (like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start,

continue, etc.) poden ir seguidos de xerundio ou de infinitivo sen o que o seu significado varíe. They like going / to go to summer camps. (Gostan de ir aos campamentos de verán.)

• En troques, outros non significan o mesmo se levan detrás un xerundio ou un infinitivo. A continuación tes algúns exemplos:

• remember + xerundio significa “lembrar que se fixo algo no pasado”.I remember eating at that restaurant when I was in Toronto. (Lembro que comín neste restaurante cando estiven en Toronto.)

• remember + infinitivo significa “lembrarse de facer algo”.She remembered to buy the ingredients for the cake. (Lembrou mercar os ingredientes para a torta.)

• forget + xerundio emprégase en frases negativas para sinalar a imposibilidade de esquecer algo ocorrido no pasado.Tim will never forget meeting his favourite singer. (Tim nunca esquecerá que coñeceu o seu cantante favorito.)

• forget + infinitivo significa “esquecer facer algunha cousa”.I forgot to buy the tickets for the theatre. (Esquecín mercar as entradas para o teatro.)

• stop + xerundio significa “deixar de facer algo / un costume”.She stopped using the mobile phone a month ago. (Deixou de empregar o teléfono móbil hai un mes.)

• stop + infinitivo significa “parar (unha acción) para facer outra cousa”.They didn’t stop to have lunch on their way home. (Non pararon para comer de camiño á casa.)

Unit 9Repaso

Present Simple (ver páxina 11)

Usos

Verdades xerais e descricións.

Feitos habituais ou cotiáns.Gustos e opinións.Programas e horarios. (Present Simple con valor de futuro)

Expresións temporais: every day, on Mondays, etc.Adverbios de frecuencia: always, usually, often, never, etc.

Present Continuous (ver páxina 11)

UsoAccións que están a ocorrer mentres se está a falar ou no período de tempo presente.

Expresións temporais: now, these days, right now, etc.

Present Continuous con valor de futuro (ver páxina 11)

UsoAccións que ocorrerán no futuro próximo pois xa se fixaron de antemán.

Expresións temporais: soon, later, next year, tonight, etc.

Past Simple (ver páxina 11)

Usos

Expresar acccións pasadas.

Dicir que se fixo nun momento concreto.

Contar accións pasadas consecutivas.

Contar como eran as cousas noutro tempo.

Expresións temporais: a week ago, last night, yesterday, etc.

Past Continuous (ver páxina 11)

UsosAccións que estaban en progreso no pasado.

Accións que eran simultáneas no pasado.

Expresións temporais: at half past two, last night, etc.

Present Perfect Simple (ver páxs. 13-14)

Usos

Accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan.

Accións pasadas que afectan ao presente.Accións pasadas sen especificar cando pasaron.Accións pasadas hai pouco tempo.

Expresións temporais e adverbios: since, for, never, just, etc.

Past Perfect Simple (ver páxina 15)

UsoUnha acción que ocorreu antes ca outra no pasado.

Expresións temporais e adverbios: before, after, by the time, already, etc.

will (ver páxina 11)

Usos

Anunciar accións ou feitos futuros.

Predicir o que se cre que ocorrerá.

Expresar decisións súbitas.

Expresións temporais: later, one day, in the future, in ten years, soon, next year, etc.

be going to (ver páxina 11)

UsosExpresar plans, intencións e decisións.

Expresar o que vai ocorrer porque se ven sinais diso.

Expresións temporais: later, soon, in the future, etc.

Os modais (ver páxs. 18-21)may

Usos

Afirmativa e negativa: expresar posibilidade.

Interrogativa: pedir ou denegar permiso.

Interrogativa: facer peticións educadas.

might

UsoExpresar posibilidade máis recuada que con can.

Grammar Appendix


can

Usos

Expresarhabilidadeoucapacidade(saber).

Expresarposibilidade(poder).

Pedirpermisoouunfavor(poder).

could

Usos

Expresarhabilidadeoucapacidadenopasado.

Expresarposibilidadenopasado.

Facerunhapeticióndemaneiraeducada.

be able to

UsoTenomesmosignificadoquecan,maisbe able topodeconxugarse.

should

UsosDaroupedirconsellos.

