English in Use ESO 2 Galician B Burlington Books · English in Use ESO 2 Galician© B Burlington...

1English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

Getting Startedadventurous /LX'dCmWiLpLg/ aventureiro/a

amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW UEY/ parque de atraccións

ant /DmW/ formiga

arcade /E'YCBX/ galería comercial; salón recreativo

armchair /'ElWiCL/ cadeira de brazos

athletic /De'oCWBY/ atlético/a

bank /VDnY/ banco

bar /VE/ bar

basketball /'VEgYBWVGo/ baloncesto

bat /VDW/ morcego

bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de baño

beautiful /'VqIWBco/ fermoso/a, bonito/a; guapa

bed /VCX/ cama, leito

bedroom /'VCXpIl/ dormitorio, cuarto

big /VBZ/ grande

bowling /'VLHoBn/ birlos

brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a

butterfly /'VJWLcoO/ bolboreta

café /'YæcM/ cafetaría, café

catch /YDa/ coller

chair /aS/ cadeira

chemist’s /'YClBgWg/ farmacia

chicken /'aBYBm/ galiña; polo

chimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/ chimpancé

church /WiKa/ igrexa

cinema /'gBmLlL/ cine

clever /'YoCdL/ listo/a, espelido/a, intelixente

climb /YoOl/ escalar, rubir, gabear

clock /YoFY/ reloxo

cooker /'YHYL/ cociña (fogóns e forno)

cow /YP/ vaca

creative /YpA'MWBd/ creativo/a

crocodile /'YpFYLXOo/ crocodilo

cupboard /'YJVLX/ armario

curly /'YKoi/ rizado/a, crecho/a

curtains /'YKWBmh/ cortinas

cycling /'gOYoBn/ ciclismo

dancing /'XEmgBn/ baile

dark /XEY/ escuro/a; moreno/a

department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ grandes almacéns

desk /XCgY/ escritorio

dining room /'XOmBn pIl/ comedor

dolphin /'XFocim/ golfiño

duvet /'XIdM/ edredón (nórdico)

elephant /'CoBcLmW/ elefante

fat /cæW/ gordo/a

fly /coO/ mosca

football /'cHWVGo/ fútbol

fridge /cpBb/ frigorífico, neveira

frog /cpFZ/ ra

funny /'cJmi/ gracioso/a

generous /'bCmLpLg/ xeneroso/a

giraffe /bL'pEc/ xirafa

goggles /'ZFZoh/ lentes de natación

golf /ZFoc/ golf

good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/ guapo/a, atractivo/a

hard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/a

helmet /'kColBW/ casco

honest /'FmBgW/ honrado/a, sincero/a

horse /kGg/ cabalo

hospital /'kFgUBWo/ hospital

iguana /B'ZrEmL/ iguana

karate /YL'pEWi/ karate

kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cociña

lamp /oDlU/ lámpada

lazy /'oCBhi/ preguiceiro/a, lacazán/ana

library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca

light /oOW/ claro/a

lion /'oOLm/ león

living room /'oBdBn pIl/ cuarto de estar, salón

lizard /'oBhLX/ lagarto; lagarta

long /oFn/ longo/a

medium height /'lAXiLl kOW/ de estatura media

mirror /'lBpL/ espello

mosquito /lL'gYAWLH/ mosquito

museum /lqI'hALl/ museo

old /NoX/ vello/a

parrot /'UDpLW/ loro

picture /'UBYaL/ fotografía; imaxe; cadro

pillow /'UBoN/ almofada; coxín

police station /UL'oAg gWMim/ comisaría

post office /'UNgW FcBg/ oficina de correos

rabbit /'pDVBW/ coello

restaurant /'pCgWpFmW/ restaurante

rollerblading /'pNoLVoMXBn/ patinaxe en liña

round /pPmX/ redondo/a

Glossary


rug /pJZ/ alfombra

running /'pJmBn/ correr

scuba diving /'gYIVL XOdBn/ mergullo, submarinismo

shark /iEY/ quenlla

sheep /iAU/ ovella/s

shelf /iCoc/ andel

shopping centre /'iFUBn gCmWL/ centro comercial

short /iGW/ curto/a; baixo/a

shower /'iPL/ ducha

shy /iO/ apoucado/a, tímido/a

sink /gBnY/ vertedoiro; lavabo

skiing /'gYABn/ esquí

small /glGo/ pequeno/a

snake /gmMY/ serpe

sofa /'gLHcL/ sofá

spider /'gUOXL/ araña

sports centre /'gUGWg gCmWL/ polideportivo

straight /gWpMW/ liso/a

strong /gWpFn/ forte

surfing /'gKcBn/ surf

sweet shop /'grAW iFU/ tenda de lambonadas

swimming /'grBlBn/ natación

swimming cap /'grBlBn YDU/ gorro de natación

swimming pool /'grBlBn UIo/ piscina

table /'WMVo/ mesa

tall /WGo/ alto/a

tennis /'WCmBg/ tenis

thin /eBm/ delgado/a

throw /epN/ lanzar, guindar; tirar

tiger /'WOZL/ tigre

toilet /'WQoLW/ baño, servizo, váter

turtle /'WKWo/ tartaruga, sapoconcho

ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a

volleyball /'dFoiVGo/ voleibol

weak /rAY/ débil, feble

weightlifting /'rMWoBcWBn/ levantamento de peso, halterofilia

whale /rMo/ balea

wolf /rHoc/ lobo

worm /rKl/ miñoca, verme

young /qJn/ mozo/a

Unit 1aunt /EmW/ tía

call /YGo/ chamar

cloudy /'YoPXi/ nubrado/a

cold /YNoX/ frío/a

cool /YIo/ fresco/a

cousin /'YJhm/ curmán/curmá

daughter /'XGWL/ filla

daytime /'XMWOl/ de día

dry /XpO/ seco/a, ermo/a

entry /'CmWpi/ entrada

flood /coJX/ asolagar

foggy /'cFZi/ bretemoso/a, neboento/a

get around /ZCW L'pPmX/ moverse, desprazarse

go away /ZLH L'rCB/ marchar (de vacacións)

granddaughter /'ZpDmXGWL/ neta

grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/ avó

grandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/ avoa

grandson /'ZpDmgJm/ neto

hike (n) /kOY/ andaina, camiñada

hike (v) /kOY/ facer sendeirismo, facer unha andaina

hot /kFW/ caloroso/a, cálido/a (it’s ~: vai calor)

husband /'kJhVLmX/ marido, home, esposo

ice hockey /'Og kFYi/ hóckey sobre xeo

large /oEb/ grande

lightning /'oOWmBn/ raio/s, lóstrego/s

monsoon /lFm'gIm/ monzón

nephew /'mCcqI/ sobriño

niece /mAg/ sobriña

parents /'UCLpLmWg/ pais

rain /pMm/ choiva

snow /gmN/ neve

son /gJm/ fillo

spotlight /'gUFWoOW/ centro de atención

stormy /'gWGli/ treboento/a (it’s ~: hai treboada)

sunny /'gJmi/ solleiro/a (it’s ~: vai sol)

thunder /'eJmXL/ trono/s

uncle /'JnYo/ tío

village /'dBoBb/ pobo; aldea

warm /rGl/ cálido/a, temperado/a

wet /rCW/ chuviñoso/a

wife /rOc/ dona, muller, esposa

windy /'rBmXi/ ventoso/a, de moito vento (it’s ~: vai vento)

Unit 2art /EW/ arte, debuxo

athlete /'DeoAW/ deportista; atleta

atlas /'DWoLg/ atlas

balance /'VDoLmg/ equilibrio

backboard /'VoDYVGX/ encerado

build models /VBoX 'lFXoh/ construír maquetas

3

Glossary

English in Use ESO 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

calculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/ calculadora

chalk /'aGY/ xiz

champion /'aDlUiLm/ campión/oa

check e-mails /aCY 'AlMoh/ mirar o correo electrónico

compass /'YJlULg/ compás

computer technology /YLlUqIWL WCY'mFoLbi/ informática

crayon /'YpMLm/ lapis de cor

destroy /XB'gWpQ/ destruír, esnaquizar

dictionary /'XBYiLmpi/ dicionario

disaster zone /XB'hEgWL hNm/ zona catastrófica / de desastre

diver /'XOdL/ saltador/a (de natación)

do experiments /XI BY'gUCpBlLmWg/ facer experimentos

do judo /XI 'bIXN/ facer judo

drama /'XpElL/ teatro

English /'BnZoBi/ inglés

enough /B'mJc/ suficiente, abondo

flash drive /'coæi XpOd/ memoria

flood /coJX/ asolagamento / inundación

French /cpCma/ francés

geography /bi'FZpLci/ xeografía

globe /ZoNV/ globo terráqueo

glue /ZoI/ pegamento

go horse-riding /ZLH 'kGgpOXBn/ ir montar a cabalo; facer equitación

gold /ZLHoX/ ouro

government /'ZJdLmlLmW/ goberno

gymnast /'bBlmægW/ ximnasta

hard /kEX/ difícil; moito

history /'kBgWpi/ historia

hope /kNU/ agardar, esperar

join /bQm/ entrar en

laptop /'oDUWFU/ ordenador portátil

learn a new language /oKm L mqI 'oDnZrBb/ aprender un idioma novo

learn competitive diving /oKm YLl'UCWLWBd XOdBn/ aprender (a facer) salto (de natación)

literature /'oBWpLWiL/ literatura

look for /'oHY cG/ procurar, buscar

maths /lDeg/ mates (matemáticas)

microscope /'lOYpLgYNU/ microscopio

music /'lqIhBY/ música

netbook /'mCWVHY/ netbook

next to /'mCYgW WL/ a carón de / ao lado de / á beira de

one in (number) /'rJm Bm (mJlVL)/ un/ha de cada (número)

ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal

paintbrush /'UCBmWVpJi/ pincel

paint pictures /UCBmW 'UBYaLh/ pintar cadros

paints /UCBmWg/ pinturas

perform in a band /UL'cGl Bm L VDmX/ tocar nun grupo

play the piano /UoM fL Ui'DmN/ tocar o piano

pleased /UoAhX/ ledo/a, contento/a

potential /UL'WCmio/ posíbel, en potencia

proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a

repair computers /pB'UCL YLlUqIWLh/ arranxar / reparar ordenadores

science /'gOLmg/ ciencia(s)

scissors /'gBhLh/ tesoiras

send text messages /gCmX 'WCYgW lCgBbBh/ mandar mensaxes (de texto)

soon /gIm/ pronto, axiña (How ~ ...?: Canto (se) tarda en ...?)

