stanleyhoward.sdsmt.edustanleyhoward.sdsmt.edu/MET320/Handouts/EllinghamDiagrams/Binder… ·...
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Ellingham Diagrams Stanley M. Howard, SD School of Mines and Technology Standard Gibb's Energies of Formation for Bromides Chlorides Fluorides Hydrides Iodides Nitrides Oxides Sulfides Selenides Tellurides The figures include nomographs for equilibrium partial pressures. Data sources: 1) Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2) D. R. Stull and H. Prophet, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS 37, U.S. Dept of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1971 This is an Internet Resource for MET 320 - Metallurgical Thermodynamics. Disclaimer: These diagrams are provided for educational purposes only and should not be relied on for design or analysis. There may be errors in some data. The user assumes all liability associated with the use of the diagrams.
Transcript of stanleyhoward.sdsmt.edustanleyhoward.sdsmt.edu/MET320/Handouts/EllinghamDiagrams/Binder… ·...
Ellingham Diagrams Stanley M. Howard, SD School of Mines and Technology
Standard Gibb's Energies of Formation for Bromides Chlorides Fluorides Hydrides Iodides Nitrides Oxides Sulfides Selenides Tellurides
The figures include nomographs for equilibrium partial pressures.
Data sources: 1) Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2) D. R. Stull and H. Prophet, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS 37, U.S. Dept of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1971
This is an Internet Resource for MET 320 - Metallurgical Thermodynamics.
Disclaimer: These diagrams are provided for educational purposes only and should not be relied on for design or analysis. There may be errors in some data. The user assumes all liability associated with the use of the diagrams.
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Bromides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
H2 + Br2 = 2HBr
2/3P + Br 2 = 2/3PBr 3B
1/3W + Br 2 = 1/3WBr 6
B
2/3B + Br 2 = 2/3BBr 3
bBM
Hg + Br 2 = H
gBr 2
B
M
Fe + Br 2 = FeBr 2
B
Mm
Pb + Br 2 = PbBr 2
B
M
1/2Ti + Br 2 = 1/2TiBr 4
m
B
M
2/3Al + Br 2
= 2/3AlBr 3
m
BM 2/3Be + Br2 = 2/3BeBr3
B
1/2Zr + Br 2 = 1/2ZrBr 4
B
b
Mm
Mg + Br 2 = M
gBr 2
b
M
m
2Li + Br 2 = 2LiBr
B
b
M
m
2Na + Br 2 = 2NaBr
B
bM
m
2K + Br 2
= 2KBr
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-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pBr2
pBr2
ΔGfo of Carbides (per gmole of C)
Compiled by Stanley M Howard using ThermoCalc Data assembled by Bharat Jastri. (c) 2006
Gibb Energies of Formation for Selected Carbides per gmole of C
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200
T, K
Gib
bs E
nerg
y pe
r gfw
C, K
cal/m
ole
C + 2W = W2C
C + 1.5Cr = 0.5Cr3C2
C + 2Mo = Mo2C
C + Si = SiC
C + Ta = TaC
C + 2V = V2C
C + Ti = TiC
C + 2Ta = Ta2C
C + Mo = MoC
aC
1
10-3
10-4
10-5
Fe, Ni, Co
10-1
10-2
Compiled by Stanley M Howard using ThermoCalc Data assembled by Bharat Jastri. (c) 2006
Gibb Energies of Formation for Selected Carbides per gmole of C
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-320
-300
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-240
-220
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-180
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-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200
