ENCYCLOPEDIA ofSCIENTIFIC DATING

METHODS

Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENTIFIC DATING METHODS

Volume EditorsWilliam Jack Rink is Professor of Earth Sciences at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He has a B.Sc. and Ph.D. in Geology fromFlorida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. His research encompasses both fundamental studies of radiation exposure dating methods andapplications of electron spin resonance, uranium series dating, and luminescence dating of archaeological sites in the Middle East, Asia, Europe,Africa, South America, and North America and geochronology of nearshore and ancient coastal geomorphologic features. He was elected to theNew York City Explorer’s Club in 2005.Jeroen W. Thompson is Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences at McMaster

University. He holds a B.Sc. in Physics and a B.Sc. in Anthropology (Michigan State University) as well as an M.Sc. in Physics (University ofConnecticut) and a Ph.D. in Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences (McMaster University). His research is highly interdisciplinary,including diverse applications of radiation dosimetry and detection that span laboratory and fieldwork. In particular, he has applied electronparamagnetic resonance and optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry both forensic dosimetry and geochronology. Dr. Thompson is currentlya research management consultant, with specific focus on radiation and environmental sciences.

Associate EditorsLarry M. HeamanDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

A. J. Timothy JullNSF-Arizona AMS LaboratoryUniversity of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA

James B. PacesU.S. Geological SurveyDenver Federal CenterDenver, CO, USA

Editorial BoardRobert A. Creaser, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

Don Davis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Geoffrey A. T. Duller, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK

John Gosse, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

Simon Y. W. Ho, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

James K.W. Lee, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, CanadaMacquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Josep M. Pares, National Research Center on Human Evolution,

Burgos, Spain

Peter W. Reiners, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Ross Stevenson, University of Quebec, Montreal, QB, Canada

John F. Wehmiller, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Aims of the SeriesThe Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volumecomprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new

works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists,climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. Go to http://link.springer.com to visit the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences

Series online.

About the Series EditorProfessor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past25 years, he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal ofCoastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of theUniversity of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company ofCanada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia, the Caribbean, South America, SW Pacific Islands, Southern Africa,Western Europe, and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.

Founding Series EditorProfessor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career, he has workedas a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a World War II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific, and led expeditions to the Sahara, ArcticCanada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil, and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with theGoddard Institute for Space Studies.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofSCIENTIFIC DATING

METHODS

edited by

W. JACK RINKJEROEN W. THOMPSON

McMaster University, Canada

with Associate Editors

LARRY M. HEAMANUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton

A. J. TIMOTHY JULLUniversity of Arizona, Tucson

JAMES B. PACESU.S. Geological Survey, Denver

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015935943

ISBN: 978-94-007-6303-6

This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-94-007-6304-3 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-94-007-6306-7

Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London

Printed on acid-free paper

Cover photo: Red onyx. istock Photo 10492317 © Missing35mm – iStock

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproducedfrom other sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that dueacknowledgement may be made in subsequent editions.

All rights reserved for the contributions Amino Acid Racemization, Eolianites; Biostratigraphy; Clays and Glauconites(K-Ar/Ar-Ar); Gene Sequencing; Groundwater Dating with Atmospheric Halogenated Compounds; Hydrocarbons/Rhenium-Osmium (Re-Os): Organic-rich Sedimentary Rocks; Isua Supracrustal Belt, West Greenland: Geochronology;Luminescence Dating, Shell Rich Deposits; Potassium-Argon (Argon-Argon), Structural Fabrics; Radiocarbon Datingof Terrestrial Carbonates; Uranium Series, Opal; Uranium Series, Rates of Basaltic Melt Generation and Transport;Uranium Series, Volcanic Rocks; Uranium-Lead Dating, Opal; Uranium-Lead, Detrital Zircon

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from thePublisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on acomputer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Contents

Contributors xi

Preface xxvii

Acknowledgments xxix

Acasta Gneiss Complex 1Samuel Bowring, Tom Chacko, Larry M. Heamanand Jesse Reimink

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry 3A. J. Timothy Jull and George S. Burr

Age of the Earth 6Peter Barry and Larry Taylor

Alpha Spectroscopy 7Jeroen W. Thompson

Alpine Terranes (K–Ar/Ar–Ar) 7Jan R. Wijbrans

Amino Acid 12John F. Wehmiller

Amino Acid Racemization Dating 13Beatrice Demarchi and Matthew Collins

Amino Acid Racemization, Biostratigraphy 26Matthew Kosnik

Amino Acid Racemization, Coastal Sediments 28John F. Wehmiller

Amino Acid Racemization, Eolianites 35Colin V. Murray-Wallace

Amino Acid Racemization, Fluvial and LacustrineSediments (AAR) 40

John F. Wehmiller

Amino Acid Racemization, Marine Sediments 44Darrell Kaufman

Amino Acid Racemization, Paleoclimate 47Matthew Collins and Beatrice Demarchi

Ancient Inks: A Forensic Art Historical Perspective 48Howell G. M. Edwards

Apatite 53W. Jack Rink

Aquifer Characteristics (U-Series) 54Don Porcelli

Ar–Ar and K–Ar Dating 58James K. W. Lee

Archaeomagnetic Dating 73Cathy Batt

Band Structure 81Jeroen W. Thompson

Beta Counter 82Jeroen W. Thompson

Big Bang 82Gary R. Huss

Biostratigraphy 83Marie-Pierre Aubry

vi CONTENTS

Bivalve Sclerochronology 108Donna M. Surge and Bernd R. Schöne

Bomb Carbon 115George S. Burr

Bones (U-Series) 120Alistair W. G. Pike

14C in Plant Macrofossils 127Christine Hatte and A. J. Timothy Jull

Carbonates, Lacustrine (U-Series) 132Mordechai Stein

Carbonates, Marine Carbonates (U-Series) 136Claudine H. Stirling

Carbonates, Pedogenic (U-Series) 141Warren D. Sharp

Carbonates, Speleothem Archaeological (U-Series) 144Dirk Hoffmann

Carbonates, Speleothem Climatic (U-Series) 147David A. Richards

Chemical Weathering (U-Series) 152Anthony Dosseto

Chert 169L. Paul Knauth

Chromatography 170John F. Wehmiller

Clays and Glauconites (K–Ar/Ar–Ar) 171Horst Zwingmann

Continental Drift (Paleomagnetism) 177Trond H. Torsvik, Pavel V. Doubrovine andMathew Domeier

Corals (Sclerochronology) 187Kristine L. DeLong

Crustal Sulfide Minerals (Re–Os) 191Robert A. Creaser

Dendrochronology, Dwellings 197Stephen E. Nash

Dendrochronology, Entomology 202Barry Cooke

Dendrochronology, Fire Regimes 204Peter M. Brown

Dendrochronology, Progress 207Laia Andreu-Hayles and Caroline Leland

Dendrochronology, Surficial Processes 213Markus Stoffel, Juan A. Ballesteros-Cnovas andChristophe Corona