sport /gUGW/ deporte, educación física

stapler /'gWMUoL/ grampadora

succeed /gLY'gAX/ triunfar, ter éxito

supplies /gL'UoOh/ material/ais

tablet /'WDVoLW/ tableta

take a nap /WMY L 'mDU/ botar a / unha sesta

take photos /WMY 'cNWNh/ facer fotos

talented /'WDoLmWBX/ talentoso/a, con talento

textbook /'WCsWVHY/ libro de texto

train /WpMm/ adestrar (a)

weightlifter /'rMWoBcWL/ levantador/a de peso, halterófilo/a

Unit 3agree /L'ZpA/ estar de acordo

at risk /LW 'pBgY/ en perigo

babysit /'VMVigBW/ coidar nenos, facer de canguro

belt /VCoW/ cinto

bracelet /'VpMgoLW/ pulseira

break /VpMY/ descanso; vacacións

casual /'YæjHLo/ informal, de sport

cheap /aAU/ barato/a

colourful /'YJoLco/ colorido/a, de cores vivas

comfortable /'YJlcWLVo/ cómodo/a

cool /YIo/ xenial (be ~: molar, prestar)

curriculum /YL'pBYqLoLl/ plan de estudos

deliver /XB'oBdL/ repartir

earrings /'BLpBnh/ pendentes

expensive /BY'gUCmgBd/ caro/a

fashionable /'cæimLVo/ moderno/a, á / de moda

finance /'cOmDmg/ finanzas, asuntos financeiros

formal /'cGlo/ formal; de etiqueta


gardening /'ZEXmBn/ xardinaría

handbag /'kæmXVæZ/ bolso (de man)

health /kCoe/ saúde

hoodie /'kHXi/ suadoiro con carapucha

item /'OWLl/ artigo

lovely /'oJdoi/ fermoso/a, precioso/a

make-up /'lMYJU/ maquillaxe

manage /'lDmBb/ administrar

modern /'lFXm/ moderno/a

nail varnish /'mCBo dEmBi/ esmalte / verniz de unllas

necklace /'mCYoLg/ colar

old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda

part-time /UEW'WOl/ a tempo parcial

phone case /'cNm YMg/ funda de teléfono

plain /UoCBm/ sinxelo/a; liso/a

practical /'UpDYWBYo/ práctico/a

pretty (adj) /'UpBWi/ bonito/a, fermoso/a

pretty (adv) /'UpBWi/ bastante

purse /UKg/ moedeiro

quite /YrOW/ bastante, abondo

ring /pBn/ anel

save /gMd/ aforrar (~ for a “rainy day”: aforrar para chando cheguen tempos peores)

schoolchild /'gYIoaOoX/ colexial/a

second-hand /gCYLmX'kDmX/ de segunda man

sophisticated /gL'cBgWBYMWBX/ sofisticado/a

spending /'gUCmXBn/ gastos

sunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/ lentes de sol

tights /WOWg/ pantis, medias

trendy /'WpCmXi/ moderno/a, á moda

understanding /JmXL'gWDmXBn/ coñecemento/s

wallet /'rFoBW/ carteira

waste /rMgW/ desbaldir, malgastar

watch /rFa/ reloxo (de pulso)

working /'rKYBn/ traballador/a, que traballa

Review 1bend back /VCmX 'VDY/ dobrar cara atrás

blackboard /'VoDYVGX/ taboleiro

blow out /VoN 'PW/ apagar (cun sopro)

bounce off /VPmg 'Fc/ rebotar

freezing /'cpAhBn/ xeado/a, conxelado/a

half-court shot /'kEc YGW iFW/ tiro (á canastra) desde metade da cancha

light /oOW/ prender, acender

shoot /iIW/ tirar (á canastra)

three-pointer /epA'UQmWL/ tripla

Unit 4attach /L'WDWi/ adxuntar; pór, acoplar

(be) born /VA 'VGm/ nacer

belong to /VB'oFn WL/ pertencer a

bite /VOW/ morder / trabar a

borrow /'VFpLH/ pedir / coller prestado/a

charge /WiEb/ cargar

clever /'YoCdL/ enxeñoso/a

come out /YJl 'PW/ saír

cross /YpFg/ cruzar, atravesar

demonstrate /'XClLmgWpMW/ manifestarse; facer unha demostración de

design /XB'hOm/ modelo, deseño

develop /XB'dCoLU/ desenvolver

die /XO/ morrer

dwarf /XrGc/ anano/a

evil /'Ado/ malvado/a

fall in love /cGo Bm 'oJd/ namorarse

fight /cOW/ pelexar / loitar (contra)

freeze /cpAh/ xear(se), conxelar(se)

get a job /ZCW L 'bFV/ acadar un traballo

get divorced /ZCW XB'dGgX/ divorciarse

get married /ZCW 'lDpiX/ casar

go to university /ZLH WL qImB'dKgLWi/ ir á universidade

GPS tracking device /bA UA 'Cg WpDYBn XBdOg/ dispositivo de localización por GPS

graduate from /'ZpDbHMW cpLl/ graduarse en

grow up /ZpN 'JU/ crecer, medrar, criarse

have a child /kLd L 'aOoX/ ter un/ha fillo/a

improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar

join /bQm/ unirse a (~ the army: alistarse no exército)

keep warm /YAU 'rGl/ manter abrigado/a / quente a

light /oOW/ prender, acender

main character /lCBm 'YDpLYWL/ protagonista

Middle-earth /lBXo'Ke/ Terra Media

move to /'lId WL/ mudarse a

prevent /UpB'dCmW/ evitar, previr; impedir

pull /UHo/ tirar (de)

reach /pAa/ acadar, chegar a

receive awards /pB'gAd LrGXh/ recibir premios

satellite phone /'gDWLoOW cNm/ teléfono por satélite

save /gMd/ salvar / rescatar (a)

soldier /'gNobL/ soldado

solo /'gNoLH/ a soas; só

steal /gWAo/ roubar

survive /gL'dOd/ sobrevivir (a)

take (lessons) /WMY 'oCgmh/ recibir / ir a (clases)

top /WFU/ cume, cumio, cima

5

Glossary


treasure /'WpCjL/ tesouro

volunteer /dFoLm'WBL/ facer voluntariado, ser voluntario/a

wheel /rAo/ roda

Unit 5bird-watcher /'VKXrFaL/ observador/a de aves

calm /YEl/ tranquilo/a; en calma

canyon /'YæmqLm/ canón

cliff /YoBc/ acantilado, cantil

coast /YNgW/ costa

coral reef /'YFpLo pAc/ arrecife / baixío de coral

Dead Sea /XCX 'gA/ mar Morto

dull /XJo/ aburrido/a, aborrecido/a

east /AgW/ leste

elegant /'CoBZLmW/ elegante, requintado/a

extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/ extraordinario/a

fertile /'cKWOo/ fértil

field /cAoX/ campo

float /coNW/ flotar, aboiar

flow into /coLH 'BmWL/ desembocar

fresh /cpCi/ fresco/a (~ water: auga doce)

frightening /'cpOWmBn/ arrepiante, espantoso/a

glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar

ground /ZpPmX/ chan, terra

harbour /'kEVL/ porto

hold (a record) /kNoX L 'pCYGX/ detentar (unha marca)

holiday resort /'kFoLXM pBhGW/ lugar de veraneo

ideal /O'XALo/ ideal

isolated /'OgLoMWBX/ illado/a, afastado/a

jumbo jet /bJlVN 'bCW/ Jumbo, avión de fuselaxe ancha

lively /'oOdoi/ animado/a, bulicioso/a

location /oN'YMim/ lugar; situación, emprazamento

north /mGe/ norte

peaceful /'UAgco/ tranquilo/a

pleasant /'UoChmW/ agradábel

rainforest /'pMmcFpBgW/ selva tropical

relaxing /pB'oæYgBn/ relaxante

rough /pJc/ axitado/a, encrespado/a, picado/a

safe /gMc/ seguro/a, a salvo

salt lake /'gGoW oMY/ lago de auga salgada

salty /'gGoWi/ salgado/a

scenery /'gAmLpi/ paisaxe

south /gPe/ sur

stream /gWpAl/ regato

swamp /grFlU/ pantano

terrible /'WCpLVo/ espantoso/a, terríbel

wake up to /rMY 'JU WL/ espertar(se) con

west /rCgW/ oeste

wonderful /'rJmXLco/ marabilloso/a, precioso/a

Unit 6arrest /L'pCgW/ arrestar (a)

burglar /'VKZoL/ ladrón/oa

close off /YoNh 'Fc/ pechar ao público / tráfico

clue /YoI/ pista

court /YGW/ tribunal, xulgado

criminal /'YpBlBmo/ criminal

detective /XB'WCYWBd/ detective

drop /XpFU/ deixar caer (sen querer)

evidence /'CdBXLmg/ probas

expert /'CsUKW/ experto/a, especialista

fingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/ impresión dactilar / dixital

forensic scientist /cL'pCmgBY gOLmWBgW/ investigador/a forense

forger /'cGbL/ falsificador/a

get in /ZCW 'Bm/ entrar, meterse

gun /ZJm/ pistola, revólver

helpful /'kCoUco/ útil

hijack /'kObDY/ secuestrar

hurry /'kJpi/ bulir (para chegar a)

investigate /Bm'dCgWBZCBW/ investigar, pescudar

judge /bJb/ xuíz/a

jury /'bHLpi/ xurado

knife /mOc/ coitelo

lawyer /'oGqL/ avogado/a

loud /oPX/ forte

murder /'lKXL/ asasinato

next door /mCYgW 'XG/ do lado

plan /UoDm/ plano

police officer /UL'oAg FcBgL/ policía

prison /'UpBhm/ prisión, cadea, cárcere

prisoner /'UpBhmL/ detido/a; acusado/a, preso/a, reo/a

return /pB'WKm/ devolver

robbery /'pFVLpi/ roubo

sample /'gElUo/ mostra

scene /gAm/ lugar, espazo, escenario

security guard /gB'YqHLpLWi ZEX/ garda xurado, garda de seguridade

shocked /iFYW/ abraiado/a, estupefacto/a

smell /glCo/ ulido, cheiro, olor

suspect /'gJgUCYW/ sospeitoso/a

thief /eAc/ ladrón/oa

towel /'WPLo/ toalla

victim /'dBYWBl/ vítima


weapon /'rCULm/ arma

witness /'rBWmLg/ testemuña

work out /rKY 'PW/ lograr entender

Review 2ark /EY/ arca

climb out /YoOl 'PW/ saír gabeando

dig (for) /'XBZ cG/ escavar (á busca de)

pull up /UHo 'JU/ erguer, levantar, subir

raider /'pMXL/ ladrón/oa

Raiders of the Lost Ark /pMXLh Ld fL oFgW 'EY/ Á busca da arca perdida

rope /pNU/ corda, soga

torch /WGa/ facho, facheiro

Unit 7actually /'DYWiToi/ na realidade, realmente

aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/ avión

air pollution /'CL ULoIim/ contaminación do aire / atmosférica

bottom /'VFWLl/ fondo

clean up /YoAm 'JU/ limpar

coach /YNWi/ autobús

cruise ship /'YpIh iBU/ cruceiro

damage /'XDlBXj/ danar, prexudicar

destroy /XB'gWpQ/ destruír, esnaquizar

disastrous /XB'hEgWpLg/ catastrófico/a

diving /'XOdBn/ de submarinismo / mergullo

fact /cæYW/ feito, realidade

ferry /'cCpi/ transbordador, ferry

goat /ZNW/ cabra

harm /kEl/ danar

helicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/ helicóptero

in order to /Bm 'GXL WL/ para, a fin de

increase /'BmYpAg/ aumentar

indoors /Bm'XGh/ nun lugar cuberto, dentro

jeep /bAU/ todoterreo

lorry /'oFpi/ camión

lunch box /'oJma VFYg/ friameira, tarteira

minivan /'lBmidæm/ monovolume

motorbike /'lNWLVOY/ motocicleta, moto

motorboat /'lNWLVNW/ (lancha) motora

nuts /mJWg/ froitos secos

outdoor /'PWXG/ ao aire libre, fóra

pick up /UBY 'JU/ coller, recoller

plant /UoEmW/ plantar

power /'UPL/ enerxía

protect /UpL'WCYW/ protexer

recycle /pA'gOYo/ reciclar

replace /pB'UoMg/ substituír

reuse /pA'qIh/ reutilizar, volver usar

room /pIl/ sitio, espazo; cuarto, habitación

save /gMd/ salvar; aforrar

scooter /'gYIWL/ vespa, scooter

sheet /iAW/ folla, lámina

throw out /epN 'PW/ tirar

tram /WpDl/ tranvía

turn off /WKm 'Fc/ apagar

underground /'JmXLZpPmX/ metro

unplug /Jm'UoJZ/ desenchufar, desconectar

waste /rMgW/ desbaldir

yacht /qFW/ iate

Unit 8amaze /L'lMh/ asombrar

angry /'DnZpi/ amolado/a, enfadado/a

break a record /VpMY L 'pCYGX/ superar unha marca

build up (someone’s) confidence /VBoX JU gJlrJmh

'YFmcBXLmg/ dar máis confianza en si mesmo/a (a alguén)

cap /YæU/ gorro

cart /YEW/ carro

exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ exhausto/a, esgotado/a

fail the test /cMo fL 'WCgW/ suspender o exame

feed a wild animal /cAX L rOoX 'DmBlo/ dar de comer a un animal salvaxe

forget things /cL'ZCW eBnh/ esquecer cousas

frightened /'cpOWmX/ asustado/a (be ~ : ter medo)

get lost /ZCW 'oFgW/ perderse

go abroad /ZLH L'VpGX/ ir(se) ao estranxeiro

go on a cruise /ZLH Fm L 'YpIh/ ir de / facer un cruceiro

juggle /'bJZo/ facer xogos malabares

Latin /'oDWBm/ latino/a

light /oOW/ iluminar

live by /'oBd VO/ vivir segundo

look back /oHY 'VDY/ mirar cara atrás; pensar no pasado

nasty /'mEgWi/ desagradábel

oil lamp /'Qo oDlU/ lámpada de aceite, quinqué

pair /UCL/ parella

perform in a circus /ULcGl Bm L 'gKYLg/ actuar nun circo

performer /UL'cGlL/ artista

proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a

7

Glossary


put out a fire /UHW PW L 'cOL/ apagar / extinguir un lume / incendio

reality TV /pi'DoLWi WA dA/ telerrealidade

ridiculous /pB'XBYqLoLg/ ridículo/a, absurdo/a (Don’t be ~!: Non digas parvadas!)

