EMEP Intensive Measurement Periods June 2006 / January 2007
description
Transcript of EMEP Intensive Measurement Periods June 2006 / January 2007
Highly time resolved measurements of inorganic gases and aerosols during the
EMEP intensive campaign June 2006
Eiko Nemitz, Rick Thomas, Chiara di Marco, Gavin Phillips: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Edinburgh, UK.
Rami Alfarra, Urs Baltensperger: Paul Scherrer Institute, CH.Rene Otjes, Jan Willem Erisman: Energy Centre of the
Netherlands (ECN), Petten, NL. University of Kopio, FI.
EMEP Intensive Measurement Periods June 2006 / January 2007
• New feature of the new measurement strategy• Also provide an interim solution until EMEP Supersites
(Level 2 & 3) are established• Periods for June 2006 & January 2007 focussing on the
gas / aerosol partitioning of inorganic aerosol• Measurements include
– Daily measurements with manual techniques (Wenche)– Hourly measurements with two different continuous techniques
(this presentation)• So far only preliminary data available from online
techniques
The Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
• Quantitative measurement• Concentration & size distribution• But, limitations:
– Measurement of sub-micron aerosol (100% across 40-600 nm)– Thermal vapourisation at 550°C: non-refractory aerosol only
• Good for: NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, organic aerosol• Does not measure: sea salt, crustal material• Ionisation: Thermal vapourisation, followed by electron
impact ionisation (70 eV)– Less fragmentation than laser ionisation– More fragmentation than chemical ionisation
Particle Inlet (1 atm)
100% transmission (30-600 nm), aerodynamic sizing, linear mass signal.Development of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition Analysis of Sub-micron Particles. Jayne et al., Aerosol Science and Technology 33:1-2(49-70), 2000.
QuadrupoleMass Spectrometer
Thermal Vaporization
&Electron Impact
Ionization
Aerodynamic Lens
(2 Torr)
Chopper
Turbo Pump
Turbo Pump
Turbo Pump
TOF Region
Particle Beam Generation Aerodynamic Sizing Particle
Composition
Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS)
• Continuous wet denuder (NH3, HNO3, HCl, SO2, HONO)
• Steam jet aerosol collector (NH4+, NO3
-, SO42-,
Cl-) (MARGA also Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)• Anions: online anion IC• Cations:
– online cation IC (MARGA) – diffusion membrane / conductivity for NH4
+ (GRAEGOR)
• Two separate sampling boxes for PM2.5 and PM10 (GRAEGOR TSP)
The ECN MARGA/GRAEGOR
The MARGA/GRAEGOR
ICSample
H2O
16.7 l min-1
SJAC Wet Annular Denuder
Liquid feed
valves16.7l min-1
Inlet System
Inlet System
Denudersolution
Liquid level sensors
Peristaltic Pump
Motor
Fan Belt
Steam Generator
Growth & mixing
chamberAir Pump
Aluminum box
SampleBox 2
SampleBox 1
WasteIC
Eluent
De-
gass
er
NH4+
Std (H)
NH4+
Std (L)
Distribution Valves
FIA
H2S
O4
H2O
ICUnit
Flow Meter
NaO
H
NaB
r
FIA Sample
Detector Box
Syringepumps
15 minute delay Loops
IC Pump
Insulation
Insulation & Heating Tape
ICSample
H2O
16.7 l min-1
SJAC Wet Annular Denuder
Liquid feed
valves16.7l min-1
Inlet System
Inlet System
Denudersolution
Liquid level sensors
Peristaltic Pump
Motor
Fan Belt
Steam Generator
Growth & mixing
chamberAir Pump
Aluminum box
SampleBox 2
SampleBox 1
WasteIC
Eluent
De-
gass
er
NH4+
Std (H)
NH4+
Std (L)
Distribution Valves
FIA
H2S
O4
H2O
ICUnit
Flow Meter
NaO
H
NaB
r
FIA Sample
Detector Box
Syringepumps
15 minute delay Loops
IC Pump
Insulation