Dendrochronology, Volcanic Eruptions 221Franco Biondi

Early Life on Earth 229David Wacey

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating of Coral 234Gerhard Schellmann and Ulrich Radtke

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating of FossilTooth Enamel 239

Mathieu Duval

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating,General Principles 246

Anne Skinner

Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometer 255Jeroen W. Thompson

Environmental Releases 256Robert Morrison

Exhumation (Thermochronology) 261Pieter van der Beek

Extraterrestrial Materials (K–Ar/Ar–Ar) 264Timothy Swindle

Fault Zone (Thermochronology) 269Ben van der Pluijm and Chris Hall

Faults (U-Series) 274Perach Nuriel

Feldspar, Infrared-Stimulated Luminescence 279Mayank Jain

Feldspars 284Michel Lamothe

Fission Track Dating and Thermochronology 285Andrew J. W. Gleadow and Christian Seiler

Gene Sequencing 297Jessica A. Thomas

CONTENTS vii

Geomagnetism 298Vadim A. Kravchinsky

Glacial Landscape (Cosmogenic Nuclide) 301Joerg M. Schaefer

Groundwater Dating with AtmosphericHalogenated Compounds 308

Karl B. Haase and Eurybiades Busenberg

Historical Development of Dating Methods 319James M. Mattinson

Hominid Evolution Timescale 329Antoine Balzeau

Hydrocarbons/Rhenium–Osmium (Re–Os):Organic-Rich Sedimentary Rocks 330

David Selby, Vivien M. Cumming,Alan D. Rooney and Alexander J. Finlay

Hydrothermal Ores (Thermochronology) 334Istvan Marton

Ice Cores 341Anders Svensson

Impact Glass (Fission Tracks) 348Giulio Bigazzi and Maria Laura Balestrieri

Index Fossil 353Peter Harries

Isua Supracrustal Belt, West Greenland:Geochronology 354

Vickie C. Bennett and Allen P. Nutman

Jack Hills Zircon 359Simon A. Wilde

Kimberlites (K–Ar/Ar–Ar) 361David Phillips

Lacustrine Environments (14C) 365Susan Zimmerman and Amy Myrbo

Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled MassSpectrometer (LA ICP-MS) 371

Paul Sylvester

Lichenometry 372William B. Bull

Lucy 378William H. Kimbel

Lu–Hf Dating: The Lu–Hf Isotope System 379Jeff Vervoort

Luminescence Dating 390Geoffrey A. T. Duller

Luminescence Dating of ArchaeologicalSediments 404

James Feathers

Luminescence Dating, Deep-Sea Marine andLacustrine 409

Helen M. Roberts

Luminescence Dating, Dose Rates 414Guillaume Guerin

Luminescence Dating, History 417Ludwig Zöller and Günther A. Wagner

Luminescence Dating, Instrumentation 422Kristina Jørkov Thomsen

Luminescence Dating, Loess 425Helen M. Roberts

Luminescence Dating, Meteorites 430Derek W. G. Sears

Luminescence Dating, Shell-Rich Deposits 431Robert Hendricks and Alex Hodson

Luminescence Dating, Single-Grain DoseDistribution 435

Richard G. Roberts and Zenobia Jacobs

Luminescence Dating, Uncertainties andAge Range 440

Jakob Wallinga and Alastair C. Cunningham

Luminescence, Biogenic Carbonates 445Geoffrey A. T. Duller

Luminescence, Coastal Sediments 446Barbara Mauz

Luminescence, Colluvial Sediments 450Andreas Lang

Luminescence, Desert Dunes 452Matt Telfer

Luminescence, Earthquake and Tectonic Activity 456Morteza Fattahi

viii CONTENTS

Luminescence, Flints and Stones 460Daniel Richter

Luminescence, Fluvial Sediments 465Amanda Keen-Zebert

Luminescence, Geomorphological Processes 470Stephen Tooth

Luminescence, Glacial Sediments 475Geoffrey A.T. Duller

Luminescence, Martian Sediments 478Regina DeWitt

Luminescence, Pottery and Bricks 481Ian Bailiff

Luminescence, Rock Surfaces 485Reza Sohbati

Luminescence, Soils 489Arjun M. Heimsath

Luminescence, Volcanic Rocks 493Sumiko Tsukamoto

Magnetic Anomalies 497Roi Granot

Magnetic Chronology 500Manuel Calvo-Rathert

Magnetometer 507Vicente Soler Javaloyes

Magnetostratigraphic Dating 507Miguel Garces

Marine Isotope Stratigraphy 517Galen P. Halverson

Marine Varves 528Konrad A. Hughen

Mass Spectrometry 533James B. Paces, Dominique Weis andTrevor R. Ireland

Metamorphic Terranes (K–Ar/40Ar/39Ar) 542Jan R. Wijbrans

Meteoric 10Be 547Jane Willenbring

Meteorites (36Cl) 548Kees Welten

Meteorites (Lu–Hf) 555Audrey Bouvier

Meteorites (U–Pb) 559Yuri Amelin

Meteorites, Rubidium–Strontium, andSamarium–Neodymium Chronology 562

Lars Borg

Minerals (40Ar–39Ar) 569Simon Kelley, Clare Warren andCamilla Wilkinson

Model Ages (Sm–Nd) 573Alan P. Dickin

Molecular Clock Calibration 576Rachel Warnock

Molecular Clocks 583Simon Y. W. Ho

Molecular Clocks, Human Evolution 588Simon Y. W. Ho and Phillip Endicott

Molecular Clocks, Relaxed Variant 591Simon Y. W. Ho

Molecular Dating of Evolutionary Events 593David Duchene and Lindell Bromham

Molecular Rate Variation (Molecular Clocks) 596Robert Lanfear

Molluscs, Foraminifera, and OtherCarbonate Fossils 597

Bonnie A. B. Blackwell

Neutron Activation Analysis 607Ron Hancock

Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer 608Leah E. Morgan

Obsidian Hydration Dating 609Ioannis Liritzis

Paleosol 625Gary E. Stinchcomb

210Pb Dating 626Peter W. Swarzenski

Peat (14C) 632Philippa Ascough

CONTENTS ix

Planetary Surfaces (Cratering Rate) 636Stephanie C. Werner and Wolf Uwe Reimold

Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Amplification 641Martyna Molak