risky /'pBgYi/ arriscado/a

row a boat /pN L 'VNW/ remar unha barca / un bote

rude /pIX/ groseiro/a

schooling /'gYIoBn/ escolarización; escolaridade, estudos

shave /iMd/ afeitar(se)

silly /'gBoi/ parvo/a, absurdo/a

straw /gWpG/ (de) palla

suit /gIW/ traxe

surprised /gL'UpOhX/ sorprendido/a

take lessons in self-defence /WMY oCgmh Bm gCoc XB'cCmg/ ir a clases de defensa persoal

take part in a carnival /WMY UEW Bm L 'YEmBdo/ participar nun carnaval / entroido

tell lies /WCo 'oOh/ dicir mentiras

unicycle /'qImBgOYo/ monociclo

unique /qI'mAY/ único/a, excepcional

unpleasant /Jm'UoChmW/ desgradábel

upset /JU'gCW/ desgustado/a, amolado/a, molesto/a

walk a tightrope /rGY L 'WOWpNU/ andar pola corda frouxa

worried /'rJpiX/ preocupado/a

youth /qIe/ xuvenil, da mocidade

Unit 9balanced diet /VDoLmgW 'XOLW/ dieta equilibrada

bone /VLHm/ óso

caffeine /'YæcAm/ cafeína

calorie/'YæoLpi/ caloría

carbohydrates /YEVN'kOXpMWg/ carbohidratos

chew /aI/ mastigar, mascar

diet /'XOLW/ estar a réxime, facer dieta

dietician /XOL'WBim/ médico especialista en dietética, dietista

egg-white /'CZrOW/ de clara de ovo

exercise /'CYgLgOh/ facer exercicio

fat /cæW/ graxa

fight back /cOW 'VDY/ contraatacar

fitness trainer /'cBWmLg WpMmL/ adestrador/a

fresh air /cpCi 'CL/ aire fresco

gain weight /ZMm 'rMW/ gañar peso, engordar

get fit /ZCW 'cBW/ poñerse en forma

go crazy /ZLH 'YpCBhi/ poñerse como tolo/a, tolear

gym /bBl/ ximnasio

harmful /'kElco/ prexudicial

healthy lifestyle /kCoei 'oOcgWOo/ estilo de vida san / saudábel

heart /kEW/ corazón

in a row /Bm L 'pN/ seguido/a, consecutivo/a

injury /'BmbLpi/ lesión

junk food /'bJnY cIX/ comida lixo

liquid /'oBYrBX/ líquido

lose weight /oIh 'rMW/ perder peso, adelgazar, enfraquecer

meal /lAo/ comida

medal /'lCXo/ medalla

muscle /'lJgo/ músculo

nutrition /mqI'WpBim/ nutrición

omelette /'FloLW/ tortilla

pancake /'UDmYMY/ filloa

porridge /'UFpBb/ avea cocida

processed food /'UpNgCgW cIX/ comida procesada

protein /'UpLHWAm/ proteína

salt /gGoW/ sal

score /gYG/ marcar

slice /goOg/ rebanda

snack /gmDY/ taco, parva

sort /gGW/ clase, tipo

sugar /'iHZL/ azucre

sugar beet /'iHZL VAW/ remolacha azucreira

sugar cane /'iHZL YMm/ cana de azucre

sweetness /'grAWmLg/ dozura

take the lead /WMY fL 'oAX/ coller a dianteira

team /WAl/ (de) equipo

track /WpDY/ pista

trophy /'WpNci/ trofeo

unhealthy /Jm'kCoei/ pouco san/sa

vitamin /'dBWLlBm/ vitamina

Review 3belly /'VCoi/ barriga

buck /VJY/ dólar

celery /'gCoLpi/ apio

deal /XAo/ trato, acordo

delight /XB'oOW/ deleite, pracer

eggplant (Am. Eng.) /'CZUoEmW/ berenxena

hand /kæmX/ dar (en man)

string beans (Am. Eng.) /gWpBn 'VAmh/ feixóns


Greetings and introductionsAre you new here? /E qI 'mqI kBL/ Es novo/a aquí?

This is my friend … . /fBg Bh lO 'cpCmX/ Este/a é o meu amigo/a...

Is this … ? /'Bh fBg/ Este é o...

Can I please speak to … ? /YLm O 'UoAh gUAY WL/ Podo falar con..., por favor?

Hi, welcome to our school. /kO 'rCoYLl WL E gYIo/ Ola, benvido/a ao noso colexio.

Sorry, he isn’t here. /'gFpi kA BhmW kBL/ Síntoo, non está aquí.

Nice to meet you. /mOg WL 'lAW qI/ Encantado/a de coñecerte.

Yes, it is. Who’s calling? /qCg BW 'Bh. kIh 'YGoBn/

Quen chama / é?

Yes, I’m from … . /'qCg Ol cpFl/ Si, son de... .

Hi, I’m … . /'kO Ol/ Ola, son... .

Hello, … . This is … . /kL'oLH … fBg Bh/ Ola, ... . Son... .

Call again later, … . /YGo LZCm 'oMWL/ Volve chamar logo / máis tarde, ... .

Classroom languageListen carefully. /oBgm 'YCLcoi/ Escoita/de con atención.

Can you explain this to me, please? /YLm qI BY'gUoMm

fBg WL li UoAh/ Pode explicarme isto, por favor?

Where is your homework? /rCL Bh qG 'kNlrKY/ Onde están os teus deberes?

Who knows the answer to this question? /kI mNh

fL 'EmgL WL fBg YrCgWiLm/ Quen sabe a resposta a esta pregunta?

Can you spell this word? /YLm qI 'gUCo fBg rKX/ Pode soletrear esta palabra?

I’m sorry I’m late. /Ol 'gFpi Ol oCBW/ Sinto chegar tarde.

Can I borrow a … , please? /YLm O 'VFpN L … UoAh/

Podo coller prestado/a / Préstasme un/ha..., por favor?

When is the … exam? /rCm Bh fL '... BZhDl/ Cando é o exame de...?

What page are we on? /rFW 'UMb E ri Fm/ En que páxina estamos?

A personal interviewHow many … have you got? /kP lCmi '… kDd qI ZFW/

Cantos/as... tes?

What are your favourite … ? /rFW E qG 'cCBdLpBW/ Cales son os/as teus/túas... favoritos/as?

What … do you do? /rFW '… XL qI XL/ Que... fas?

How often do you … ? /kP 'Fcm XL qI/ Con que frecuencia... ?

Where does … work? /rCL XJh '… rKY/ Onde traballa...?

What’s the … like where you live? /rFWg fL '… oOY rCL

qI oBd/ Como é o / a... onde vives?

Describing a pictureThere are … . /'fCL E/ Hai... .

The … looks … . /fL '… oHYg/ O / A... semella / parece... .

There’s a … and a … in the picture. /fCLh L '… LmX L '…

Bm fL UBYaL/ Hai un/nha... e un/ha... na imaxe.

I can see … and they’re … . /O Yæm gA '… LmX fS/ Vexo / Podo ver... e están... .

In this picture, … is … . / Bm 'fBg UBYaL … Bh/ Nesta imaxe, ... está... .

The … are … . /fL '… E/ Os / as... son / están... .

Buying a giftDoes that sound like a good idea? /XJh fDW gPmX oOY L

ZHX O'XBL/ Paréce(che) unha boa idea?

How much do you want to spend? /kP 'lJa XL qI rFmW

WL gUCmX/ Canto queres gastar?

Let’s get … ! /oCWg 'ZCW/ Imos mercar / Merquemos...!

Let’s buy … ! /oCWg 'VO/ Imos mercar / Merquemos...!

It’s quite … . /BWg 'YrOW/ É bastante... .

How about this … ? /'kP LVPW fBg/ Que hai deste/desta...?

That’s a great idea. /fDWg L ZpMW O'XBL/ Esa é unha idea moi boa.

I don’t think so. /O XNmW 'eBnY gN/ Paréceme / Penso / Coido que non.

What do you want to buy for … ? /rFW XL qI rFmW WL

'VO cG/ ¿Que queres mercar para...?

These are very … . /'fAh E dCpi/ Estes / Estas son moi... .

I agree. /O L'ZpA/ Estou de acordo.

What do you think of … ? /rFW XL qI 'eBnY Ld/

Que pensas / opinas de...?

That looks … . /fDW 'oHYg/ (Iso) Semella / Está... .

Speaking Glossary

Speaking Glossary

9

Glossary


Discussing biographiesWhen was … born? /rCm rLh '… VGm/ Cando naceu...?

Where was … born? /rCL rFh '… VGm/ Onde naceu...?

What did … do? /rFW XBX '… XI/ Que fixo / facía...?

Why was … famous? /rO rFh … 'cCBlLg/ Por que foi / era célebre...?

When did … get married? /rCm XBX … ZCW 'lDpiX/ Cando casou...?

Did … have children? /XBX … kLd 'WiBoXpLm/ ... tivo / tiña fillos?

When did … die? /rCm XBX '… XO/ Cando morreu...?

Where did … die? /rCL XBX '… XO/ Onde morreu...?

Planning a holidayWhat kind of holiday do you want? /rFW YOmX Ld

'kFoLXM XL qI rFmW/ Que tipo de vacacións queres?

Where do you want to go? /rCL XL qI rFmW WL 'ZN/ A onde queres ir?

When do you want to go? /rCm XL qI rFmW WL 'ZN/ Cando queres ir?

How long do you want to be away? /kP 'oFn XL qI

rFmW WL VA LrCB/ Canto tempo queres estar fóra?

What do you want to do there? /rFW XL qI rFmW WL 'XI

fCL/ Que queres facer alí?

What do you think of ... ? /rFW XL qI 'eBnY Ld/ Que pensas / opinas de...?

Investigating a crime What were you doing on … at … last night?

/rFW rK qI 'XIBn Fm … LW … oEgW mOW/ Que estaba a facer en... esta noite ás...?

What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que ocorreu / pasou?

What did you do? /rFW XBX qI 'XI/ Que fixo?

Can you describe the ... ? /Yæm qI 'XBgYpOV fL/ Pode describir (a) o / a...?

What was … wearing? /rFW rLh … 'rCLpBn/ Que levaba posto...?

Can you give us any more information? /Yæm qI ZBd Lg

Cmi lG BmcL'lMim/ Pódenos dar máis información?

Discussing plansWhere are you going? /rCL E qI 'ZLHBn/ A onde vas?

What are you going to do? /rFW E qI ZLHBn WL 'XI/ Que vas facer?

Who is doing the project with you? /kI Bh XIBn

fL 'UpFXjCYW rBf qI/ Quen está a facer o proxecto contigo?