Diciroquesedeberíaounonfacer.

must

Usos

Afirmativaeinterrogativa:expresarobrigaenecesidadeouconvenienciadealgo.Negativa:expresarprohibición,quealgononestápermitidoounonsedebefacerporquenonconvénounonécorrectofacelo.

have to / need to

Usos

Afirmativaeinterrogativa:expresarobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Negativa:expresarausenciadeobrigaounecesidade.

needn’t

UsoExpresarausenciadeobrigaounecesidade.Oseuusoémáisformalquecondon’t have to.

As oracións de relativo (ver páxina 14)Sonoraciónssubordinadasqueacheganmáisinformaciónsobreapersoa,cousaouanimalqueseamentanaoraciónprincipalevanintroducidasporpronomesrelativosquepodenserosuxeitoouocomplementodaoración.who Emprégaseparasereferirapersoas.

which Emprégaseparasereferiracousasouanimais.

that Emprégaseparasereferirapersoas,cousasouanimais.

where Emprégasecandooantecedenteéunlugar.Nonsepodeomitirninsubstituírporthat.

whenEmprégasecandooantecedenteéunhacláusulatemporal.Pódeseomitirousubstituírporthat.

whose Emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Expresaposesión.

Primeiro condicional (ver páxina 16)

UsoExpresaroqueocorrerásesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.

Condición: If / Unless + PresentSimpleResultado:futuroconwill

Segundo condicional (ver páxina 16)

UsoFalardeacciónshipotéticasreferidasaopresente,istoé,queépoucoprobábelqueocorran.

Condición: If + PastSimpleResultado:would +overbonaformabase

Terceiro condicional (ver páxina 16)

UsoFalardecondiciónstotalmenteimposíbeis,poisserefirenaopasadoexanonpodenrealizarse.

Condición: If + PastPerfectSimpleResultado:would have +participio

A pasiva (ver páxina 17)

Usos

Salientaraacciónenonosuxeitoquearealiza.Candoosuxeitoquerealizaaacciónéobvio,descoñecidoounonsequerenomear.

O estilo indirecto (ver páxs. 17-18)Paracontaroquedixoalguénsenrepetirexactamenteassúaspalabras.

Estilo directo Estilo indirectoPresentSimple PastSimple

PresentContinuous PastContinuous

PastSimple PastPerfectSimple

PresentPerfectSimple PastPerfectSimple

Future(will) Future(would)can couldmust had to

Check Your Progress

Translation Exercises

Unit 1 1. Atrevémonos a facelo e deixamos a todos

abraiados. 2. Ela nunca foi unha persoa humilde. 3. Sempre evitei correr riscos. 4. El non adoitaba ser escéptico. 5. A miña profesora adoitaba animarme a

participar en deportes.

Unit 2

1. Non sei nada sobre o argumento da película. 2. Esta é a música que empregamos para a

banda sonora da película. 3. Vimos unha película que tiña uns efectos

especiais estupendos en cada escena. 4. Lemos sobre alguén cuxos familiares

conspiraron contra o rei. 5. El é o rei que executou ao seu conselleiro por

traizón.

Unit 3

1. Pregúntome onde atoparon o neno desaparecido.

2. Cando lin sobre o suceso, os científicos xa

revelaran a súa orixe.

3. Nunca estivera nunha casa enfeitizada antes. 4. Non soubera da erupción do volcán até que

vin as noticias. 5. As chamas queimaran o edificio, e había fume

e po por todas as partes.

Unit 4

1. Se compartes a torta cos teus amigos, fareiche ao forno unha nova.

2. Se houbese máis zonas verdes na cidade, sería

máis relaxante. 3. Se o alcalde non solucionase o problema,

mudariámonos a un barrio residencial. 4. Se non tivesen traballos de baixos ingresos,

non vivirían nun barrio baixo. 5. Se ela é considerada, chegarán a un acordo.