Potassium–Argon (Argon–Argon), StructuralFabrics 642

Michael A. Cosca

Quartz 649Peter J. Heaney

Quartz Defects, Optically StimulatedLuminescence and Thermoluminescence 650

Marco Martini

Radiation Defect 657Jeroen W. Thompson

Radiation Dose Rate 658Grzegorz Adamiec

Radiation and Radioactivity 660Regina DeWitt

Radioactive Decay Constants: A Review 666W. Jack Rink and Larry M. Heaman

Radiocarbon Dating 669A. J. Timothy Jull and George S. Burr

Radiocarbon Dating of Marine Carbonates 676Quan Hua

Radiocarbon Dating of Terrestrial Carbonates 680Jeffrey S. Pigati

Radioluminescence (RL) 685Tobias Lauer

Rb–Sr Dating 686Oliver Nebel

Rb–Sr Geochronology (Igneous Rocks) 698Tod Waight

Rhenium–Osmium Dating (Meteorites) 703Richard J. Walker

Rhenium–Osmium Geochronology: Sulfides,Shales, Oils, and Mantle 707

Holly Stein and Judith Hannah

Rubidium–Strontium Dating, HydrothermalEvents 723

Shu’nichi Nakai

Sea Level Change (U-Series) 727Christina Gallup

Seawater Sr Curve 733Galen P. Halverson and Lucie Hubert-Theou

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 739Trevor R. Ireland

Sediment Mixing Rate, 210Pb and 234Th 740Joseph M. Smoak

Sediment, ESR 743Helene Tissoux

Sedimentary Rocks (Rb-Sr Geochronology) 748Tod Waight

Sediments, Terrestrial (Paleomagnetism) 752Wout Krijgsman and Gillian Turner

Single-Crystal Laser Fusion 760James K. W. Lee

Skeletal Remains (14C) 763Gregory W. L. Hodgins

Sm–Nd Dating 768Richard W. Carlson

Stellar Chronology 780Trevor R. Ireland

Tephrochronology 783David J. Lowe and Brent Alloway

Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating 799John Gosse and Jeff Klein

Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) 813Roland Mundil

Thermochronology, Detrital Zircon 814John I. Garver

Thermochronology, Landform Evolution 818Thibaud Simon-Labric

Thermochronology, Meteorites 824Kyoungwon Min

Tsunamigenic Sediments 827Gloria I. López

Ujaraaluk Unit (Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt) 833Jonathan O’Neil

x CONTENTS

Uranium Series, Ice 834Stephanie A. Ewing

Uranium Series, Opal 837James B. Paces

Uranium Series, Rates of Basaltic MeltGeneration and Transport 843

Aaron J. Pietruszka

Uranium Series, Volcanic Rocks 845Jorge A. Vazquez

Uranium–Lead Dating 848Randall Parrish

Uranium–Lead Dating, Opal 858Leonid Neymark

Uranium–Lead, Chemical Isochron U–Pb Method(CHIME) 863

Kazuhiro Suzuki and Daniel J. Dunkley

Uranium–Lead, Detrital Zircon 869Keith Sircombe

Uranium–Lead, Diagenetic Processes 882E. Troy Rasbury

Uranium–Lead, Extraterrestrial, EarlySolar System 885

Yuri Amelin

Uranium–Lead, Extraterrestrial, PlanetaryMaterials 890

Alexander Nemchin

Uranium–Lead, Igneous Rocks 894Donald W. Davis

Uranium–Lead, Metamorphic Rocks 898Daniela Rubatto

Uranium–Lead, Ore Deposits 903Rolf L. Romer

Uranium–Lead, Rubidium-Strontium, Kimberlite 907Larry M. Heaman

Uranium–Lead, Zircon 914Fernando Corfu

U-Series Dating 918Bernard Bourdon

U–Th/He Dating 932Peter K. Zeitler

Volcanic Glass (Fission Track) 941John A. Westgate

Volcanic Rocks (Ar/Ar) 947Ajoy K. Baksi

Volcanogenic Sedimentary Rocks(K/Ar, 40Ar/39Ar) 950

Ian McDougall

Walther’s Law of Facies 957Gloria I. López

Zircon 959John M. Hanchar

Author Index 963

Subject Index 965

Contributors

Grzegorz AdamiecInstitute of Physics, Centre for Science and EducationGADAM Centre, Silesian University of Technologyul. Konarskiego 22B44-100 GliwicePolandgrzegorz.adamiec@polsl.pl

Brent AllowaySchool of Geography, Environment and Earth SciencesVictoria University of Wellington6140 WellingtonNew Zealandbrent.alloway@vuw.ac.nz

Yuri AmelinResearch School of Earth SciencesThe Australian National University0200 CanberraAustraliayuri.amelin@anu.edu.au

Laia Andreu-HaylesTree-Ring LaboratoryLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of ColumbiaUniversityPalisades, NYUSAlah@ldeo.columbia.edu

Philippa AscoughAMS LaboratoryScottish Universities Environmental Research CentreRanking AveEast Kilbride G75 0QFScotland, UKphilippa.ascough@gla.ac.uk

Marie-Pierre AubryDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesRutgers University610 Taylor RoadPiscataway, NJ 08854-8066USAaubry@rci.rutgers.edu

Ian BailiffDepartment of ArchaeologyUniversity of DurhamSouth RoadDH1 3LE DurhamUKian.bailiff@durham.ac.uk

Ajoy K. BaksiDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsLouisiana State UniversityE-315 Howe-RussellBaton Rouge, LA 70803USAakbaksi@yahoo.com

xii CONTRIBUTORS

Maria Laura BalestrieriCNR- Institute of Geosciences and Earth ResourcesUOS FlorenceItalybalestrieri@igg.cnr.it

Juan A. Ballesteros-CnovasInstitute for Geological Sciences, University of BernBaltzerstrasse 1 + 33012 BernSwitzerlandjuan.ballesteros@dendrolab.ch

Antoine BalzeauDepartment of PrehistoryUMR 7194, CNRSMusée National d’Histoire NaturelleParisFranceabalzeau@mnhn.fr

Peter BarryDepartment of Earth and Planetary ScienceUniversity of Tennessee1412 Circle DriveKnoxville, TN 37996-1410USApeter.barry@utk.edu

Cathy BattArchaeological SciencesUniversity of BradfordBradford BD7 1DPUKc.m.batt@bradford.ac.uk

Vickie C. BennettResearch School of Earth SciencesThe Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT 0200Australiavickie.bennett@anu.edu.au

Giulio BigazziCNR- Institute of Geosciences and Earth ResourcesPisaItalybigazzi.pisa@gmail.com

Franco BiondiDendroLabUniversity of NevadaMailstop 154Reno, Nevada 89557-0154USAfbiondi@unr.edu

Bonnie A. B. BlackwellDepartment of ChemistryWilliams CollegeWilliamstown, MA 01267USAbonnie.a.b.blackwell@williams.edu

Lars BorgChemical Sciences DivisionLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, CA 94550USAborg5@llnl.gov

Bernard BourdonLaboratoire de Géologie de LyonENS Lyon, CNRS, and UCBL46 Allée d’Italie69364 Lyon cedex 7Francebernard.bourdon@ens-lyon.fr