Do you think it’ll be difficult? /XI qI eBnY BWo VA

'XBcBYLoW/ Cres que será difícil?

Will it really help? /rBo BW pBLoi 'kCoU/ De verdade servirá?

Talking about experiencesI’d love to try that! /OX 'oJd WL WpO fDW/ Encantaríame

probar / intentar iso.

But why would I do such a risky thing? /VLW rO rHX

O XI gJWi L 'pBgYi eBn/ Pero, por que faría eu algo tan arriscado?

That’s not my idea of fun. /fDWg 'mFW lO OXBL Ld cJm/ Esa non é a miña idea de pasalo ben.

My parents would be really worried. /lO UCLpLmWg rHX

VA pBLoi 'rJpiX/ Os meus pais estarían moi preocupados.

I’d be too frightened. /OX VA WI 'cpOWmX/ Estaría asustado/a de máis.

It sounds like a ridiculous idea to me. /BW gPmXh oOY L

pB'XBYqLoLg OXBL WL lA/ Paréceme unha idea absurda.

What a silly thing to do. /rFW L 'gBoi eBn WL XI/ Que parvada.

I’ve always wanted to do that. /Od 'GorCBh rFmWBX WL

XI fDW/ Sempre quixen facer iso.

Giving adviceWhat should I do? /rFW iLX O 'XI/ Que debería facer /

fago?

The best thing for you to do is … . /fL 'VCgW eBn cL qI WL

XI Bh/ O mellor que podes facer é... .

I think you should … . /O 'eBnY qI iHX/ Coido / Penso que deberías... .

Maybe you should … . /'lMVi qI iHX/ Talvez / Se cadra deberías... .

I think it’s a good idea to … . /O eBnY BWg L ZHX OX'R WL/ Coido / Penso que é unha boa idea... .

Why don’t you … ? /rO 'XNmW qI/ Por que non...?

You can either … or … . /qI YLm 'OfL … 'G/ Podes... ou... .


GuessingThat’s probably false. /fDWg UpFVLVoi 'cGog/

Probabelmente sexa falso/a.

Oh, that’s easy. It’s true / false. /N fDWg 'Ahi. BWg 'WpI

'cGog/ Ah, iso é doado. É verdadeiro/a / falso/a.

Comparing timetablesMe, too. /lA 'WI/ Eu / A min tamén.

So do I. /gN XI 'O/ Eu / A min tamén.

Not me. /mFW 'lA/ Eu / A min non.

Responding to questionsNot really. /mFW 'pBLoi/ Non moito., A verdade é que non.

I could be. /O 'YHX VA/ Podería ser / estar.

Definitely not. /'XCcBmLWoi mFW/ Seguro / De certo que non.

Agreeing and disagreeingThat’s true. /fDWg 'WpI/ Iso é verdade / certo.

That’s wrong. /fDWg 'pFn/ Iso é incorrecto / está mal.

That’s false. /fDWg 'cGog/ Iso é falso.

No way! /mN 'rM/ Nin falar!, De ningún xeito!

RememberingI’m pretty sure. /Ol 'UpBWi iHL/ Estou case seguro/a.

I have no idea. /O kDd mN O'XBL/ Non teño nin idea.

I think so. /O 'eBnY gN/ Iso penso / coido., Penso / coido que si.

QuantifyingLots! /oFWg/ Moito/a/os/as!

Not a lot. /mFW L 'oFW/ Non moito.

Frequently. /'cpAYrLmWoi/ Acotío., Con frecuencia.

Asking questionsWho / What / Where / Why … ? /kI/rFW/rCL/rO/

Quen...? / Que...?, Cales...? / Onde...?, A onde...? / Por que...?

Which … ? /rBa/ Cal/es...?, Que...?

How / How many / How long … ? /kP/kP 'lCmi/

kP 'oFn/ Como...? / Cantos/as...? / Canto tempo...?

Asking for clarificationCan you repeat that? /YLm qI pB'UAW fDW/ Podes repetir

iso?

How do you spell that? /kP XL qI 'gUCo fDW/ Como se soletrea iso?

How many? /kP 'lCmi/ Cantos/as?

When was that? /rCm rLh 'fDW/ Cando foi iso?

Asking for more informationWhy do you think that? /rO XI qI 'eBnY fDW/

Por que pensas iso?

What else? /rFW 'Cog/ Que máis?

Tell me more. /WCo lA 'lG/ Cóntame máis (cousas).

Making suggestionsLet’s … . /oCWg/ Vamos / Vaiamos a... .

What do you think of … ? /rFW XL qI 'eBnY Ld/ Que pensas / opinas de...?

How about … ? /kP L'VPW/ Que tal se...?, Que hai de...?

Thinking backLet me think. /oCW lA 'eBnY/ Déixame pensar / que

pense.

I really don’t remember. /O 'pALoi XNmW pBlClVL/ A verdade é que non me lembro.

I’m not sure. /Ol mFW 'iHL/ Non estou seguro/a.

Answering questionsI think … . /O 'eBnY/ Coido... ., Penso... .

Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ Seguro., Sen dúbida.

Not really. /mFW 'pBLoi/ Non moito., A verdade é que non.

I’m quite sure. /Ol 'YrOW iHL/ Estou totalmente seguro/a.

Predicting plansprobably /'UpFVLVoi/ probabelmente, seica

definitely /'XCcBmLWoi/ decididamente, definitivamente

maybe /'lMVi/ talvez, se cadra, quizais

ReactingNo, it / you won’t. /mN BW/qI 'rNmW/ Non.

Aren’t you exaggerating? /EmW qI BZ'hDbLpMWBn/

Non estás a esaxerar?

That’s a nice idea. /fDWg L mOg O'XBL/ Esa é unha boa idea.

Comparing experiencesHow about you? /kP LVPW 'qI/ E ti?, Como che vai?

And you? /LmX 'qI/ E ti?

Me, too. /lA 'WI/ Eu / A min tamén.

Me neither. /lA 'mOfL/ Eu / A min tampouco.

Speaking Glossary

11

Glossary


Showing surpriseNo way! /mN 'rM/ Nin falar!, De ningún xeito!

Are you crazy? /E qI 'YpCBhi/ Estás tolo/a? / Toleaches?

Are you kidding? /E qI 'YBXBn/ Estás a bromear / de broma?

Of course. /Ld 'YGg/ Por suposto., Xaora.

ThinkingUm … /Jl/ Eh…

I’m not sure. /Ol mFW 'iHL/ Non estou seguro/a.

Let me think. /oCW lA 'eBnY/ Déixame pensar / que pense.

Giving advicePerhaps … /UL'kDUg/ Talvez / Se cadra / Quizais...

It seems to me (that) … /BW gAlh WL 'lA fDW/ Paréceme (que)...

In my opinion, … /Bm lO L'UBmqLm/ Na miña opinión, ...


Getting StartedOs pronomes persoais suxeito

I eu

you ti, vostede

he el

she ela

it iso

we nós

you vós, vostedes

they eles/as

• Fandesuxeitoenuncapodenfaltarparaqueaoraciónsexacorrectaeteñasentido.

I have got a new notebook. It is blue. (Teñouncadernonovo.Éazul.) Tim is German. He is twelve. (Timéalemán.Tendoceanos.)

• LembraqueIsempreseescribeenmaiúsculaequeit(queserefireacousasouanimais)nonseadoitatraducir.

Os adxectivos posesivosmy meu, meus

your teu,teus,seu,seus(devostede)

his seu,seus(del)

her seu,súas(dela)

its seu,seus(decousaouanimal)

our noso/a, nosos/as

your voso/a,vosos/as,seu,seus(devostedes)

their seu/súa,seus/súas(deles/as)

• Indicandequenéalgo.

• Semprevandiantedosubstantivoqueindicaacousaposuída,senimportaroxéneroninonúmeroqueestateña:my pencil, my books(omeulapis,osmeuslibros).

• Na3ªpersoadosingularhaitresformas,dependendodeseoposuidorémasculino(his),feminino(her)ouneutro(its).

Os pronomes posesivosmine meu/miña,meus/miñas

yours teu/túa,teus/túas, seu/súa,seus/súas(devostede)

his seu/súa,seus/súas(del)

hers seu/súa,seus/súas(dela)

ours noso/a, nosos/as

yours voso/a, vosos/as, seu/súa,seus/súas(devostedes)

theirs seu/súa,seus/súas(deles/as)

• Substitúenosubstantivoquesinalaacousaposuídaeconcordancoposuidor.

The red schoolbag is yours. (Amochilavermellaétúa.)

• Aotraducilos,podenacompañarseestespronomescoartigodeterminado.

The green book isn’t mine. It’s yours. (Olibroverdenoné(o)meu.É(o)teu.)

• Na3ªpersoadosingularhaidúasformas:masculina(his)efeminina(hers).Nonhaiformaneutra.

O xenitivo saxón•Emprégaseparaindicarposesióneúsaseconpersoas,animaisoupaíses.Paraformalo,engadimosunapóstrofo(’)euns.

Lucy’s hair(opelodeLucy) the cat’s legs(aspatasdogato) Spain’s food(acomidadeEspaña)

• Seosubstantivoéunpluralregularouacabaens, engádesesó ’,maisseéunpluralirregularengádese’s.

the boys’ school(ocolexiodosnenos) the women’s photo(afotodasmulleres)

• Seonomepropioremataens,pódese engadir’ ou ’s.

James’ / James’s car(ocochedeJames)• Coascousasúsaseof,nonoxenitivosaxón. the colour of the pencil(acordolapis)

O verbo to beOverboto besignificaprincipalmente“ser”ou“estar”.• Afirmativa:suxeito+am / is / are.Éoúnicoverboquetentresformasdistintasnopresente.Asformascontraídasúsansemáisnaconversa.

She is very clever.(Elaémoiintelixente.)• Negativa:suxeito+am / is / are+apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t(quesepodeengadirais e a are, mais non a am).

You aren’t funny.(Nonsodesgraciosos.)• Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are+suxeito. Is he a singer?(Elécantante?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.

Is Woody a toy? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. (Woodyéunxoguete?É.Si./Non.)

Grammar Appendix

Grammar Appendix


Os usos do verbo to beDefiniciónsefeitosxerais

Bristol is in England.(BristolestáenInglaterra.)

SentimentoseestadosWe are very happy.(Estamosmoiledos.)

IdadeShe is twelve years old.(Elatendoceanos.)

Profesións,relixiónsenacionalidades

Johnny Depp is an actor.(JohnnyDeppéunactor.)

PrezosHow much is it? It’s 5 euros.(Cantoé?Son5euros.)

MedidasIt’s 2 metres long.(Mide2metrosdelongo.)

TempoatmosféricoIt is windy.(Vaivento.)

O verbo have gotOverbohave got significa“ter”.Expresaoqueposuímosouostrazosdealguénoualgocandoodescribimos.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+have (’ve)got ou has (’s)got. I have got a famous friend. (Teñounhaamigafamosa.)

• Negativa:suxeito+have / has+not (n’t)+got. She hasn’t got curly hair. (Elanontenopelocrecho.)

• Interrogativa: Have / Has+suxeito+got. Have you got an adventurous brother? (Tesunirmánaventureiro?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+have / has ou haven’t / hasn’t (sen got).

Has he got small ears? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. (Eltenasorellaspequenas?Ten.Si./Non.)

Os pronomes persoais obxectome me(amin)

you te,che(ati),o,a,lle,se(avostede)

him o,lle,se(ael)

her a,lle,se(aela)

it o,a(unhacousa)

us nos(anós)

you vos(avós),os,as,lles(avostedes)

them os,as,lles,se(aeles/as)

• Fanasfunciónsdeobxecto,édicir,decomplementodirecto,indirectooupreposicional.

I met him last month. (Coñecinoomespasado.) They gave me a present yesterday. (Déronmeunagasalloonte.) I sang for them. (Canteiparaeles.)