Unit 5

1. Estes produtos fabrícanse en China.

2. A estratexia de mercadotecnia organizarase por unha axencia de publicidade.

3. O orzamento discutirase mañá.

4. Cinco mil mostras gratuítas distribuíronse aos nosos clientes.

5. Centos de produtos véndense aquí todos os días.

Unit 6 1. Admitín que enterrara o bote. 2. Advertiunos que as botellas rematarían no

mar. 3. Díxonos que estaba a pór en perigo a flora e

mais a fauna. 4. Dixo que tiña que ser un colector de plástico. 5. Prometeunos que nos ensinaría cousas

arredor do quecemento global.

Unit 7

1. Non teño que ir ao médico porque non teño gripe.

2. Podería ser que a causa da súa dor de

estómago fose unha intoxicación alimentaria. 3. Deberías ir ao médico porque estás mareado. 4. Teño que mercar(me) unha pomada para

poñela no sarabullo das costas. 5. Non tes que te preocupar pola picada de

mosquito.

Unit 8

1. Decidín aprender a lingua de signos. 2. Ninguén gusta de tomar comida eslamiada. 3. Sempre se lle esquece empregar o seu

audífono. 4. Aloumiñar un animal suave é relaxante. 5. Odio levar zapatos apertados.



Antes de escribirBrainstorming•Faiunhalistaxedeideasouunmapadepreguntasrelacionadascotema(who?, what?, when?, where?, why?).

•Leaseriscaasquecreasirrelevantes.

•Ponasrestantesnaordeenquequeiraspresentalas.

Organización do textoParagraph structureUnparágrafotentrespartes:

•Aprimeiraoración(opening sentence),quepresentaaideaprincipal.

•Ocorpodoparágrafo(body of paragraph),queamplíaaideaprincipalconinformaciónimportante.

•Aderradeiraoración(closing sentence),queresumeaideaprincipalerepíteaconoutraspalabras.

closing

body

opening

It’s hard to imagine Paris without the

Eiffel Tower. This famous tower is

the city’s most famous symbol. But

what do you actually know about it?

First of all, it’s 300 metres tall and it

weighs 7,000 tonnes. It’s got 1,671

stairs and five lifts. It was built in

1889. Back then, it was the tallest

structure in the world. Its design was

also very unusual as it was designed

by an iron engineer, Gustave Eiffel.

The French Government asked

Eiffel to build something in honour

of an international exhibition. He

wanted to design a building with a

special open shape that showed its

iron structure. That is why the tower

hasn’t got any walls. Some people

thought the building was unsafe.

Others found it to be quite ugly. But

obviously, Eiffel’s design is original

and powerful. Over 250 million

tourists have visited the tower and

enjoyed its magnificent views of

Paris.

Clearly, the Eiffel Tower is no

ordinary skyscraper. It has been one

of the world’s favourite attractions

since it was built.

Text organisationUntextodivídeseenparágrafos.Cadaparágrafotenunhafuncióndiferente:

•Oprimeiroparágrafointroduceotema.

•Ocorpodotextodesenvolveotemaesubministramáisinformación.

•Oderradeiroparágraforesumeotemaeexpónunhaconclusión.

closing sentence

body of paragraph

opening sentenceScience has always been my favourite

subject. This is because I’m curious

about everything I see around

me. I always try to work out how

everything works. I love taking apart

electrical appliances and putting them

back together. I’ve got an excellent

microscope at home and I often take

a close look at different things I find.

I’m also interested in astronomy and

I have gone on many star-gazing trips

with my family. Maybe one day my

parents will buy me a telescope.

To sum up, if you ask me which

subject I enjoy studying the most, the

answer will definitely be science.

Writing Guide

Writing Guide


As preposicións de tempo (Prepositions of time)

Emprégansedistintaspreposiciónsdiantedashoraseosperíodosdefesta,osdíaseasdatas,osmeses,asestacións,osanoseaspartesdodía.Émoiimportantequesaibasempregaracorrectaencadacaso.Préstalleatenciónaestesexemplos:

•at horas: at five o’clock festividades: at Christmas •on díasdasemana: on Tuesday datas: on 15th June on Christmas Day• in meses: in September estacións: in summer anos: in 2014 partesdodía: in the eveningPero: at the weekend at night

A orde das palabras: suxeito – verbo (Word order: Subject – verb)Osuxeitodaoraciónponsediantedoverbo.Peter is athletic. sv

Maisnaspreguntasvaidetrásdoverbo.Is Peter athletic? vs

A orde das palabras: as expresións temporais (Word order: Time expressions)Asexpresiónstemporaispodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,aíndaqueémáishabitualpoñelasaofinal.We walked to town yesterday. timeexpr.