Audrey BouvierDepartment of Earth SciencesThe University of Western Ontario1151 Richmond Street NLondon, ONCanada, BGS 1026audrey.bouvier@uwo.ca

Samuel BowringDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Ave., Building 54-1126Cambridge, MA 02139USAsbowring@mit.edu

Lindell BromhamCentre for Macroevolution and MacroecologyDivision of Evolution, Ecology, and GeneticsResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityBuilding 116Canberra, ACT 0200Australialindell.bromham@anu.edu.au

Peter M. BrownRocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Inc.2901 Moore LaneFort Collins, CO 80526USApmb@rmtrr.org

CONTRIBUTORS xiii

William B. BullDepartment of GeosciencesUniversity of Arizona1040 E. 4th StTucson, AZ 85721USAbill@activetectonics.com

George S. BurrNSFArizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryDepartment of Geosciences and PhysicsUniversity of Arizona1118 East Fourth StTucson, AZ 85721USAandDepartment of GeosciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwanburr@u.arizona.edu

Eurybiades BusenbergCFC LaboratoryU.S. Geological SurveyMS 432, 12201 Sunrise Valley DriveReston, VA 20192USAebusenbe@usgs.gov

Manuel Calvo-RathertDepartamento de FísicaEscuela Politécnica SuperiorUniversidad de BurgosAvenida de Cantabria s/n09006 BurgosSpainmcalvo@ubu.es

Richard W. CarlsonDepartment of Terrestrial MagnetismCarnegie Institution of Washington5241 Broad Branch RoadWashington, DC 20015USArcarlson@ciw.edu

Tom ChackoDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, ABCanada T6G 2E3tom.chacko@ualberta.ca

Matthew CollinsBioArCh, Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of YorkBioArCh, Biology S Block, Wentworth WayYO10 5DD YorkUKmatthew.collins@york.ac.uk

Barry CookeGovernment of CanadaNorthern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service,Natural Resources CanadaEdmonton, ABCanadabarry.cooke@nrcan-rncan.gc.ca

Fernando CorfuDepartment of GeosciencesUniversity of Oslo0316 OsloNorwayfernando.corfu@geo.uio.no

Christophe CoronaInstitute for Geological Sciences, University of BernBaltzerstrasse 1 + 33012 BernSwitzerlandchristophe.corona@univ-bpclermont.fr

Michael A. CoscaUnited States Geological Survey (USGS)Denver Federal CenterBox 25046 MS 963Denver, CO 80225-0046USAmcosca@usgs.gov

Robert A. CreaserDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, ABCanada T6G2E3robert.creaser@ualberta.ca

Vivien M. CummingDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of DurhamScience LabsDurham DH1 3LEUKandDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MAUSAv.m.cumming@durham.ac.uk

xiv CONTRIBUTORS

Alastair C. CunninghamCentre for Archaeological ScienceSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongAustraliaacunning@uow.edu.au

Donald W. DavisDepartment of Earth SciencesEarth Sciences Centre, University of Toronto22 Russell StToronto, ONCanadadond@es.utoronto.ca

Kristine L. DeLongDepartment of Geography and AnthropologyLousiana State University227 Howe-Russell Geoscience ComplexBaton Rouge, LA 70803USAkdelong@lsu.edu

Beatrice DemarchiBioArCh, Department of ArchaeologyUniversity of YorkBioArCh, Biology S Block, Wentworth WayYO10 5DD YorkUKbeatrice.demarchi@york.ac.uk

Regina DeWittDepartment of PhysicsEast Carolina UniversityHowell Science Complex, Tenth StreetGreenville, NC 27858-4353USAdewittr@ecu.edu

Alan P. DickinSchool of Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster University1280 Main St. W.Hamilton, ONCanada L8S 4K1dickin@mcmaster.ca

Mathew DomeierCentre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED)University of OsloOsloNorwaymathew.domeier@fys.uio.no

Anthony DossetoWollongong Isotope Geochronology LaboratorySchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongong, NSW 2522Australiatonyd@uow.edu.au

Pavel V. DoubrovineCentre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED)University of OsloOsloNorwaypavel.dubrovin@fys.uio.no

David DucheneCentre for Macroevolution and MacroecologyDivision of Evolution, Ecology, and GeneticsResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityBuilding 116Canberra, ACT 0200Australiadavid.duchene@anu.edu.au

Geoffrey A. T. DullerDepartment of Geography and Earth SciencesAberystwyth UniversityLlandinham Bldg., Penglais CampusSY23 3DB Aberystwyth, WalesUKggd@aber.ac.uk

Daniel J. DunkleyDepartment of Applied Geology, Western AustralianSchool of MinesCurtin UniversityPerth, WA 6845Australiadaniel.dunkley@curtin.edu.au

Mathieu DuvalESR dating laboratory, Geochronology programCentro Nacional de Investigación sobre la EvoluciónHumana (CENIEH)Paseo de Atapuerca s/n09002 BurgosEspañamathieu.duval@cenieh.es

Howell G. M. EdwardsChemical and Forensic SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of BradfordBD7 1DP BradfordUKh.g.m.edwards@bradford.ac.uk

CONTRIBUTORS xv

Phillip EndicottDépartment Hommes, Natures, SociétésMusée de l’Homme75116 ParisFrancephillip.endicott@gmail.com

Stephanie A. EwingDepartment of Land Resources and EnvironmentalSciencesMontana State University817 Leon Johnson HallBozeman, MT 59717-3120USAstephanie.ewing@montana.edu

Morteza FattahiInstitute of GeophysicsUniversity of TehranEnd of North Karegar Ave.1435944411 TehranIranmorteza.fattahi@ouce.ox.ac.uk

James FeathersDepartment of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WAUSAjimf@u.washington.edu

Alexander J. FinlayOrigin Analytical LTDWelshpool, PowysUKalexfinlay@originanalytical.com

Christina GallupDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Minnesota Duluth229 Heller Hall, 1114 Kirby DriveDuluth, MN 55812USAcgallup@d.umn.edu

Miguel GarcesUniversity of Barcelona08028 BarcelonaSpainmgarces@ub.edu

John I. GarverDepartment of GeologyUnion College807 Union St., Olin BuildingSchenectady, NYUSAgarverj@union.edu

Andrew J. W. GleadowSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMcCoy BldyMelbourne, VIC 3010Australiagleadow@unimelb.edu.au

John GosseDepartment of Earth SciencesDalhousie University3006 LSC, 1459 Oxford StHalifax, NSCanada B3H 4R2john.gosse@dal.ca

Roi GranotDepartment of Geological and Environmental SciencesBen Gurion University of the Negev84105 Beer ShevaIsraelrgranot@bgu.ac.il