• Senafrasehaiuncomplementodirectoeoutroindirectonasúaformadepronome,póñensenestaorde:CD+preposición+CI.

Sue needed a book about art and I gave it to her. (Sueprecisabaunlibrosobrearteedeillo.)

Unit 1O Present Simple

Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI play I do not play I don’t playYou play You do not play You don’t playHe plays He does not play He doesn’t playShe plays She does not play She doesn’t playIt plays It does not play It doesn’t playWe play We do not play We don’t playYou play You do not play You don’t playThey play They do not play They don’t play

InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa

Do I play ...? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you play ...? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he play ...? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Does she play ...? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Does it play ...? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.Do we play ...? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Do you play ...? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Do they play ...? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.

• Afirmativa:écomoaformabasedoverbo(infinitivosen to)entodasaspersoasmenosna3ªdesingular,naqueseengade-s.

He walks the dog every day. (Elpaseaocantodososdías.) Nosseguintescasos,engádese-esnocantode-s: -Seremataenss, sh, chyx:

pass - passes wash - washes mix - mixes -Seremataeno:

do - does go - goes -Seremataenconsoante+y,cámbiaseoypor

un i: study - studies carry - carries

• Negativa:suxeito+do / does +not (n’t)+verbonaformabase.

My mother doesn’t cook.(Miñanainoncociña.)• Interrogativa: Do / Does+suxeito+verbo. Do you study with friends?(Estudasconamigos?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do / does o don’t / doesn’t.

Does she watch TV? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. (Elaveatelevisión?Ve.Si./Non.)


Os usos do Present SimpleVerdadesxeraisedescricións

The sun sets in the west.(Osolponsepolooeste.)

Acciónsrutineirasehábitos

Do you play football?(Xogasaofútbol?)

Gostoseopinión She likes sport.(Gostadosdeportes.)

Programasehorarios We get up at 7.30.(Erguémonosásseteemedia.)

• CoPresent Simpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:every day / week / year (todososdías/semanas/anos),once / twice a year(unha/dúasvecesaoano),on+díadasemanaenplural,at night(polanoite),in the morning(polamañá),in the summer(noverán),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.

She plays football twice a year. (Elaxogaaofútboldúasvecesaoano.)

Os adverbios de frecuencia• CoPresent Simple adoitanempregarseosseguintesadverbiosdefrecuencia:

always sempre

usually poloxeral,normalmente

often amiúdo

sometimes algunhasveces,ásveces

rarely rara/estrañavez

never nunca,xamais

• Estesadverbiosexpresanafrecuenciacoaquesefaialgunhacousa.Colócansediantedoverbo,agásnocasodoverboto be,quevandetrás.

I rarely talk on the phone. (Estrañavezfaloporteléfono.)

It is usually very cold in Alaska. (PoloxeralvaimoitofríoenAlasca.)

Unit 2O Present Continuous

Afirmativa Forma contraídaI am eating I’m eatingYou are eating You’re eatingHe is eating He’s eatingShe is eating She’s eatingIt is eating It’s eatingWe are eating We’re eatingYou are eating You’re eatingThey are eating They’re eatingNegativa Forma contraídaI am not eating I’m not eatingYou are not eating You aren’t / You’re not eatingHe is not eating He isn’t / He’s not eatingShe is not eating She isn’t / She’s not eatingIt is not eating It isn’t / It’s not eatingWe are not eating We aren’t / We’re not eatingYou are not eating You aren’t / You’re not eatingThey are not eating They aren’t / They’re not eating


Am I eating? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you eating? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he eating? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she eating? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it eating? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.Are we eating? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.Are you eating? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Are they eating? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.

Expresaoqueestáaocorrernomomentodefalarounoperíododetempopresente.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+am / is / are+unverborematadoen-ing.

They are visiting the city. (Estánavisitaracidade.) Nosseguintescasos,cómprerepararnestasregrasortográficasparaengadir-ing:

-Seremataenemudo,perdeoe: live - living

-Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante,dóbraseestaconsoante: run - running sit - sitting

-Seéde2sílabasetenoacentonaderradeira,dóbraseaderradeiraconsoante: refer - referring begin - beginning

Grammar Appendix


Unit 3There is / There are

Contábeis Non contábeis

Afirmativa There is a house. There are rooms.

There is rubbish.

Negativa There isn’t a toilet. There aren’t beds. There isn’t tea.

Interrogativa Is there a fridge? Are there tables? Is there money?

Respostas curtas

Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

• Afirmativa: There isvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There are vaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural.Ambososdouspodentraducirsecomo“Hai...”.

• Negativa: There is / There are +apartícula not (There is not / There are not)ouacontracciónn’t (There isn’t / There aren’t).

• Interrogativa:aspreguntascomezanpoloverbo Is / Are+there.

• Respostas curtas:vólveseáordenormalenanegativaúsanseasformascontraídas.

Os determinantes

the

Connomescontábeisenoncontábeis. Úsansediantedunnomequeécoñecidopolofalante.

o, a, os / asI have got a house. The house has got a garden.

a / an

Connomescontábeisensingular. Úsansediantedunnomequenonécoñecidopolofalante.

un/unha a shelf, an armchair

some

Frasesafirmativas: Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.Frasesinterrogativas: Candoapreguntaexpresaunhaofertaoupeticióneagárdasequearespostasexaafirmativa.

uns/unhas algúns/algunhas algode unpoucode (ounonsetraduce)

There are some tables. We’ve got some food.

Would you like some tea?

any

Frasesnegativasouinterrogativas: Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.

ningún/ningunha nada de (ounonsetraduce)

There aren’t any pictures. He hasn’t got any homework.

algún/algunha algúns/algunhas algode (ounonsetraduce)

Are there any lamps? Have you got any milk?

-Seremataenl,dóbraseesaletra: travel - travelling

-Seremataenie,cámbiaseieporuny: lie - lying die - dying

• Negativa:suxeito+am / is / are +apartículanot ouacontracciónn’t(quesepodeengadirais e a are, mais non a am)+unverborematadoen-ing.Naconversaadoitaempregarseaformacontraída.

We aren’t driving my car. (Nonestamosaconduciromeucoche.)

• Interrogativa: Am / Is / Are+suxeito+unverborematadoen-ing.

Is she sleeping at the moment? (Elaestáadurmirnestemomento?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.

Are you walking in the forest? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.(Estásaandarpolobosque?Estou.Si./Non.)

• O Present Continuousadoitaempregarseparadescribirfotos,poissefaladaescenacomosefosealgoqueestáaocorreragora.

In the picture, there is a man. He is sitting on a chair. (Nafotografíahaiunhome.Estásentadonunhacadeira.)

• CoPresent Continuousadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:now(agora), at the moment(nestemomento),right now (arestora,agoramesmo),today(hoxe),these days (hoxeendía),this week(estasemana),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.

I am buying a bus ticket now. (Estouamercarunbilletedeautobúsagora.)

Contraste Present Simple / Present ContinuousO Present Simpleexpresahábitosouacciónsrutineiras,mentresqueoPresent Continuous sinala o queestáaocorrernomomentodefalar.I usually study at home, but today I’m studying at my friend’s house.(Poloxeralestudonacasa,perohoxeestouaestudarnacasadomeuamigo.)

Os verbos “estáticos”Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargustos,sentimentosedesexos,actividadesdamente,posesiónepercepción.Refírenseaestadosencantodeaaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresent Continuous.She likes the new film. (Elagostadapelículanova.) I don’t know the answer. (Nonseiaresposta.)


Os cuantificadores

a lot of

Connomescontábeisenpluralenoncontábeis.moito/a/os/as unhachea/moreade

A lot of musicians play here. There is a lot of noise.

many Connomescontábeisenplural.

moitos/as Many people like animals.

much

Frasesnegativaseinterrogativas:Connomesnoncontábeis.

moito/aI haven’t got much time.Is there much food?

How many / How much / How oftenEmpregamosHow many e How muchparapreguntarpolacantidadedealgo.

How many ...?Cantos/as…?

Nomescontábeisenplural.

How many rooms are there?

How much ...?Canto/a…?

Nomesnoncontábeis.Candovaicoverboto beserveparapreguntaroprezodunhacousa.

How much water do you need? How much is it?

EmpregamosHow oftenparapreguntarpolafrecuenciacoaqueocorreoufacemosalgo.How often ...?Conquefrecuencia...?

How often does it rain in London?

Unit 4O Past Simple

Afirmativa Negativa Forma contraídaI washed I did not wash I didn’t washYou washed You did not wash You didn’t washHe washed He did not wash He didn’t washShe washed She did not wash She didn’t washIt washed It did not wash It didn’t washWe washed We did not wash We didn’t washYou washed You did not wash You didn’t washThey washed They did not wash They didn’t wash


Did I wash ...? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.Did you wash ...? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.Did he wash ...? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.Did she wash ...? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.Did it wash ...? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t.Did we wash ...? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t.Did you wash ...? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.Did they wash ...? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.

• Afirmativa:fórmaseengadindo-edaosverbosregulareseéigualentodasaspersoas.Osverbosirregularesnonseguenregraningunhaeporisocómpreaprendelosdememoria.

Bill Gates created Microsoft. (BillGatescreouMicrosoft.)

Nosseguintescasos,cómprerepararnestasregrasortográficasparaengadir-ed:

-Seéde1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante,dóbraseestaconsoante: stop - stopped plan - planned

-Seéde2sílabasetenoacentonaúltima,dóbraseaderradeiraconsoante: prefer - preferred permit - permitted

-Seremataenl,dóbraseesaletra: travel - travelled

-Seremataenconsoante + y,cámbiaseoypor un i: worry - worried try - tried

-Seremataene mudo,sóseengade-d: bake - baked live - lived

Osverbosirregularesnonseguenregraningunhae,poriso,cómpreaprenderdememoriaassúasformasdepasado.Naspáxinas25-26haiunhalistaxe,eestessonalgúnsdosmáiscomúns

see saw ver

hear heard oír

read read ler

go went ir

begin began comezar

have had ter

• Negativa:suxeito+did not ou didn’t+unverbonaformabase.

She didn’t receive the letter.(Elanonrecibiuacarta.)• Interrogativa: Did+suxeito+unverbonaformabase.

Did she go to the party?(Elafoiáfesta?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+did ou didn’t.

Did Picasso paint that picture? Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t. (Picassopintouesecadro?Pintou.Si./Non.)

Os usos do Past SimpleExpresaracciónspasadas

We received a letter yesterday. (Recibimosunhacartaonte.)

Dicirquesefixonunmomentoconcreto

The architect designed that house in 1950. (Oarquitectodeseñouesacasaen1950.)

Contarhistoriasenpasado

I helped my friend. Then I went home. (Axudeiamiñaamiga.Logomarcheiácasa.)

Contardequexeitoeranascousasnoutrotempo

In the past, postmen had more work. (Nopasado,oscarteirostiñanmáistraballo.)

Grammar Appendix


• CoPast Simpleadoitanempregarseestasexpresiónstemporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,last night / week / year (estanoite,asemanapasada,oanopasado),at+unhahora,on+undíaouunhadata, in+unano,in the past(nopasado),yesterday (onte),etc. Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,mais adoitanpoñerseaofinal.

The athlete won a medal four years ago. (Aatletagañouunhamedallahaicatroanos.)

He created the company in 1989. (Elcreouaempresaen1989.)

There was / There wereContábeis Non contábeis

Afirmativa There was a house. There were rooms.

There was rubbish.

Negativa There wasn’t a toilet. There weren’t beds.

There wasn’t tea.

Interrogativa Was there a fridge? Were there tables?

Was there money?

Respostas curtas

Yes, there was. / No, there wasn’t. Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t.

• Afirmativa: There wasvaiseguidodenomescontábeisensingularounoncontábeis.There were vaiseguidodenomescontábeisenplural. SonasformasdepasadodeThere is e There are e, polotanto,significan“Había...”ou“Houbo...”.

• Negativa: There was / There were+apartículanot (There was not / There were not)ouacontracciónn’t (There wasn’t / There weren’t).