Sevanaocomezo,sepáransedaoraciónprinicipalcunhavírgula.Yesterday, we walked to town. timeexpr.

Repasa o escritoChecking your writing

A puntuación (Punctuation)

•Opunto(.)vaiaofinaldasoraciónsafirmativasenegativas.

I love cats and dogs.•Acomaouvírgula(,)emprégaseparasepararpalabrasouideas.Poloxeralnonsepondiantedeand.

They sell fruit, vegetables, nuts and spices.•Osinaldeinterrogación(?)ponseaofinaldaspreguntas.

Are you tired?•Osinaldeexclamación(!)taménseponaofinaldafraseeserveparaexpresarunhaemociónouunsentimentoeparafacerfincapénalgunhacousa.

Wow! That’s brilliant!•Aoescribiruncorreoelectrónicoinformal,adoitaempregarseunhapuntuacióntaméninformal,comoasraias(–),ospuntossuspensivos(...),asparénteses(())ouossignosdeexclamación(!).

Next week, I’m visiting Tom – my favourite cousin. Don’t worry. You’ll see ... Tina (my friend’s sister) is having a party. Send me photos. I can’t wait!•Ascomiñas(“”)empréganseparaescribiroqueaxentedixoamentandoassúaspalabrasexactas,eponseunhavírgulaentreacitaeoemisor.

Eninglés,avírgulavaidentrodascomiñas(“... with me,” he said),mentresqueengalegovaifóra(“... comigo”, dixo).

“Please wait here,” he said.

As maiúsculas (Capital letters)

Escríbenseconmaiúscula:

•osnomesetítulosdaspersoas:Rick Day, Mr King, Dr Adams

•osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificioscélebres,museos,etc.:Rome, Mexico, Asia, Tower Bridge, the Louvre

•asnacionalidades:Irish, German, British•osdías:Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday•osmeses:January, March, July•aprimeirapalabradunhaoración:This is Ron.•opronomepersoalI: I live here.•osidiomas:French, Swedish, Chinese•aspalabrasrelevantesdostítulosdelibrosepelículas,cancións,festividadesexogosdeordenador:

Pride and Prejudice Easter, Christmas Time after Time Minecraft


adverbofdegree adverbofmanner

A orde das palabras: os adxectivos (Word order: Adjectives)

•Poloxeralvandiantedossubstantivos. mashed potatoes adj n Taménvandetrásdoverbo to be.

The skirt is long. vadj Edetrásdosverbosestáticos.

It looks strange. vadj•Sehaivariosadxectivos,adoitanirnestaorde:opinión,tamaño,cor,nacionalidade.

It’s a lovely, little French café. osn They sell small yellow bowls. sc

A orde das palabras: os adverbios (Word order: Adverbs)

• Osadverbiosdeintensidadeedemodovandetrásdoverbo.

You paint quite nicely.

• Osadverbiosdefrecuenciavandiantedoverbonasoraciónsafirmativas.

He usually writes funny stories. advv Maisseoverboéto be,oadverbiovaidetrás. Tom is usually at the beach. vadv

Dar exemplos (Presenting examples)

Empréganseexpresiónscomo like, for example e such asparadarexemplos.I often do activities like yoga and dancing.There are rules at school. For example, you must wear a uniform.Water sports such as diving and surfing are my favourite.

Os adxectivos posesivos e os pronomes (Referencing)Servenparafacerreferenciaaosnomesamentadosconanterioridadeenonrepetilos.

My school isn’t far from here. It is opposite the church.Dan and I are going to the beach. We want to surf. Do you want to come with us?Mike’s phone is on the table. That’s his phone.

Feitos e opinións (Facts and Opinions)

Unfeitoéalgoquesesabequeéverdadeequeamiúdopodeprobarse.Unhaopiniónéoqueunhapersoasenteoupensasobrealgunhacousaoualguén.