Guillaume GuérinCentre for Nuclear TechnologiesTechnical University of DenmarkDTU Risø Campus4000 RoskildeDenmarkgugu@dtu.dk

Karl B. HaaseCFC LaboratoryU.S. Geological SurveyMS 432, 12201 Sunrise Valley DriveReston, VA 20192USAkhaase@usgs.gov

Chris HallDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Michigan4534b C.C. Little Building, 1100 North University AveAnn Arbor, MI 48109-1005USAcmhall@umich.edu

Galen P. HalversonDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences/GeotopMcGill University3450 University StreetMontréal, QCCanada H3A 0E8galen.halverson@mcgill.ca

xvi CONTRIBUTORS

John M. HancharDepartment of Earth SciencesMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’s, NLCanada A1B 3X5jhanchar@mun.ca

Ron Hancock23 Oswald CrescentToronto, ONCanadaronhancock@ca.inter.net

Judith HannahAIRIE ProgramColorado State UniversityFort Collins, COUSAandCentre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED)University of OsloOsloNorwayjudith.hannah@colostate.edu

Peter HarriesSchool of GeosciencesUniversity of South Florida4202 E. Fowler Avenue, CPR107Tampa, FL 33620USAharries@usf.edu

Christine HattéLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’EnvironnementUMR8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Domaine du CNRSL.S.C.E. 12 avenue de la Terrasse91198 Gif-sur-YvetteFrancechristine.hatte@lsce.ipsl.fr

Larry M. HeamanDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, ABCanada T6G 2E3larry.heaman@ualberta.ca

Peter J. HeaneyDepartment of GeosciencesPennsylvania State UniversityPenn State 540 Deike BuildingUniversity Park, PA 16802USApjheaney@psu.edu

Arjun M. HeimsathSchool of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State University781 Terrace Rd.Tempe, AZ 85287USAarjun.heimsath@asu.edu

Robert HendricksSchool Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamilton, ONCanadahendricks.robert.r@gmail.com

Simon Y. W. HoSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of SydneyEdgeworth David A11Sydney, NSW 2006Australiasimon.ho@sydney.edu.au

Gregory W. L. HodginsAccelerator Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryDepartment of Physics, School of AnthropologyUniversity of Arizona1118 E. 4th StreetTucson, AZ 85721-0081USAghodgins@physics.arizona.edu

Alex HodsonSchool Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamilton, ONCanadahodsona@mcmaster.ca

Dirk HoffmannDepartment of Human EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyDeutscher Platz 604103 LeipzigGermanydirk.hoffmann@eva.mpg.de

Quan HuaAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationLocked Bag 2001Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232Australiaqhx@ansto.gov.au

CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Lucie Hubert-ThéouDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences/GeotopMcGill University3450 University StreetMontréal, QCCanada H3A 0E8lucie.hubert-theou@mail.mcgill.ca

Konrad A. HughenDepartment of Marine Chemistry and GeochemistryWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution266 Woods Hole Rd. MS#25Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050USAkhughen@whoi.edu

Gary R. HussHawai’i Institute of Geophysics and PlanetologyUniversity of Hawai’i at Mānoa1680 East–west RoadHonolulu, HI 96822USAghuss@higp.hawaii.edu

Trevor R. IrelandResearch School of Earth SciencesThe Australian National UniversityJaeger 5, Room 6, Building 61, Mills RoadCanberra, ACT 0200Australiatrevor.ireland@anu.edu.au

Zenobia JacobsCentre for Archaeological ScienceSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongong, NSW 2522Australiazenobia@uow.edu.au

Mayank JainCenter for Nuclear TechnologiesTechnical University of DenmarkDTU Risø CampusFrederiksborgvej 399, Building 2014000 RoskildeDenmarkmaja@dtu.dk

A. J. Timothy JullNSF-Arizona AMS LaboratoryPhysics BuildingUniversity of Arizona1118 East Fourth St85721 Tucson, AZUSAjull@u.arizona.edu

Darrell KaufmanSchool of Earth Sciences and EnvironmentalSustainabilityNorthern Arizona University625 South Knoles DriveFlagstaff, AZ 86011-4099USAdarrell.kaufman@nau.edu

Amanda Keen-ZebertDivision of Earth and Ecosystem SciencesDesert Research Institute2215 Raggio ParkwayReno, NV 89512-1095USAkeenzebert@gmail.com

Simon KelleyDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes MK7 6AAUKsimon.kelley@open.ac.uk

William H. KimbelInstitute of Human OriginsSchool of Human Evolution and Social ChangeArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ 85028USAwkimbel.iho@asu.edu

Jeff KleinDepartment of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA 19104USAklein.jef@gmail.com

L. Paul KnauthSchool of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ 85287-1404USAKnauth@asu.edu

Matthew KosnikDepartment of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydney, NSW 2109Australiamkosnik@alumni.uchicago.edu

Vadim A. KravchinskyUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, ABCanada T6G 2E1vadim@ualberta.ca

xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Wout KrijgsmanDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of UtrechtBudapestlaan 173584 CD UtrechtThe Netherlandsw.krijgsman@uu.nl

Michel LamotheUniversité du Québec à MontréalC.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-VilleMontréal, QuébecCanada H3C 3P8lamothe.michel@uqam.ca

Robert LanfearEcology, Evolution, and GeneticsThe Australian National University116 Daley RoadCanberra, ACT 0200Australiarob.lanfear@gmail.com

Andreas LangSchool of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Liverpool4 Brownlow StreetLiverpool L69 3GPUKlang@liverpool.ac.uk

Tobias LauerLeibniz Institute for Applied GeophysicsStilleweg 230655 HannoverGermanytobias.lauer@liag-hannover.de

James K. W. LeeDepartment of Geological Sciences and GeologicalEngineeringQueen’s UniversityMiller HallKingston, ONCanada K7L 3N6andDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydney, NSW 2109Australiajim.lee@queensu.ca

Caroline LelandTree-Ring LaboratoryLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of ColumbiaUniversityPalisades, NYUSAcleland@ldeo.columbia.edu

Ioannis LiritzisLaboratory of ArchaeometryDepartment of Mediterranean StudiesUniversity of the Aegean85100 RhodesGreeceliritzis@rhodes.aegean.gr

Gloria I. LópezLuminescence LaboratoryCentro Nacional de Investigación sobre la EvoluciónHumana CENIEHPaseo Sierra de Atapuerca, 3Burgos 09002SpainandLeon Recanati Institute for Maritime StudiesUniversity of HaifaMt. CarmelHaifa 31905Israellopezgi.phd@gmail.com

David J. LoweSchool of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering,Earth and Ocean SciencesThe University of WaikatoHillcrest Rd3240 HamiltonNew Zealandd.lowe@waikato.ac.nz