T, K
Gib
bs E
nerg
y pe
r gfw
C, K
J/m
ole
C + 2W = W2C
C + 1.5Cr = 0.5Cr3C2
C + 2Mo = Mo2C
C + Si = SiC
C + Ta = TaC
C + 2V = V2C
C + Ti = TiC
C + 2Ta = Ta2C
C + Mo = MoC
aC
1
10-1
10-3
10-2
Fe, Ni, Co
10-4
10-22
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Chlorides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
1/2C + Cl 2 = 1/2CCl 4
Ir + Cl 2
= IrCl 2
b
m
BM
1/2Te + Cl 2
= 1/2TeCl 4
BM
2/5Ta + Cl 2
= 2/5TaCl 5
B
m
M
2Ag + Cl 2
= 2AgCl
m
B
M
Ni + Cl 2
= NiCl 2
B
Mm
2/3Ga + Cl 2
= 2/3GaCl 3
mB
M
V + Cl 2
= VCl 2
B
m
M
2/3U + Cl 2 =
2/3UCl 3
B
mM
2/3Ac + Cl 2
= 2/3AcCl 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pCl2
pCl2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Chlorides: Part-2 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2Au + Cl 2 = 2AuCl
Pt + Cl 2 =
PtCl 2
bm
2/3P + Cl 2
= 2/3PCl 3
b
B
mM
2/3Bi + Cl 2 = 2/3BiCl 3
m
BM
2/3Fe + Cl 2
= 2/3FeCl 3
m
B
1/2Si + Cl 2 =
1/2SiCl 4
bB
m
2/3In + Cl 2
= 2/3InCl 3
b
m
BM
2/3Al + Cl 2
= 2/3AlCl 3
mBM
2/3Sc + Cl 2 = 2/3ScCl 3
B
mM
2/3La + Cl 2
= 2/3LaCl 3
B
b
Mm
Sr + Cl 2
= SrCl 2
B
b
M
m
Ba + Cl 2
= BaCl 2
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pCl2
pCl2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Chlorides: Part-3 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
b
mB
1/2Se + Cl 2
= 1/2SeCl 4
B
1/3W + Cl 2
= 1/3WCl 6
BM
2/5Nb + Cl 2 =
2/5NbCl 5
m
2/3Ba + Cl 2 = 2/3BaCl 3
mB
M
Co + Cl 2
= CoCl 2
m
BM
1/3U + Cl 2
= 1/3UCl 6
m
B
1/2Zr + Cl 2
= 1/2ZrCl 4
B
b
Mm
Mg + Cl 2
= MgCl 2
B
b
mM
Ca + Cl 2
= CaCl 2
B
Mb
m
2Rb + Cl 2
= 2RbCl
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-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pCl2
pCl2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Chlorides: Part-4 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
BM
1/3Mo + Cl 2
= 1/3MoCl 6
2H + Cl2 = 2HCl
bm
B
M
2/3Sb + Cl 2
= 2/3SbCl 3
m
B
2/3Ge + Cl 2
= 2/3GeCl 3
m
B
M
Fe + Cl 2
= FeCl 2
B
b
M
m
Cd + Cl 2 =
CdCl 2
B
1/2Hf + Cl 2 =
1/2HfCl 4
B
bM
m
2Cs + Cl 2 =
2CsCl
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pCl2
pCl2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Chlorides: Part-5 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2/3Re + Cl 2
= 2/3ReCl 3
bB
2/3As + Cl 2
= 2/3AsCl 3
mB
1/2Sn + Cl 2
= 1/2SnCl 4
b
m
BM
2/3Mn + Cl 2
= 2/3MnCl 3
mB
2/3Cr + Cl 2
= 2/3CrCl 3
m
B
1/2Ti + Cl 2
= 1/2TiCl 4
mB
M
2/3Y + Cl 2
= 2/3YCl 3
Bb
M
m
2Li + Cl 2
= 2LiCl
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pCl2
pCl2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Chlorides: Part-6 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2/5P + Cl 2 = 2/5PCl 5
m
b
Hg + Cl 2 = H
gCl 2
MB b
2Cu + Cl 2 = 2CuCl
M
m
B
Pb + Cl 2 = P
bCl 2
m
M
B b
Zn + Cl 2 =
ZnCl 2
M
m
Bb
2Na + Cl 2
= 2NaCl
m
M
b
B
2K + Cl 2
= 2KCl
m
Mb
B
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pCl2
pCl2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Fluorides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
BM
1/2Ir + F 2
= 1/2IrF 4
Bm
M
2/3Au + F 2
= 2/3AuF 3
1/2C + F 2
= 1/2CF 4
BM
1/3Re + F 2
= 1/3ReF 6
b
m
1/3Te + F 2
= 1/3TeF 6
b
m
B2/5Sb
+ F 2 =
2/5SbF 5
B1/3Mo + F 2
= 1/3MoF 6
b
B
M
m
2/3Bi + F 2
= 2/3BiF 3
B
M
b
m
Cd + F 2
= CdF 2 B
m
2/5Nb + F 2
= 2/5NbF 5
m
2/3B + F 2 = 2/3BF 3
B
M
m
2Li + F 2
= 2LiF
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pF2