Insulation & Heating Tape
Comparison AMS vs. MARGA
AMS MARGA/GRAEGOR
Gases No Yes (NH3, HNO3, HCl, SO2,HNO2)
Transmission 40 – 600 nm (~PM1) PM2.5 & PM10/TSP
Sizing Yes No
Aerosol fraction
Non-refractory only: NH4
+, NO3-, SO4
2-, Cl-, OM, H2O
Total: NH4+, NO3
-, SO42-, Cl-
(MARGA only: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
OrganicsAmmoniumNitrateSulphateChlorideNot resolved
1st EMEP Intensive Measurement Period June 2006:Gas / aerosol partitioning of inorganic aerosol
(contributions: ECN, NL; Univ. Kopio, FI; PSI, CH)
Auchencorth, Scotland
Mace Head, Ireland
Payerne, SwitzerlandTotal PM1 = 19.4 g m-3
Total PM1 = 8.6 g m-3
Total PM1 = 6.0 g m-3
Total PM2.5 = 13.7 g m-3
Cabauw, The NetherlandsTotal PM2.5 = > 12.4 g m-3
Harwell, England
Overview of Average Concentrations
Mace Head
AuchencorthPayerne
AuchencorthHarwell
Cabauw
AuchencorthHarwell
Cabauw
Mas
s co
ncen
tratio
n [
g m
-3]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
NH4+
NO3-
Cl-
SO42-
H2O
Na+
Orgunidentified
NR PM1PM2.5
PM10/TSP
Total Measured Concentrations
50
25
0
Aer
osol
Mas
s [
g m
-3]
1/6 6/6 11/6 16/6 21/6 26/6 1/7
50
25
0
50
25
0
50
25
0
50
25
0
Aerosol M
ass [g m-3]
50
25
0
50
25
0
50
25
0
50
25
0
Mace Head, Ireland
Bush, Scotland
Auchencorth Moss, Scotland (PM2.5)
Cabauw, The Netherlands (PM10)
Payerne, Switzerland
Cabauw, The Netherlands (PM2.5)
Harwell, England (PM2.5)
Auchencorth Moss, Scotland (PM10)
Harwell, England (TSP)
30
20
10
0
1/6 6/6 11/6 16/6 21/6 26/6 1/7
30
20
10
0
Aerosol M
ass [g m-3]
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
Aer
osol
Mas
s [
g m
-3]
Mace Head, Ireland
Auchencorth, Scotland
Harwell, England
Cabauw, The Netherlands
Payerne, Switzerland
PM 1 (NR) PM 2.5 PM 10
Nitrate
Sulphate30
20
10
0
1/6 6/6 11/6 16/6 21/6 26/6 1/7
30
20
10
0
Aerosol M
ass [g m-3]
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
Aer
osol
Mas
s [
g m
-3]
Mace Head, Ireland
Auchencorth, Scotland
Harwell, England
Cabauw, The Netherlands
Payerne, Switzerland
PM 1 (NR) PM 2.5 PM 10
Ammonium10
86420
1/6 6/6 11/6 16/6 21/6 26/6 1/7
1086420
Aerosol M
ass [g m-3]
1086420
1086420
1086420
Aer
osol
Mas
s [
g m
-3]
Mace Head, Ireland
Auchencorth, Scotland
Harwell, England
Cabauw, The Netherlands
Payerne, Switzerland
PM 1 (NR) PM 2.5 PM 10
NH3 & SO2
60
40
20
0
1/6 6/6 11/6 16/6 21/6 26/6 1/7
60
40
20
0Con
cent
ratio
n [
g m
-3]
60
40
20
0
Aerosol M
ass [g m-3]
Auchencorth, Scotland
Harwell, England
Cabauw, The Netherlands
NH3 SO2
HNO3 & HCl
10
8
6
4
2
0
1/6 6/6 11/6 16/6 21/6 26/6 1/7
10
8
6
4
2
0Con
cent
ratio
n [
g m
-3]
10
8
6
4
2
0
Aerosol M
ass [g m-3]
Auchencorth, Scotland
Harwell, England
Cabauw, The Netherlands
HNO3 HCl
HNO3 & HONO
10
8
6
4
2
0
1/6 6/6 11/6 16/6 21/6 26/6 1/7
10
8
6
4
2
0Con
cent
ratio
n [
g m
-3]
10
8
6
4
2
0
Aerosol M
ass [g m-3]
Auchencorth, Scotland
Harwell, England
Cabauw, The Netherlands
HNO3 HONO
Data Usage
• Provides powerful dataset for model validation– Bulk concentration– Gas / aerosol partitioning– Fine vs. coarse nitrate– Size distributions
• Data towards aerosol climatology for Europe– Analyse in its own right
• Analysis in local context
Concentration Products[NH3] x [HNO3]
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
[NH
3] x
[HN
O3]
[g
m-3
]
01/06/2006 06/06/2006 11/06/2006 16/06/2006 21/06/2006 26/06/2006 01/07/2006
Harwell Cabauw Auchencorth
Size distribution at CEH EMEP campaign Scottish Site
Average size distributions0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
dM/d
logD
va (µ
g m