Marco MartiniDipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali and Sezione INFNUniversita’ degli Studi di Milano BicoccaVia Cozzi 5520125 MilanItalymarco.martini@mater.unimib.it

István MártonStockwork GeoConsulting Ltdstr. Protopop Aurel Munteanu, nr. 1405400 Huedin, ClujRomaniaistvan.marton@stockwork.ro

CONTRIBUTORS xix

James M. MattinsonDepartment of Earth ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Barbara 1006 Webb hallSanta Barbara, CA 93106-9630USAmattinson@geol.ucsb.edu

Barbara MauzSchool of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Liverpool4 Brownlow StreetLiverpoolUKmauz@liverpool.ac.uk

Ian McDougallResearch School of Earth SciencesThe Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT 2601AustraliaIan.McDougall@anu.edu.au

Kyoungwon MinDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of Florida241 Williamson HallGainesville, FL 32611USAkmin@ufl.edu

Martyna MolakSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyAustraliamartyna.molak@sydney.edu.au

Leah E. MorganScottish Universities Environmental Research CentreRankine AvenueEast Kilbride G75 0QFUKleah.morgan@glasgow.ac.uk

Robert Morrison56-2773 Lahuiki PlaceHawi, HI 96719USARobertForensics@aol.com

Roland MundilBerkeley Geochronology Center2455 Ridge RoadBerkeley, CA 94709USArmundil@bgc.org

Colin V. Murray-WallaceSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongong, NSW 2522Australiacwallace@uow.edu.au

Amy MyrboLacCore, Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Minnesota7000 East Ave, L-397Minneapolis, MNUSAamyrbo@umn.edu

Shu’nichi NakaiEarthquake Research InstituteThe University of TokyoYayoi 1-1-1Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032Japansnakai@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Stephen E. NashDenver Museum of Nature & Science2001 Colorado BoulevardDenver, CO 80205USAstephen.nash@dmns.org

Oliver NebelResearch School of Earth SciencesThe Australian National UniversityMills Road, Bldg. 61Acton, ACT 0200Australiaoliver.nebel@anu.edu.au

Alexander NemchinDepartment of Applied GeologyCurtin University of TechnologyPerth, WA 6845Australiaa.nemchin@curtin.edu.au

Leonid NeymarkUS Geological SurveyMS 963Denver, CO 80225USAlneymark@usgs.gov

Perach NurielDepartment of Geological and Environmental SciencesStanford UniversityStanford 94305-2115 CAUSAperach@stanford.edu

xx CONTRIBUTORS

Allen P. NutmanSchool of Earth & Environmental SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongong, NSWAustraliaanutman@uow.edu.au

Jonathan O’NeilDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of Ottawa140 Loui-PasteurOttawa, ONCanada K1N 6N5jonathan.oneil@uottawa.ca

James B. PacesGeosciences and Environmental Change Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyDenver Federal CenterDenver, CO 80225-004USAjbpaces@usgs.gov

Randall ParrishDepartment of GeologyUniversity of Leicester and NERC Isotope GeosciencesLaboratory, British Geological Survey KeyworthNotts NG12 5GGUKrrp@nigl.nerc.ac.uk

David PhillipsSchool of Earth SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkville, VIC 3010Australiadphillip@unimelb.edu.au

Aaron J. PietruszkaDenver Federal CenterU.S. Geological SurveyDenver, CO 80225USAapietruszka@usgs.gov

Jeffrey S. PigatiDenver Federal Center, U.S. Geological SurveyMS-980Denver, CO 80225USAjpigati@usgs.gov

Alistair W. G. PikeDepartment of ArchaeologyUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield LaneSO17 1BF SouthamptonUKa.w.pike@soton.ac.uk

Don PorcelliDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3AN OxfordUKdon.porcelli@earth.ox.ac.uk

Ulrich RadtkeUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstr. 2EssenGermanyrektor@uni-due.de

E. Troy RasburyDepartment of GeosciencesStony Brook UniversityRoom 254 ESS BuildingStony Brook, NY 11794USAtroy.rasbury@sunysb.edu

Jesse ReiminkDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, ABCanada T6G 2E3reiminkjesse@gmail.com

Wolf Uwe ReimoldMuseum für Naturkunde Berlin andHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermanyuwe.reimold@mfn-berlin.de

David A. RichardsSchool of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1SSUKdavid.richards@bristol.ac.uk

CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Daniel RichterDepartment of Human EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyDeutscher Platz 604103 LeipzigGermanyandGeomorphologieUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermanydrichter@eva.mpg.de

W. Jack RinkSchool of Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster University1280 Main St. W.Hamilton, ONCanada L8S 4K1rinkwj@mcmaster.ca

Helen M. RobertsDepartment of Geography and Earth SciencesAberystwyth UniversityLlandinam Building, Penglais CampusAberystwyth SY23 3DBUKhmr@aber.ac.uk

Richard G. RobertsCentre for Archaeological ScienceSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongong, NSW 2522Australiargrob@uow.edu.au

Rolf L. RomerInorganic and Isotope GeochemistryGFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesTelegrafenberg14473 PotsdamGermanyromer@gfz-potsdam.de

Alan D. RooneyDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard University CambridgeCambridge, MAUSAalan.d.rooney@gmail.com

Daniela RubattoResearch School of Earth SciencesThe Australian National UniversityMills Road, Bld.61Canberra, ACT 0200Australiadaniela.rubatto@anu.edu.au

Joerg M. SchaeferLamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia University409 Comer 61 Route 9WPalisades, NY 10964-8000USAschaefer@ldeo.columbia.edu

Gerhard SchellmannDepartment of Physical Geography & Landscape StudiesUniversity of BambergAm Kranen 1BambergGermanygerhard.schellmann@uni-bamberg.de

Bernd R. SchöneInstitute of GeosciencesUniversity of MainzMainzGermanyschoeneb@uni-mainz.de

Derek W. G. SearsNASA Ames Research CenterMountain View, CA 94035USAderek.sears@nasa.gov

Christian SeilerSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMcCoy BldyMelbourne, VIC 3010Australiaseiler@unimelb.edu.au

David SelbyDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of DurhamScience LabsDurham DH1 3LEUKdavid.selby@durham.ac.uk

xxii CONTRIBUTORS

Warren D. SharpBerkeley Geochronology Center2455 Ridge RoadBerkeley, CA 94709USAwsharp@bgc.org

Thibaud Simon-LabricInstitute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST)Université de Lausanne (UNIL)Geopolis1015 LausanneSwitzerlandthibaud.simon-labric@unil.ch

Keith SircombeGeoscience AustraliaJerrabomberra Avenue, Symonston ACT 2617Canberra, ACT 2601Australiakeith.sircombe@ga.gov.au

Anne SkinnerChemistry DepartmentWilliams College47 Lab Campus DriveWilliamstown, MA 01267USAanne.r.skinner@williams.edu