pF2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Fluorides: Part-2 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
b
m
1/3Se + F 2
= 1/3SeF 6
Bm
M
2Ag + F 2
= 2AgF
M
m2/3P
+ F 2 =
2/3PF 3
B
m
M
Cu + F 2
= CuF 2
1/3W + F 2
= 1/3WF 6
M
Ni + F 2
= NiF 2
m
B
1/3U + F 2
= 1/3UF 6
b
B
1/2Ti + F 2
= 1/2TiF 4
B
M
m
1/2Ce + F 2
= 1/2CeF 4
B
mM
2/3Y + F 2
= 2/3YF 3
M
m
2/3La + F 2
= 2/3LaF 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pF2
pF2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Fluorides: Part-3 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
1/3S + F 2 =
1/3SF 6
BM
m
Hg + F 2
= HgF 2
B
2/5As + F 2
= 2/5AsF 5
b
B
Mm
2Tl + F 2
= 2TlF m
1/2Ge + F 2
= 1/2GeF 4
M
Co + F 2
= CoF 2
M
m
2/3Ga + F 2
= 2/3GaF 3
m
1/2Si + F 2
= 1/2SiF 4
Bm
M
2/3Be + F 2
= 2/3BeF 3
B
b
m
Mg + F 2
= MgF 2
b
M
m
Ba + F 2
= BaF 2
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pF2
pF2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Fluorides: Part-4 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
m
BM
2/5Pt + F 2 =
2/5PtF 5
B
M
m
1/2Sn + F 2
= 1/2SnF 4
BM
2/5Ta + F 2
= 2/5TaF 5
M
m
Pb + F 2
= PbF 2
M
Fe + F 2
= FeF 2
m
B
M
2/3Cr + F 2
= 2/3CrF 3
M
2/3V + F 2
= 2/3VF 3
B
1/2Hf + F 2
= 1/2HfF 4
mB
M
2/3Sc + F 2
= 2/3ScF 3
B
b
M
m
2K + F 2
= 2KF
Mb
m
Sr + F 2
= Srf 2
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pF2
pF2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Fluorides: Part-5 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2H + F
2 = 2HF
BM
m
2/3In + F 2
= 2/3InF 3
B
bM
m
Zn + F 2
= ZnF 2
m
M
Mn + F 2
= MnF 2
M
m
2/3Al + F 2
= 2/3AlF 3
m
B
1/2Zr + F 2
= 1/2ZrF 4
Bm
M
1/2Th + F 2
= 1/2ThF 4
M
m
2/3Ac + F 2
= 2/3AcF 3
B
b
M
m
2Na + F 2
= 2NaF
bM
m
Ca + F 2
= CaF 2
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pF2
pF2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Hydrides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2I + H
2 = 2IH
Mg + H 2
= MgH 2
2Cs + H 2
= 2CsH
m
Ca + H 2
= CaH 2
M
m
2Li + H 2
= 2LiH
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pH2
pH2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Hydrides: Part-2 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2/3N + H 2
= 2/3NH 3
2Br + H
2 = 2BrH
M
m
2Na + H 2
= 2NaH m
Ba + H 2
= BaH 2
2Cl + H
2 = 2ClH
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pH2
pH2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Hydrides: Part-3 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
1/2C + H 2
= 1/2CH 4
m
2Rb + H 2
= 2RbH
M
m
2K + H 2
= 2KH
m
Sr + H 2
= SrH 2
2F + H
2 = 2FH
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pH2
pH2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Hydrides: Part-4 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
m
1/2Pb + H 2 =
1/2PbH 4
m
1/2Sn + H 2
= 1/2SnH 4
1/2Ge + H 2
= 1/2GeH 4
b
2/3P + H 2
= 2/3PH 3
2/3B + H 2
= 2/3BH 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109101010111012101310141015101610171018101910201022102410261028103010351040105010100
pH2
pH2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Hydrides: Part-5 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2C + H
2 = C2 H
2
m
2/3Sb + H 2
= 2/3SbH 3
2N + H 2
= N 2
H 2
b2/3As + H 2
= 2/3AsH 3
m
1/2Si + H 2
= 1/2SiH 4
Be + H 2
= BeH 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109101010111012101310141015101610171018101910201022102410261028103010351040105010100
pH2