• Interrogativa:aspreguntascomezanpoloverbo Was / Were+there.

• Respostas curtas:vólveseáordenormalenanegativaempréganseasformascontraídas.

Unit 5O comparativo dos adxectivosParacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoasempréganseosadxectivosengraocomparativo.

• Ocomparativodesuperioridade(máis...que)úsaseparacomparardúascousas,animaisoupersoascandounhasuperaáoutranalgúnaspecto.Paraformalocómprerepararnalonxitudedoadxectivo:

1.Seten1sílaba,ou2eremataeny,oadxectivoconsidérasecurtoeengádeselleaterminación-er.Detrásponseapartículathan.

A crocodile is bigger than a lizard. (Uncrocodiloémáisgrandecaunlagarto.)

Nosseguintescasos,oadxectivocambiaaoengadirlle-er:

-Seten1sílabaeremataen1 vogal+1 consoante, dóbraseesaconsoante: thin - thinner big - bigger

-Seten2sílabaseremataenconsoante+y, cámbiaseoyporuni: crazy - crazier lucky - luckier

-Seremataenl,duplícaseesaletra: cruel - crueller

-Seremataenemudo,sóseengade-r: nice - nicer

2.Seten2sílabasoumáis,oadxectivoconsidéraselongoeacomparativafórmaseconmore+ adxectivo+than.

Wolves are more dangerous than zebras. (Oslobossonmáisperigososcáscebras.)

3.Algúnsadxectivossonirregularesenonseguenningunhadestasregras,dexeitoquehaiqueaprendelosdememoria.

good - better bad - worse• Ocomparativodeinferioridadefórmasecon

less+adxectivo+than(menos...que). Chimpanzees are less frightening than gorillas. (Oschimpancésdanmenosmedocósgorilas.)

O superlativo dos adxectivos• Emprégaseparacompararmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.Levathediantedoadxectivoetaméncómpreterencontaasúalonxitude:

-Seécurto,engádeselleaterminación-estsegundoasmesmasregrasqueparaformarocomparativocon-er. This is the cheapest necklace in the shop. (Esteéocolarmáisbaratodatenda.)

-Seélongo,ponsediantethe most. This forest is the most pleasant place I know. (Estebosqueéolugarmáisagradábelquecoñezo.)

• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposicións in, of e on.

Spring is the most colourful season of the year. (Aprimaveraéaestaciónmáiscoloridadoano.)

• Paraindicarquealguénoualgoéinferiorqueorestonalgúnaspectoemprégaseaestruturathe least+adxectivo.

Deserts are the least noisy places in the world. (Osdesertossonoslugaresmenosruidososdomundo.)

Os adxectivos irregulares

Aononseguirenregraningunha,cómpreaprenderassúasformascomparativaesuperlativadememoria.

Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativogood (bo/a) better bestbad (malo/a, mao/má) worse worst

far (lonxano/a, afastado/a) farther / further farthest / furthest

little (pouco/a) less least


(not) as ... as / too ... / (not) ... enough• Ocomparativodeigualdadefórmasecon(not) as+adxectivo+as((non)tan...como/a).

This table is as heavy as an elephant. (Estamesaétanpesadacomaunelefante.)

Mount Aneto is not as high as Mount Everest. (OAnetononétanaltocomaoEverest.)

• Toovaidiantedoadxectivoesinalaqueacualidadeexpresadaporesteéexcesiva.Significa“demáis/demasiado”.

These earrings are too expensive for me. (Estespendentessoncarosdemáisparamin.)

• Porén,enoughponsedetrásdoadxectivoesignifica“(o)bastante/abondo”ou“(o)suficientemente”.

This pub is lively enough for us. (Estebaré(o)bastante/abondo/animadoparanós.)

Enot+adxectivo+enoughsignifica“non(o)bastante/abondo”ou“non(o)suficientemente”.

This place is not peaceful enough to study. (Estelugarnoné(o)bastante/abondo/suficientementetranquiloparaestudar.)

I didn’t feel full enough after the meal. (Nonmesentín(o)bastante/abondo/suficientementecheodespoisdacomida.)

Unit 6O Past Continuous

Afirmativa NegativaI was talking I was not / wasn’t talkingYou were talking You were not / weren’t talkingHe was talking He was not / wasn’t talkingShe was talking She was not / wasn’t talkingIt was talking It was not / wasn’t talkingWe were talking We were not / weren’t talkingYou were talking You were not / weren’t talkingThey were talking They were not / weren’t talking


Was I talking? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.Were you talking? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Was he talking? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.Was she talking? Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.Was it talking? Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.Were we talking? Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.Were you talking? Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.Were they talking? Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+was / were+unverborematadoen-ing.

I was flying in a helicopter. (Estabaavoarnunhelicóptero.)

Asregrasparaengadir-ingatópansenaspáxinas14-15.

• Negativa:suxeito+was / were+apartículanot ou acontracciónn’t+unverborematadoen-ing.

They weren’t waiting for you. (Nonestabanaagardarte.)

• Interrogativa: Was / Were+suxeito+unverborematadoen-ing.

Were you riding a motorbike? (Estabasamontarenmoto?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+was / weresencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.

Was he reading the travel guide? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(Elestabaaleraguíadeviaxes?Estaba.Si./Non.)

• CoPast Continuousadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:asquelevanago(hai)aofinaldaexpresión,at+unhahora,yesterday morning / afternoon(ontepolamañá/tarde),last night (esta noite),etc. Podeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.

She was travelling to Italy last night. (ElaestabaaviaxaraItaliaestanoite.)

Os usos do Past Continuous

Expresaroqueestabaaocorrernopasado

Yesterday at half past seven, I was driving to work. (Onte ásseteemedia,estabaaconducircaraaotraballo.)

Describirdúasoumáisacciónsprolongadasesimultáneasnopasado,unidasporwhile ou as

They were talking to her while / as she was studying. (Estabanafalarllementreselaestabaaestudar.)

Contraste Past Continuous / Past Simple• OPast Simplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuerematounotemposinaladonafrase,mentresqueoPast Continuousfaladeacciónsprolongadasqueestabanaocorrernopasado.

Columbus sailed to America in 1492. (ColónnavegoucaraaAméricaen1492.) I was sailing on a yacht last summer. (Estivenanavegarnuniateoveránpasado.)

• CoPast SimpleadoitaempregarsewhenecoPast Continuousasconxunciónswhile ou as.

We were looking at the map when the train came. (Estabamosamiraromapacandochegouotren.)

While / As we were looking at the map, the train came. (Mentresestabamosamiraromapa,chegouotren.)

Grammar Appendix


Unit 7O futuro con will

Afirmativa Forma contraídaI will read I’ll readYou will read You’ll readHe will read He’ll readShe will read She’ll readIt will read It’ll readWe will read We’ll readYou will read You’ll readThey will read They’ll readNegativa Forma contraídaI will not read I won’t readYou will not read You won’t readHe will not read He won’t readShe will not read She won’t readIt will not read It won’t readWe will not read We won’t readYou will not read You won’t readThey will not read They won’t read


Will I read ...? Yes, I will. No, I won’t.Will you read ...? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will he read ...? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.Will she read ...? Yes, she will. No, she won’t.Will it read ...? Yes, it will. No, it won’t.Will we read ...? Yes, we will. No, we won’t.Will you read ...? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.Will they read ...? Yes, they will. No, they won’t.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+oauxiliarwill+verbonaformabase.Éomesmoentodasaspersoas.Naconversa,willcontraecosuxeito(’ll)epronúnciasecomounsó“l”.

We will win the match.(Gañaremosopartido.)• Negativa:suxeito+will+apartículanot (ou a contracciónwon’t)+verbonaformabase.

They won’t score another goal. (Nonmeteránoutrogol.)

• Interrogativa: Will+suxeito+verbonaformabase.

Will Jess play today?(Jessxogaráhoxe?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+will ou won’t.

Will the glaciers melt? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (Derreteranseosglaciares?Derreteranse.Si./Non.)

Os usos do futuro con willAnunciaracciónsoufeitosfuturos

Messi will score a goal.(Messimarcaráungol.)

Prediciroquesecrequeocorrerá

I think it will rain tomorrow.(Creoquechoverámañá.)

Expresardecisiónssúpetas

It’s cold. I’ll take my coat.(Vaifrío.Collereioabrigo.)

• Cowilladoitanempregarseexpresións temporais comolater(máistarde),soon(pronto,axiña),in an hour(dentrodeunhahora),tomorrow(mañá),next month / year(omes/oanoquevén),etc.Taménseempreganoutrasqueindicanunfuturoafastado:in ten years(dentrodedezanos),in+unano,one day(algúndía),in the future(nofuturo),etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitapoñerseaofinal.

One day, I will become a referee. (Algúndíachegareiaserárbitro.)

O futuro con be going toAfirmativa Forma contraídaI am going to run I’m going to runYou are going to run You’re going to runHe is going to run He’s going to runShe is going to run She’s going to runIt is going to run It’s going to runWe are going to run We’re going to runYou are going to run You’re going to runThey are going to run They’re going to runNegativa e forma contraídaI am not / I’m not going to runYou are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to runHe is not / He isn’t / He’s not going to runShe is not / She isn’t / She’s not going to runIt is not / It isn’t / It’s not going to runWe are not / We aren’t / We’re not going to runYou are not / You aren’t / You’re not going to runThey are not / They aren’t / They’re not going to run


Am I going to run? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he going to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she going to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it going to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.Are we going to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Are they going to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.


Significa“ir/nonir”+infinitivo.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+to beenpresente+ going to+verbonaformabase.

He is going to have a party. (Elvaifacerunhafesta.)

• Negativa:suxeito+ to beenpresente+ not (n’t)+going to+verbonaformabase.

They aren’t going to order pizza. (Nonvanpedirpizza.)

• Interrogativa: to beenpresente+suxeito+ going to+verbonaformabase.

Is she going to take a trip? (Elavaifacerunhaviaxe?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+overboto be,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.

Are you going to go hiking? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Vasfacerunhaandaina?Vou.Si./Non.)

Os usos do futuro con be going toFalardeintencións,plansoudecisións

I’m going to visit Ireland.(VouvisitarIrlanda.)

Expresaroquevaiocorrerporquevemossinais diso

I am very tired. I am going to sleep late.(Estoumoicansa.Vouerguermetarde.)

• Cobe going toadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde,logo),soon (axiña,pronto,nunpouco),this afternoon / evening (estatarde),tonight(estanoite),tomorrow(mañá),in+unano,next week / month / year (a semana / o mes/oanoquevén/vindeiro/a),in the future (no futuro),on+undíadasemanaoudata,etc. Todaspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanempregarseaofinal.

I am going to visit my relatives later. (Vouvisitarosmeusparenteslogo.)

Next month, I’m going to go to a concert. (Omesquevénvouiraunconcerto.)

O Present Continuous con valor de futuro• OPresent Continuous(comoxaseviunaunidade2)emprégaseparaexpresaroqueestáaocorrernomomentodefalar.Fórmaseconto be+unverborematadoen-ing,edébenseseguirunhasregrasortográficasparaengadircorrectamenteestaterminación(It’s raining, She is living,etc.).

• Pero,ademais,oPresent Continuousten“valordefuturo”,poisseempregaparaanunciaracciónsfixadasconadiantoouplansconcretosqueocorreránnofuturovindeiro.

I am going to the amusement park this week. (Vou/Ireiaoparquedeatracciónsestasemana.)

• AdiferenzacoPresent Continuousnormalestáenqueoquetenvalordefuturodebelevarunhaexpresión temporaldefuturoqueindiquecandovaiocorreraacción:this afternoon / evening (esta tarde),on+undíadasemanaouunhadata,in+unmes ou un ano, next week / month (a semana / o mesquevén/vindeiro/a),at+unhahora,tomorrow(mañá),in ten minutes(dentrodedezminutos),etc.

The library is opening in one hour. (Abibliotecaabre/abrirádentrodunhahora.)