-3)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91000
2
Vacuum Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
Water Ammonium Nitrate Sulphate Organics
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
dM/d
logDva
(µg
m-3
)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91000
2
Vacuum Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
Water Ammonium Nitrate Sulphate Organics
8
6
4
2
0
dM/d
logD
va (µ
g m
-3)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91000
2
Vacuum Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
Water Ammonium Nitrate Sulphate Chloride Organics PAH
PayerneAuchencorth
Mace Head
Charge Balance (NH4
+ vs. sum of NO3- and SO4
2-)0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
pred
icte
d N
H4+ =
NO
3- + 2
x S
O42-
[eq
m-3
]
0.120.080.040.00measuredNH4
+ [eq m-3]
Mace Head AMS (NR PM1)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
pred
icte
d N
H4+ =
NO
3- + 2
x S
O42-
[eq
m-3
]
0.50.40.30.20.10.0measuredNH4
+ [eq m-3]
Auchencorth AMS (NR PM1)0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
pred
icte
d N
H4+ =
NO
3- + 2
x S
O42-
[eq
m-3
]
0.300.200.100.00measuredNH4
+ [eq m-3]
Payerne AMS (NR PM1)
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
pred
icte
d N
H4+ =
NO
3- + 2
x S
O42-
[eq
m-3
]
0.300.200.100.00measuredNH4
+ [eq m-3]
Cabauw MARGA (NR PM10)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
pred
icte
d N
H4+ =
NO
3- + 2
x S
O42-
[eq
m-3
]
0.50.40.30.20.10.0measuredNH4
+ [eq m-3]
Harwell GRAEGOR (NR PM10)
Contribution of Regional Ammonium Aerosols to Exceedances of PM10 Air Quality Standards in Urban Areas
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Aer
osol
Mas
s [
g m
-3]
9-Jun 11-Jun 13-Jun 15-Jun 17-Jun 19-Jun 21-Jun 23-Jun 25-Jun 27-Jun 29-Jun 1-Jul 3-Jul 5-Jul
24-hour Air Quality Standard (PM10)
Annual Mean Air Quality Standard (PM10)
Ammonium Chloride (NR) Nitrate Sulphate Organics PM10 Edinburgh
Concentration StatisticsNH3 HNO3 HCl HONO SO2 NH4
+ NO3- Cl- SO4
2- H2OMace Head 0.39 0.16 0.01 0.81 3.37
0.35 0.09 0.00 0.72 3.090.00 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.001.83 3.62 0.57 2.95 10.10
Auchencorth 1.10 0.14 0.32 0.03 0.42 0.69 0.89 0.77 2.300.36 0.03 0.16 0.01 0.25 0.11 0.21 0.34 1.860.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.41
15.48 1.58 2.74 0.27 4.88 5.48 13.25 6.32 16.10Harwell 2.20 1.03 0.34 0.29 3.04 1.32 3.94 0.80 3.85
2.04 0.59 0.20 0.23 1.39 0.99 2.96 0.26 3.260.54 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.13 0.07 0.15 0.01 0.134.72 7.76 2.67 1.24 60.90 7.32 36.97 8.04 38.20
Cabauw 11.66 1.29 0.86 0.34 2.25 2.39 5.17 0.59 3.119.69 0.66 0.30 0.20 1.50 1.61 3.45 0.24 2.840.82 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.72
102.11 16.92 9.07 2.75 16.63 14.24 42.66 4.03 8.93Payerne 2.10 1.94 0.03 3.12
1.99 1.56 0.03 2.890.52 0.18 0.00 0.815.20 7.65 0.46 7.74
AerosolsGases
Summary and Outlook• The continuous measurements provide a very nice dataset for
model evaluation• Successful given that this is a new modus operandi, although
more sites would be preferable• For January 2007:
– MARGA at Auchencorth (established supersite)– GRAEGOR at Harwell (supersite being established)– MARGA at Cabauw– AMS at Payerne (?)– Finish AMS at Scandinavian site? (part time?)– German AMS (MPI) at Jungfraujoch– More AMS systems could be deployed (e.g. Univ. Manchester AMSs).
Funding? • Gap in Southern and Eastern Europe• Conflict between long-term research commitments of the
participating institutes