Joseph M. SmoakDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy andGeographyUniversity of South Florida140 7th Ave. SouthSt. Petersburg, FL 33701USAsmoak@mail.usf.edu

Reza SohbatiDepartment of GeoscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmarkandCenter for Nuclear TechnologiesTechnical University of DenmarkBuilding 201, DTU RisøFrederiksborgvej 399RoskildeDenmarkresih@dtu.dk

Vicente Soler JavaloyesEstación Volcanológica de Canarias, IPNA-CSICAvda. Astrofísico Francisco Snchez, n 338206 La LagunaSpainvsoler@ipna.csic.es

Holly SteinAIRIE ProgramColorado State UniversityFort Collins, COUSAandCentre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED)University of OsloOsloNorwayholly.stein@colostate.edu

Mordechai SteinGeological Survey of Israel30 Malkhe Israel Street95501 JerusalemIsraelmotistein@gsi.gov.il

Gary E. StinchcombDepartment of GeosciencesPennsylvania State University0302 Hosler BuildingUniversity Park, PA 16802USAges130@psu.edu

Claudine H. StirlingDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealandcstirling@chemistry.otago.ac.nz

Markus StoffelInstitute for Geological Sciences, University of BernBaltzerstrasse 1 + 33012 BernSwitzerlandmarkus.stoffel@dendrolab.ch

Donna M. SurgeDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of North Carolina104 South Road Mitchell Hall CampusChapel Hill, NC 27599-3315USAdonna64@unc.edu

CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

Kazuhiro SuzukiThe Center for Chronological ResearchNagoya University464-8602 Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, AichiJapansuzuki@nendai.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Anders SvenssonNiels Bohr Institute, Ice and Climate ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmarkas@gfy.ku.dk

Peter W. SwarzenskiUS Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and MarineScience Center400 Natural Bridges Dr.Santa Cruz, CA 95060USApswarzen@usgs.gov

Timothy SwindleLunar and Planetary LaboratoryUniversity of Arizona1629 E. University BoulevardTucson, AZ 85721-0092USAtswindle@email.arizona.edu

Paul SylvesterDepartment of GeosciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbock, TXUSApjsylvester@gmail.com

Larry TaylorDepartment of Earth and Planetary ScienceUniversity of Tennessee1412 Circle DriveKnoxville, TN 37996-1410USAlataylor@utk.edu

Matt TelferSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of PlymouthRoom A513 Portland SquarePlymouth PL4 8AAUKmatt.telfer@plymouth.ac.uk

Jessica A. ThomasDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUKjessica.thomas@york.ac.uk

Jeroen W. ThompsonDepartment of Medical Physics and Applied RadiationSciencesMcMaster University1280 Main St WestHamilton, ONCanada L8S 4K1thompjw@mcmaster.ca

Kristina Jørkov ThomsenCentre for Nuclear TechnologiesTechnical University of DenmarkFrederiksborgvej 399, Building 201, room S284000 RoskildeDenmarkkrth@dtu.dk

Helene TissouxDGR/GATBureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)3 avenue Claude GuilleminBP 3600945060 OrléansFranceh.tissoux@brgm.fr

Stephen ToothDepartment of Geography and Earth SciencesAberystwyth UniversityLlandinam Building, Penglais CampusAberystwyth SY23 3DB CeredigionUKset@aber.ac.uk

Trond H. TorsvikCentre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED)University of OsloOsloNorwayt.h.torsvik@geo.uio.no

Sumiko TsukamotoLeibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG)Stilleweg 230655 HannoverGermanysumiko.tsukamoto@liag-hannover.de

xxiv CONTRIBUTORS

Gillian TurnerSchool of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellington 6140New Zealandgillian.turner@vuw.ac.nz

Pieter van der BeekInstitute des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), CNRSUniversité Joseph Fourier, BP 5338041 GrenobleFrancepvdbeek@ujf-grenoble.fr

Ben van der PluijmDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Michigan4534b C.C. Little Building, 1100 North University AveAnn Arbor, MI 48109-1005USAvdpluijm@umich.edu

Jorge A. VazquezSHRIMP-RG LaboratoryUnited States Geological Survey345 Middlefield RdMenlo Park, CA 94025USAjvazquez@usgs.gov

Jeff VervoortSchool of the EnvironmentWashington State UniversityPullman, WA 99164USAvervoort@wsu.edu

David WaceyCentre for Microscopy Characterisation and AnalysisUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawley, PerthAustraliadavid.wacey@uwa.edu.au

Günther A. WagnerGeographisches Institut der Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 34869120 HeidelbergGermanygawag-wagner@web.de

Tod WaightDepartment of Geosciences and Natural ResourceManagement, Geology SectionUniversity of CopenhagenØster Voldgade 101350 CopenhagenDenmarktodw@ign.ku.dk

Richard J. WalkerIsotope Geochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of GeologyUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MA 20742USArjwalker@umd.edu

Jakob WallingaSoil Geography and Landscape groupWageningen University6700 AAWageningenThe Netherlandsjakob.wallinga@wur.nl

Rachel WarnockSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building Queen’s RoadBristolUKrachel.warnock@bristol.ac.uk

Clare WarrenDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe Open UniversityMK7 6AA Milton KeynesUKc.warren@open.ac.uk

John F. WehmillerDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE 19716USAjwehm@udel.edu

Dominique WeisDepartment of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric SciencesPacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical ResearchThe University of British Columbia6339 Stores RoadVancouver, BCCanada V6T 1Z4dweis@eos.ubc.ca

CONTRIBUTORS xxv

Kees WeltenSpace Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of California#7450 at Berkeley 7 Gauss WayBerkeley, CA 94720USAkcwelten@ssl.berkeley.edu

Stephanie C. WernerCentre for Earth Evolution and DynamicsUniversity of OsloOsloNorwaystephanie.werner@geo.uio.no

John A. WestgateDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of Toronto22 Russell St.Toronto, ONCanada M5S 3B1westgate@es.utoronto.ca

Jan R. WijbransDepartment of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth and LifeSciencesVU UniversityDe Boelelaan 1085AmsterdamThe Netherlandsj.r.wijbrans@vu.nl

Simon A. WildeSchool of Applied GeologyCurtin UniversityGPO Box U1987PerthAustralias.wilde@curtin.edu.au

Camilla WilkinsonNorges Geologiske Undersøkelse (NGU)Leiv Eirikssons vei 39Trondheim 7040Norwaycamilla.wilkinson@ngu.no

Jane WillenbringDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA 19104-6313USAjane.willenbring@sas.upenn.edu

Peter K. ZeitlerDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesLehigh University1 West Packer AvenueBethlehem, PA 18015-3001USApeter.zeitler@lehigh.edu