• Adiferenzaconbe going toéquenonsetratasódunhaintención,senóndealgoquevaiocorrercontodaseguridadepoisxasefixoudeantemán.Conestevalorempréganseprincipalmenteosverbosdemovemento.

She is going to the beach next summer. (Elavai/iráápraiaovindeiroverán.) [xatenareservafeita,éseguro]

O primeiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónsqueocorreránsesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.

• Afirmativa:acondición(oraciónsubordinada)exprésaseconif+Present Simple,eoresultado(oraciónprincipal)adoitairenfuturoconwill.

He will break the record if he runs faster. (Elsuperaráamarcasecorremáisáprésa.) Seacondiciónvaiprimeiro,ponseunhavirgulaentreaoraciónprincipaleasubordinada.

If he runs faster, he will break the record. (Seelcorremáisáprésa,superaráamarca.)

• Negativa:pódesenegaroverboenpresente,overboenfuturoouambososdous.

If he doesn’t go, I will stay at home. (Seelnonvai,quedareinacasa.) If he goes, I won’t stay at home. (Seelvai,nonquedareinacasa.) If he doesn’t go, I won’t stay at home. (Seelnonvai,nonquedareinacasa.)

• Interrogativa: Will+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.

Will they go skiing if it is stormy? (Iránesquiarsehaitormenta?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+will ou won’t.

Will you come to the beach if it is sunny? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. (Virásápraiasevaisol?Virei.Si./Non.)

Paraexpresarmosquealgoocorreráounonocorrerásenonsecumpreacondición,asubordinadaintrodúcesepolaconxunciónunless,queequivaleaif not (“anonserque”,“amenosque”,“senon”). Unless you train us, we will lose the next match. (Anonserquenosadestres/Senonnosadestras,perderemosovindeiropartido.)

Grammar Appendix


Unit 8O Present Perfect Simple

Afirmativa Forma contraídaI have lived I’ve livedYou have lived You’ve livedHe has lived He’s livedShe has lived She’s livedIt has lived It’s livedWe have lived We’ve livedYou have lived You’ve livedThey have lived They’ve livedNegativa Forma contraídaI have not lived I haven’t livedYou have not lived You haven’t livedHe has not lived He hasn’t livedShe has not lived She hasn’t livedIt has not lived It hasn’t livedWe have not lived We haven’t livedYou have not lived You haven’t livedThey have not lived They haven’t lived


Have I lived ...? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Have you lived ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Has he lived ...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Has she lived ...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.Has it lived ...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.Have we lived ...? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.Have you lived ...? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have they lived ...? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+has / have+unverboenparticipio.

We have milked the cows. (Muximosasvacas.)

• Negativa:suxeito+has / have+apartículanot ou acontracciónn´t+unverboenparticipio.

Megan hasn’t swum with sharks. (Megannonnadouconquenllas.)

• Interrogativa: Has / Have+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.

Have you had any unusual pets? (Tivechesalgunhamascotapoucocomún?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+has / havesencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.

Have they discovered anything? Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t. (Descubrironalgo?Descubriron.Si./Non.)

• CoPresent Perfect Simpleadoitanempregarseosseguintesadverbios:

ever

interrogativa:“algunhavez”

Have you ever held a snake?

negativa: “nunca”,“xamais”

I haven’t ever fed lions.

never afirmativa:“nunca”

She has never trained dogs.

always “sempre”They’ve always had that car.

already afirmativa: “xa”

We’ve already been to Berlin.

just afirmativa:“acabar/virde”

We have just met them.

yet

negativa: “aínda”

She hasn’t tried your cake yet.

interrogativa: “xa”

Have you watched that film yet?

recently “haipouco”Have they been here recently?

lately “ultimamente”He hasn’t been to the gym lately.

several times “variasveces”

They have volunteered there several times.

so far “atéomomento”How much of the country have you explored so far?

Cómpreterencontaquejust, already, always, ever e never,póñenseentreoauxiliarhaveeoparticipiodoverboprincipal.Yetcolócaseaofinaldafrase.Orestopodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,maisadoitanpoñerseaofinal.

For / SinceCoPresent Perfect Simpletaménseempreganasexpresións temporaisquecomezancon:• Apreposiciónforseguidadunperíododetempoqueindicaaduracióndaacción.Tradúcesecomo“aolongode”ounonsetraduce.

Your sister has lived in the USA for one year. (AtúairmáviviuenEUAaolongodeunano.) (AtúairmáviviuunanoenEUA.)

• Apreposiciónsince,quesinalaomomentoenquecomezouaacción.Tradúcesecomo“desde/dende”.

I haven’t seen him since Tuesday. (Nonovindesde/dendeomartes.)

Os usos do Present Perfect SimpleAcciónsquecomezaronnopasadoeaíndacontinúan(levafor ou sinceetradúceseenpresente)

Sam has volunteered at the Red Cross since 1998. (SamévoluntariodaCruzVermelladesde1998.)

Acciónspasadasqueafectanaopresenteouteñenconsecuenciasnomomentoactual

I have rowed for hours. I’m very tired now. (Remeihoras.Agoraestoumoicanso.)


Acciónspasadassenespecificarcandoocorreron

I have parachuted once.(Salteienparacaídasunhavez.)

Acciónsmoirecentes(leva justetradúcesepor“acabar/virde”+infinitivo

The aeroplane has just landed. (Oaviónacabadeaterrar.)

Unit 9Can

Afirmativa NegativaI can play I cannot / can’t playYou can play You cannot / can’t playHe can play He cannot / can’t playShe can play She cannot / can’t playIt can play It cannot / can’t playWe can play We cannot / can’t playYou can play You cannot / can’t playThey can play They cannot / can’t play


Can I play? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can he play? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.Can she play? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.Can it play? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.Can we play? Yes, we can. No, we can’t.Can you play? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can they play? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.

Overbomodalcansignifica“saber”ou“poder”.• Afirmativa:suxeito+can+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade-sna3ªpersoadosingular.

She can play football. (Elasabexogaraofútbol.)• Negativa:suxeito+cannotouacontraccióncan’t+verbonaformabase.

My brother can’t ride a bike. (Omeuirmánnonsabe/podemontarenbici.)

• Interrogativa: Can +suxeito+verbonaformabase.

Can you throw me the ball? (Podeslanzarmeapelota?)

• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+can ou can’t.

Can they play today? Yes, they can. / No, they can’t. (Podenxogarhoxe?Poden.Si./Non.)

Os usos de canHabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgo:“saber”

I can speak Spanish.(Seifalarespañol.)

Posibilidadedefaceralgo:“poder”

I can meet you tomorrow.(Podoquedarcontigomañá.)

Peticióndepermisooufavores:“poder”

Can you close the door?(Podespecharaporta?)

CouldAfirmativa NegativaI could go I couldn’t goYou could go You couldn’t goHe could go He couldn’t goShe could go She couldn’t goIt could go It couldn’t goWe could go We couldn’t goYou could go You couldn’t goThey could go They couldn’t go


Could I go? Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.Could you go? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could he go? Yes, he could. No, he couldn’t.Could she go? Yes, she could. No, she couldn’t.Could it go? Yes, it could. No, it couldn’t.Could we go? Yes, we could. No, we couldn’t.Could you go? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could they go? Yes, they could. No, they couldn’t.

• Afirmativa: suxeito+could+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade-sna3ªpersoadosingular.

When I was five, I could speak two languages. (Candotiña5anos,sabíafalardousidiomas.)

The prisoners could escape through a hole. (Osprisioneirospuideronfuxirporunburato.)

• Negativa: suxeito+could notouacontraccióncouldn’t+verbonaformabase.

They couldn’t find any ghosts in the house. (Nonpuideronatoparningunhapantasmanacasa.)

• Interrogativa: Could+suxeito+verbonaformabase.

Could they give you any explanation? (Puiderondarchealgunhaexplicación?)

• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+could ou couldn’t.

Could they do it? Yes, they could. / No, they couldn’t. (Puideronfacelo?Puideron.Si./Non.)

Grammar Appendix


Os usos de couldHabilidadeoucapacidadeparafaceralgonopasado

Sam could read at the age of six.(Samsabíalerconseisanos.)

Posibilidadedefaceralgonopasado

I couldn’t refuse to do it.(Nonpuidennegarmeafacelo.)

MustAfirmativa NegativaI must run I mustn’t runYou must run You mustn’t runHe must run He mustn’t runShe must run She mustn’t runIt must run It mustn’t runWe must run We mustn’t runYou must run You mustn’t runThey must run They mustn’t run

Overbomodalmustenafirmativasignifica“deber”eexpresaaobrigaouanecesidadegrandedefaceralgo.

Ennegativa,encambio,posúeunsignificadototalmentedistinto:expresaprohibición,quealgononestápermitidoouquenonsedebefacerporquenonconvénounonécorrecto.

Ademais,tantoenafirmativacomaennegativa,taménpodeempregarseparadarconsellos.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+must+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade -sna3ªpersoadosingular.

In the UK, you must drive on the left. (NoReinoUnido,debesconducirpolaesquerda.)

Ásvecesemprégasemustpararecomendaralgo.Nestecaso,adóitasetraducirpor“terque”.

You must go to the new swimming pool. It’s great! (Tesqueirápiscinanova.Éxenial!)

• Negativa:suxeito+must notouacontracciónmustn´t+verbonaformabase.

You mustn’t kick the basketball. (Nondebesdarllepatadasaobalóndebaloncesto.)[estáprohibido]

You mustn’t shout at the other players. (Nondebesberraraosoutrosxogadores.)[nonécorrecto]

• Interrogativa: Must+suxeito+verbonaformabase.Nestecasomustexpresaobrigaounecesidade,aíndaqueesteverbomodalnonseadoitaempregarnaformainterrogativa.

Must I bring water?(Debolevarauga?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+must.

Must you leave now? Yes, I must. (Debesirteagora?Debo.Si.)

Should Afirmativa NegativaI should try I shouldn’t tryYou should try You shouldn’t tryHe should try He shouldn’t tryShe should try She shouldn’t tryIt should try It shouldn’t tryWe should try We shouldn’t tryYou should try You shouldn’t tryThey should try They shouldn’t try


Should I try? Yes, I should. No, I shouldn’t.Should you try? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should he try? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.Should she try? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.Should it try? Yes, it should. No, it shouldn’t.Should we try? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn’t.Should you try? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should they try? Yes, they should. No, they shouldn’t.

• Afirmativa:suxeito+should+verbonaformabase.Comoéunverbomodal,nonseengade -s na 3ªpersoadosingular.

You should act in that film. (Deberíasactuarnesapelícula.)• Negativa:suxeito+shouldn’t+verbonaformabase.

You shouldn’t eat junk food. (Nondeberíascomercomidalixo.)

• Interrogativa: Should+suxeito+verbonaformabase.

Should I be worried? (Deberíaestarpreocupado?)• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+should ou shouldn’t.

Should I lose weight? Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn’t. (Deberíaadelgazar?Debería.Si./Non.)

Os usos de should

Darconsellos You should go now. It’s late.(Deberíasmarcharxa.Étarde.)

Diciroquesedeberíaounonfacer

They shouldn’t shout here. (Nondeberíanberraraquí.)


Repaso dos tempos verbaisPresent Simple (ver páxs. 13-14)

Usos

Verdadesxeraisedescricións.

Feitoshabituaisoucotiáns.

Gostoseopinións.

Programasehorarios.

Expresiónstemporais:every day, on Mondays,etc.Adverbiosdefrecuencia:always, often, rarely, never,etc.

Present Continuous (ver páxs. 14-15)

Uso Acciónsqueestánaocorrernomomentodefalarounoperíododetempopresente.

Expresiónstemporais:now, at the moment, this week, right now, these days,etc.

Past Simple (ver páxs. 16-17)

Usos

Expresaraccciónspasadas.

Dicirquesefixonunmomentoconcreto.

Contarhistoriasenpasado.

Contarcomoeranascousasnoutrotempo.