Expresións para escribir opinións (Expressions to state opinions)

Estassonasexpresiónsmáiscomúnsqueseempreganparaescribiropinións:In my opinion, I think, I feel, I believe, It seems to me that, As I see it, As far as I’m concerned, In my view.

I think maths is a difficult subject.I feel many students need extra help with their maths studies.I believe some students are afraid of maths.In my opinion, history is the most interesting school subject. It seems to me that sport is the most important activity for teenagers.As I see it, our school breaks aren’t long enough.As far as I’m concerned, the lessons should start at 10.00 in the morning - not earlier.In my view, students should decide which subjects to study at school.

Writing Guide


As conxuncións (Connectors)

Sonpalabrasquexuntanideaseamosanarelaciónqueexisteentreelas.Taménnosaxudanaorganizarotextoparaqueaquenolelleresultemáisdoadoseguilo.

Tipo Función Exemplos•Causal (Cause)

Expresaracausaourazónpolaquealgoocorreu

We didn’t go because it was raining.We went home since we ran out of money.He is successful as he is determined.The route was changed due to the weather conditions.As a result of your support, I didn’t give up.

•Consecutiva (Effect)

Describirunresultado I was late, so I missed the train.As a result, I didn’t get to London on time.I was sceptical. Therefore, I didn’t listen to her advice.

•Adversativa (Contrast)

Relacionarideasopostas I am daring, but I’m not fearless.The film was funny. However, it wasn’t original.Although he is my favourite actor, the film was boring.Even though I was tired, I enjoyed the film.While the king was young and inexperienced, he made excellent decisions.The queen was popular despite her unusual personality.

•Desecuencia (Sequence)

Amosaraordeenqueocorreronunhaseriedefeitos

At first, we saw flames.In the beginning, we heard a loud sound.Previously, we had smelt smoke.Next, I phoned the police.Then, I ran outside.Eventually, the firefighters arrived.Finally, we went home.In the end, everyone was safe.

•Copulativa (Addition)

Paraincorporarinformaciónengadidasobreunmesmotema

We took the train and we rented a car for a day.We visited many museums. We also toured a number of palaces.In addition, we stopped using disposable products.There’s a café as well as a restaurant on the beach.The hotel is central. Furthermore, it’s eco-friendly.We recycle all our bottles. Moreover, we have a compost bin.Besides its historical sites, the town has got a lovely beach.

•Final (Purpose)

Paraexpresarunhafinalidadeouunpropósito

I called to invite you to my party.She came in order to help us.I shouted so that they would hear me.

TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIASPRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE

eu xogoti xogas

el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades

eles, elas xogan

I playyou play

he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play

PERÍFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando

el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando

eles, elas están a xogar / xogando

I am playingyou are playing

he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing

eu vou xogarti vas xogar

el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar

eles, elas van xogar

FUTURE: BE GOING TOI am going to play

you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play

we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play

FUTURO FUTURO: WILLeu xogareiti xogarás

el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes

eles, elas xogarán

I will playyou will play

he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play


Cadros resumo


PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO PAST CONTINUOUS PERÍFRASE

eu xogabati xogabas

el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades

eles, elas xogaban

I was playingyou were playing

he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing

eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar

el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar

eles, elas estaban a xogar

PAST SIMPLE

I playedyou played

he, she, it playedwe playedyou playedthey played

PRETÉRITO PERFECTO

eu xogueiti xogachesel, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes

eles, elas xogaron

PRESENT PERFECT PERÍFRASE

I have playedyou have played

he, she, it has playedwe have playedyou have playedthey have played

eu teño xogadoti tes xogado

el, ela ten xogadonós temos xogadovós tedes xogado

eles, elas teñen xogado

PRETÉRITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO PAST PERFECT

eu xogarati xogaras

el, ela xogaranós xogaramosvós xogarades

eles, elas xogaran

I had playedyou had played

he, she, it had playedwe had playedyou had playedthey had played

IH-011-682

English in Use ESO 4 Galician B Burlington Books · English in Use ESO 4 Galician© B Burlington...

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