Susan ZimmermanCenter for Accelerator Mass SpectrometryLawrence Livermore National Laboratory7000 East Ave, L-397Livermore, CA 94551-0808USAzimmerman17@llnl.gov

Ludwig ZöllerGeographisches InstitutUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstr. 3095447 BayreuthGermanyludwig.zoeller@uni-bayreuth.de

Horst ZwingmannCSIRO Earth Science and Resource EngineeringAustralian Resources Research CentreTechnology Park 26 Dick Perry Avenue, KensingtonPerth, WA 6151AustraliaandSchool of Earth and EnvironmentThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA 6009AustraliaandDepartment of Applied GeologyCurtin UniversityBentley, WA 6845AustraliaandInstitut de Recherche sur les Archéomatériaux, UMR5060 CNRS – Université de Bordeaux, Centre deRecherche en Physique Appliquée à l’Archéologie(CRP2A), Maison de l’archéologie33607 PessacFrancehorst.zwingmann@csiro.au

Preface

Scientific dating methods provide the timing, sequence,and rates of geological, archaeological, and biologicalevents and processes. It is no exaggeration to say thatquantitative measurements of age (geochronology) pro-vide the foundations for scientific understanding for manydisciplines within the earth and archaeological sciences.

The field of geochronology began with early applica-tions of biostratigraphy and a basic understanding ofsedimentary processes. The ages and sequences fossilsprovided the foundation for the geological time scale. Atthe turn of the twentieth century, our understanding ofradioactivity revolutionized geochronology. This led tothe flourishing of numerous radiogenic isotopic datingmethods. In addition, of particular importance, was thedevelopment of radiocarbon dating in 1949, which hassince yielded hundreds of thousands of age estimates forearth scientists and archaeologists. Radiation exposuremethods, which utilize the effects of background radiationon defects in minerals and biological materials, weredeveloped through the 1960s and the 1990s. Morerecently, the development of molecular clock techniqueshas resulted in a new approach to determine ages of eventsin the history of biological evolution.

This volume is a comprehensive synthesis of the appli-cations and physical basis for scientific dating methods inuse in the earth sciences, archaeology, and biology. Allwidely-accepted scientific dating techniques – physical,chemical, and biological – have been included, as wellas the most important materials which are amenable tothe application of scientific dating methods.

We trust that this volume will be of use to researchersand students in the earth sciences and archaeology, whowish to understand the scientific basis that underlies ourunderstanding of geological and archaeological chronol-ogy. In addition, this volume may be useful to geologistsinvolved in exploration and exploitation of naturalresources, natural resource managers, and environmentaland archaeological consultants.

Each of the major dating methods is described in a mainentry that provides an in-depth review of the underlyingscientific principles of that method, including methods,applications, uncertainties, applications, and limitations.If appropriate, the most recent development in each fieldis discussed. Each of these main entries was authored bya leading expert in that field.

The majority of the entries in this volume are focusedon applications of scientific dating methods, and areusually titled according to the material to be dated (e.g.,“Carbonates, marine”), with the method in parenthesis.We have attempted to provide comprehensive coverageof organic and inorganic materials, including minerals,rocks, archaeological materials, biominerals, plants, artobjects, water, and many more. Some entries focus onrates of geological processes, such as sedimentation, fluidflow, tectonics, cooling rates, and many more. By organiz-ing entries by the application, rather than the methodol-ogy, we hope that readers will be able to quickly locateinformation most relevant for their interests and specificneeds.

Finally, this volume includes shorter, mini-entries withkey definitions, important materials, or notes oninstrumentation.

This volume was only possible through the extensivecontributions of the three associate editors and the largeeditorial board who worked together to establish the rangeof authors from 18 different countries who agreed to con-tribute. The online version, which can be updated by theauthors as new information becomes available, providesa dynamic dimension in the rapidly changing field ofgeo-, bio-, and archaeo-chronology.

The field of dating methods continues to grow rapidlythrough research scientists thinking of new ways to applythe methods. Though it cannot be said that every singleapplication of dating methods is included, this volume sig-nificantly expands the availability of knowledge throughits broad scope in each area in the field of dating.

Acknowledgments

First of all we want to thank all of the authors for their longhours composing the text and graphics of the entries, andfor answering our correspondence.Without their contribu-tions, the encyclopedia could not have become a reality.

There are a large number of individuals who contrib-uted to both the design and fulfillment of the aims of thisvolume. Our section editors made great contributions inthis area and in finalizing the author list. The person whomade the biggest impact is Larry Heaman who steppedin to handle much of the creation and editing of the radio-genic isotope side of the volume. He has given of his timeextensively as decisions were made in all of the stages ofdevelopment, and we are both very grateful for this contri-bution. Jim Paces also shouldered a large amount of thecreation and editing of the encyclopedia, and we thankhim for his contribution, especially in regard to the crea-tion of the uranium series dating articles. Tim Jull also cre-ated an entire section of the encyclopedia with a largerange of articles on radiocarbon applications, and withouthim, we would not have achieved the great depth of theentries we have. Many thanks to you Tim, from both of us.

The editorial board was seminal in creating the author-ship of the encyclopedia. Our great thanks to RobertA. Creaser, Don Davis, Geoff Duller, John Gosse, SimonHo, James K.W. Lee, Josep M. Pares, Peter W. Reiners,and John F. Wehmiller, who were seminal in the earlystages in establishing the breadth of this volume. Theeditorial board made decisions regarding how to “boildown” which applications articles were the most relevantto current developments in the fields of geochronology,and made suggestions that led to the creation of synthe-sized articles which encompassed more than one of the

original topics. Each of you made a great contribution,and we are indebted to you for helping us condense ourearly ideas into the most relevant entries that could becreated.

Our most sincere thanks go to the Springer personnelwho worked painstakingly throughout the process tosmooth our path. Petra van Steenbergen provided inspira-tion, encouragement, and opportunity, while SylviaBlago, Simone Giesler, and Hermine Vloemans gavecountless hours regarding the correspondence and organi-zation of entries and scheduling.

WJR would like to thank Jeroen Thompson, whoagreed to help me create the encyclopedia in its earlieststages. WJR could not have gone forward without hisencouragement, but also his collaboration in creating theoriginal proposal and in creating the documents necessaryfor its acceptance as a viable work of science. JWTwouldlike to gratefully acknowledge Jack Rink for shoulderingadditional responsibilities during the project.

WJR would also like to acknowledge his graduatestudents Kathleen Rodrigues, Robert RombuckHendricks, and Alex Hodson, who helped him to make itthrough this long-term project, at the cost of giving themless time than he would have normally given them. ToSarah, Katherine, and Rebecca, JWT expresses his loveand gratitude for their support. Finally, WJR dedicatesthe volume to Carol; thank you dearest for willingly andlovingly living with less of my presence.

W. Jack RinkJeroen W. Thompson