pH2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Iodides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2H + I
2 = 2HI
bBM
Hg + I 2
= HgI 2
B
Mm
Pb + I 2
= PbI 2
2/3Al + I 2
= 2/3AlI 3
m
1/2Zr + I 2 = 1/2ZrI 4
B
b
M
m
2Na + I 2
= 2NaI
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pI2
pI2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Iodides: Part-2 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
B
M
Fe + I 2
= FeI 2
B
M
1/2Ti + I 2
= 1/2TiI 4 m
B
Be + I 2
= BeI 2
B
M
m
2Li + I 2
= 2LiI
B
bM
m
2K + I 2
= 2KI
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pI2
pI2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Nitrides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
8Fe + N 2
= 2Fe 4
N
4Mo + N 2
= 2Mo 2
N
m
2Cr + N 2
= 2CrN
m
Si + N 2
= 1/2Si 2
N 4
4Nb + N 2
= 2Nb 2
N
m
2B + N 2
= 2BN
m
2Al + N 2
= 2AlN
m
2Ti + N 2
= 2TiN
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pN2
pN2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Nitrides: Part-2 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2/3N + N 2
= 2/3NH 3
4Cr + N 2
= 2Cr 2
N
2V + N 2
= 2VN
b
m
3Mg + N 2
= Mg 3
N 2
2Ta + N 2
= 2TaN
b
M
m
3Ca + N 2
= Ca 3
N 2
m
2Ce + N 2
= 2CeN
2Zr + N 2
= 2ZrN
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pN2
pN2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Oxides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
4Bi3O
4+O2 = 6Bi
2O3M
4Ag + O 2
= 2Ag 2
O
3/2Pt + O 2
= 1/2Pt 3
O 4
b
m
Tl 2O
+ O 2 =
Tl 2O 3
bM
m
Se + O 2
= SeO 2
b
B
mM
4Tl + O 2
= 2Tl 2
O
S + O 2
= SO 2
3/2Bi + O 2
= 1/2Bi 3
O 4
M
m
2Co + O 2
= 2CoO
M
b
m
2Zn + O 2
= 2ZnO
2Ce 2O 3
+ O 2 =
4CeO 2
M
4/5Ta + O 2
= 2/5Ta 2
O 5
m
Zr + O 2
= ZrO 2
m
4/3Ce +O 2
= 2/3Ce 2
O 3
m
4/3Pr + O 2
= 2/3Pr 2
O 3
m
4/3Sc + O 2
= 2/3Sc 2
O 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pO2
pO2
10-40 10-30 10-20 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
1013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pCO/pCO2
pCO/pCO2
10-40 10-30 10-2010-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
10121013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pH2/pH2O
pH2/pH2O
C X
H X
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Oxides: Part-2 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2Mn 2O 3
+ O 2 =
4MnO 2
Cu 2O
+ O 2 =
2CuO
M
m
4Cu + O 2
= 2Cu 2
O
4MnO + O 2
= 2Mn 2
O 3
M
m
2Ni + O 2
= 2NiO
b
m
2Cd + O 2
= CdO
2CO + O 2
= CO 2
M
4NbO + O 2
= 2Nb 2
O 3
M
m
4/3Ga +O 2
= 2/3Ga 2
O 3
b
M
m
2Mn + O 2
= 2MnO
M
2Nb + O 2
= 2NbO
m
2Nb 2O 3
+ O 2 =
4NbO 2m
U + O 2
= UO 2
M
b
m
2Ba + O 2
= BaO
m
2Be + O 2
= BeO
m
4/3Gd +O 2
= 2/3Gd 2
O 3
m
4/3Y + O 2
= 2/3Y 2
O 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pO2
pO2
10-40 10-30 10-20 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
1013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pCO/pCO2
pCO/pCO2
10-40 10-30 10-2010-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
10121013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pH2/pH2O
pH2/pH2O
C X
H X
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Oxides: Part-3 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
4/3Rh + O 2
= 2/3Rh 2
O 3
4.762Tb 2O 3
+ O 2 =
9.524TbO 1.709
b
BM
As +O 2
= 1/2As 2
O 4
b
B
Mm
4/3Sb +O 2
= 2/3Sb 2
O 3
B
M
2/3W + O 2
= 2/3WO 3
bM
4/5P
+ O 2 =
2/5P 2
O 5
bB
M
m
4Cs +
O 2 =
2Cs 2
O
m
M
2Ti 3O 5
+ O 2 =
6TiO 2
mM
6Ti 2O 3
+ O 2 =