Expresiónstemporais:a week ago, last night, yesterday, last week, in the past, in+unano,etc.

Past Continuous (ver páx. 18)

UsosAcciónsenprogresonopasado.

Acciónsqueeransimultáneasnopasado.

Expresiónstemporais:at+unhahora,last night, yesterday morning,etc.

will (ver páx. 18)

UsosAnunciaracciónsoufeitosfuturos.

Prediciroquesecrequeocorrerá.

Expresardecisiónssúpetas.

Expresiónstemporais:later, one day, in the future, in ten years, soon, next year,etc.

be going to (ver páxs. 19-20)

UsosExpresarplans,intenciónsedecisións.

Expresaroquevaiocorrerporquesevensinaisdiso.

Expresiónstemporais:later, in the future, in+unano,soon, tonight, next month,etc.

Present Continuous con valor de futuro (ver páx. 20)

Uso Acciónsqueocorreránnofuturopróximopoisxasefixarondeantemán.

Expresiónstemporais:soon, later, tonight, next month, in ten minutes, at+unhahora,etc.

Primeiro condicional (ver páx. 20)

Uso Expresaroqueocorrerásesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.

Condición:If / Unless +Present Simple

Resultado:futuroconwill

Present Perfect Simple (ver páxs. 21-22)

Usos

Acciónsquecomezaronnopasadoeaíndacontinúan.

Acciónspasadasqueafectanaopresente.

Acciónsocorridasnopasadosenespecificarcandopasaron.

Acciónspasadashaipoucotempo.

Expresiónstemporaiseadverbios:for, since, just, yet, recently, already, so far,etc.

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, convertersebegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar, comprarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar, pelexarfind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer; cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ ter; haberhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agochar(se)hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, soster, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancar, magoar; doerkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecer


Irregular Verb List

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

lay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór; estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducirlearn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saírlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestar, emprestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicirmeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; xuntarse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar (por teléfono)rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar, ensinarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmir(se)smell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ apegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller; levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto; poñersewin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir


Check Your Progress

Translation Exercises

Unit 1 1. O seu neto ás veces leva un gorro nos días

fríos. 2. O teu tío pasea o can na neve? 3. Non me gustan os tronos e os lóstregos. 4. Está fresco e nubrado no outono? 5. Papá ten tres sobriñas e un sobriño.

Unit 2 1. Os estudantes están a facer judo neste

momento. 2. El está a mirar o correo electrónico na súa

tableta. 3. Usas un microscopio nas túas clases de

ciencias? 4. Estou a debuxar un círculo co meu compás. 5. Ela aprende a facer salto de natación na

piscina.

Unit 3 1. O colar de cores vivas non é caro. 2. Ela ten moitas lentes de sol modernas. 3. Hai algo de maquillaxe no teu bolso? 4. Con que frecuencia levas roupa formal? 5. Non hai moitos reloxos de pulso na tenda.

Unit 4 1. Abby naceu en Madrid, pero criouse en

Barcelona. 2. El pertenceu a un club deportivo o ano

pasado. 3. Ela recibiu un premio porque foi voluntaria

nun hospital. 4. Despois diso, uninme a un grupo. 5. Había moito que mellorar?

Unit 5 1. É arrepiante de máis saltar desde ese cantil. 2. A costa leste está máis illada que a costa

oeste. 3. Non é suficientemente seguro entrar no

canón. 4. Estes son os baixíos de coral máis

extraordinarios. 5. O porto non esta tan bulicioso coma o ano

pasado.


Unit 6 1. O xurado estivo sentado no tribunal ao longo

de tres horas. 2. O investigador forense non estivo a traballar

no seu laboratorio onte. 3. O falsificador estaba a pintar un cadro cando

o policía o arrestou. 4. O garda xurado estaba a durmir ás 10.00.

5. O detective estivo a mirar impresións dixitais toda a mañá.

Unit 7 1. Se a xente tira lixo no océano, danará o baixío

de coral. 2. Vou ir ao colexio en metro mañá. 3. Agardo que planten máis árbores no parque. 4. Imos dar unha volta en todoterreo esta fin de

semana. 5. Aforrarás enerxía se desenchufas a televisión.

Unit 8 1. Non nos esquecemos do teu aniversario. 2. El actuou nun circo desde que era un neno. 3. Os teus pais estiveron preocupados por ti

algunha vez? 4. Nunca me perdín. 5. Nunca dei de comer a un animal salvaxe

porque teño demasiado medo.

Unit 9 1. Engordarás se comes de máis. 2. Non podo xogar porque teño unha lesión. 3. Os atletas non deberían comer graxas pouco

sas. 4. O exercicio é bo para o corazón. 5. Os adestradores poden axudar á xente a levar

un estilo de vida saudábel.



Writing GuideAntes de escribirBrainstorming•Reparaenquecomprendesotemasobreoquevasescribir.

•Faiunhalistaxecoasideasrelacionadasconesetemaeanotatodasasquesecheocorransenpreocupartepolagramáticaninaortografía.

•Logoleesalistaxedeideaseelixeasimportantes.

Escribe un textoWriting a paragraph

Untextodivídeseentrespartes:

•Aintrodución,limiarouprimeiraoración(openingsentence),quepresentaotema.

•Odesenvolvementooucorpodotexto(body of paragraph),queamplíaaideaprincipalconinformaciónimportante.

•Aconclusiónouderradeiraoración(closing sentence),queresumeotemaerepiteaideaprincipalconoutraspalabras.

Repasa o escritoChecking your work

As maiúsculas (Capital letters)

Escríbenseconmaiúscula:

•osnomesetítulosdaspersoas:

Mrs Sandra Bennett, Dr Perry, Ray Mears•osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificioscélebres,museos,etc.:London, Italy, Asia, the Eiffel Tower, the Guggenheim Museum

•asnacionalidade:English, Chinese, American•osdías:Saturday, Tuesday, Friday• osmeses: January, July, October• aprimeirapalabradunhaoración: My sister is

thirteen years old.• opronomepersoalI:I go ice skating and I play the

guitar.• osidiomas: French, Thai, Arabic •aspalabrasrelevantesdostítulosdelibrosepelículas,cancións,festividadesexogosdeordenador:

A Tale of Two Cities, Avatar, California Dreamin’, Christmas, SimCity

As preposicións de tempo (Prepositions of time)

Emprégansedistintaspreposiciónsdiantedashoraseosperíodosdefesta,osdíaseasdatas,osmeses,osanoseaspartesdodía.Émoiimportantequesaibasempregaracorrectaencadacaso.Préstalleatenciónaestesexemplos:

•at horas: at two o’clock festividades: at Christmas • on díasdasemana: on Sunday datas: on 10th May on Christmas Day• in meses: in June estacións: in winter anos: in 2010 partesdodía: in the eveningAgás: at the weekend at night

closing sentence

body of paragraph

opening sentenceI love music.

I use my MP4 on the way to school.

I download songs from the Internet

onto my MP4 and I listen to it all the

time. I like many types of music:

hip-hop, Latin, jazz and pop, too.

When there is good music, I’m happy.

History of Tennis

Major Walter Wingfield invented the game in 1873.He gave it the name Spharistike.People play tennis on tennis courts.The first world tennis competition at Wimbledon was in 1877.In 1877, there were 22 players and 200 spectators.People wear tennis shoes when they play tennis.Spencer Gore won the first competition.In 1884, women started competing in Wimbledon.


A puntuación (Punctuation)• Opunto(.)vaiaofinaldasoraciónsafirmativasenegativas.

Mary is fourteen years old.• Avirgula(,)emprégaseparasepararpalabrasouideas.Poloxeralnonsepondiantede and.

I’ve got maths, English and science today.• Osinaldeinterrogación(?)ponsesóaofinaldaspreguntas.

Do you like sport?• Osinaldeexclamación(!)taménseponsóaofinaldafraseeserveparaexpresarunhaemociónouunsentimentoeparafacerfincapénalgunhacousa.

I love football!

A orde das palabras: suxeito – verbo (Word order: Subject – Verb)Osuxeitodaoraciónponsediantedoverbo.David walks to school. s vDavid is riding a new bike. s vMaisnaspreguntasvaidetrásdoverboouentreoauxiliareoverboprincipal.Where is my swimming cap? v sDoes David walk to school? aux s v

A orde das palabras: as expresións temporais (Word order: Time expressions)Asexpresiónstemporaispodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,aíndaqueémáishabitualpoñelasaofinal.Tom Hanks started acting in the 1980s. time expr. Sevanaocomezo,sepáransedaoraciónprincipalcunhavirgula.In the 1980s, Tom Hanks started acting. time expr.

A orde das palabras: os adxectivos (Word order: Adjectives)

• Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos. warm sweater adj n Etaméndetrásdoverboto be. The sweater is warm. v adj•Sehaivariosadxectivos,adoitanirnestaorde:

opinión,tamaño,cor. She’s got a beautiful, tiny black kitten. o s c

A orde das palabras: os adverbios (Word order: Adverbs)

• Osadverbiosdeintensidadeedemodovandetrásdoverbo.

Anna is sitting very quietly.

•Osadverbiosdefrecuenciavandiantedoverbonasoraciónsafirmativas.

He always acts in comedies. adv v

Maisseoverboéto be,oadverbiovaidetrás. Celebrities are usually very rich. v adv

As conxuncións (Linking words)

Sonpalabrasquexuntandúasoumáisideas.

• and (e)unedúasoraciónsouideas. I sailed to Greece and I flew to Australia last year.• or (ou)unedúasideasdistintas. We walk to school or we go on a bus.• but(pero,mais)contrastadúasideas. David likes travelling but he doesn’t like flying.• because (porque)expresaarazónoucausadalgunhacousa.

Janice doesn’t go on a motorboat because she doesn’t like water.

adverbofdegree adverbofmanner

Writing Guide


Os conectores temporais na narración (Narrative linkers)Osconectorestemporais,comowhen, suddenly ou a minute later,empréganseparaunirideasedarcohesiónánarración.

Os conectores de secuencia (Connectors of sequence)Candocontamosunhaseriedefeitosempregamosestaspalabrasparaamosaraordeenqueocorreron:

•first(primeiro,enprimeirolugar)

•next (acontinuación)•then (logo,daquela,entón)•after that (logo,despois[diso])•finally (aofinal,pararematar)Firstsinalaoprimeiroquepasoue finally oderradeiro.My grandfather came to England sixty years ago. First, he worked in a restaurant. Next, he studied science at university. Then, he became a chemist and opened a chemist’s. After that, he met my grandmother and they got married. He worked for many years, but finally, he sold his shop and he and my grandmother went to live near the sea.

As conxuncións e locucións consecutivas(Connectors of result)Asconxunciónselocuciónsconsecutivas,comofor this reason, as a resulteso,empréganseparapresentarunhasituacióneoseuresultadoouconsecuencia.

TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIASPRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE

eu xogoti xogas

el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades

eles, elas xogan

I playyou play

he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play

PERÍFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando

el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando

eles, elas están a xogar / xogando

I am playingyou are playing

he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing

eu vou xogarti vas xogar

el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar

eles, elas van xogar

FUTURE: BE GOING TOI am going to play

you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play

we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play

FUTURO FUTURO: WILLeu xogareiti xogarás

el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes

eles, elas xogarán

I will playyou will play

he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play

PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO PAST CONTINUOUS PERÍFRASE

eu xogabati xogabas

el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades

eles, elas xogaban

I was playingyou were playing

he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing

eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar

el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar

eles, elas estaban a xogarPAST SIMPLE

I playedyou played

he, she, it playedwe playedyou playedthey played

PRETÉRITO PERFECTO

eu xogueiti xogachesel, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes

eles, elas xogaron

PRESENT PERFECT PERÍFRASEI have played

you have playedhe, she, it has played

we have playedyou have playedthey have played

eu teño xogadoti tes xogado

el, ela ten xogadonós temos xogadovós tedes xogado

eles, elas teñen xogado


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