4Ti 3O 5
Mm
4TiO + O 2
= 2Ti 2
O 3
Mm
2Ti + O 2
= 2TiO
m
4/3Er +O 2
= 2/3Er 2
O 3
m
4/3Dy +O 2
= 2/3Dy 2
O 3
M
b
m
4Li + O 2
= 2Li 2
O
m
Th + O 2
= ThO 2
b
m
2Ca + O 2
= CaO
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pO2
pO2
10-40 10-30 10-20 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
1013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pCO/pCO2
pCO/pCO2
10-40 10-30 10-20 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
10121013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pH2/pH2O
pH2/pH2O
C X
H X
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Oxides: Part-4 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
M
V 2O 3
+ O 2 = V 2O 5
2C + O
2 = 2CO
m
M
4VO 2 + O 2
= 2V 2
O 5
M
2V 2O 3
+ O 2 =
4VO 2
C + O2 =
CO2
m
6FeO + O 2
= 2Fe 3
O 4
mM
2Fe + O 2
= 2FeO
4Fe 3O 4
+ O 2 =
6Fe 2O 3
3/2Fe + O 2
= 1/2Fe 3
O 4
2H 2 + O 2
= 2H 2
O
m
4VO + O 2
= 2V 2
O 3
M
m
2V + O 2
= 2VO
1.17Tb + O 2 = 1.17TbO 1.709
m
b
m
2Sr + O 2
= 2SrO
b
m
2Mg + O 2
= 2MgO
m
4/3Tb + O 2
= 2/3Tb 2
O 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pO2
pO2
10-40 10-30 10-20 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
1013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pCO/pCO2
pCO/pCO2
10-40 10-30 10-2010-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
10121013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pH2/pH2O
pH2/pH2O
C X
H X
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Oxides: Part-5 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2/3Ir + O 2
= 2/3IrO 3
Os + O 2
= OsO 2
b
M
m
Te + O 2
= TeO 2
b
B
M
m
2Pb + O 2
= 2PbO
M
m
Ge + O 2
= GeO 2
B
m
Sn + O 2
= SnO 2
bM
m
4Rb + O 2
= 2Rb 2
O
4EuO +O 2
= 2Eu 2
O 3
m
1.09Pr + O 2 = 1.09 PrO 1.83
M
m
4/3Pu + O 2
= 2/3Pu 2
O 3
M
m
4/3Al +O 2
= 2/3Al 2
O 3
m
4/3La + O 2
= 2/3La 2
O 3
m
2Eu + O 2
= 2EuO
m
4/3Lu + O 2
= 2/3Lu 2
O 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pO2
pO2
10-40 10-30 10-20 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
1013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pCO/pCO2
pCO/pCO2
10-40 10-30 10-2010-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
10121013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pH2/pH2O
pH2/pH2O
C X
H X
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Oxides: Part-6 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2Cr 2O 3
+ O 2 =
4CrO 2
m
4/3Cr +O 2
= 2/3Cr 2
O 3
B
Mb
m
4Na + O 2
= 2Na 2
O
Hf + O 2
= HfO 2
m
4/3Yb + O 2
= 2/3Yb 2
O 3
m
4/3Ho + O 2
= 2/3Ho 2
O 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pO2
pO2
10-40 10-30 10-20 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
1013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pCO/pCO2
pCO/pCO2
10-40 10-30 10-2010-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
10121013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pH2/pH2O
pH2/pH2O
C X
H X
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Oxides: Part-7 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
b
M
m
4/3In + O 2
= 2/3In 2
O 3
B
bM
m
4K + O 2
= 2K 2
O
m
M
4/3B +O 2
= 2/3B 2
O 3
Mm
Si + O 2
= SiO 2
m
4/3Sm + O 2
= 2/3Sm 2
O 3
m
4/3Tm + O 2
= 2/3Tm 2
O 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pO2
pO2
10-40 10-30 10-20 10-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
1012
1013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pCO/pCO2
pCO/pCO2
10-40 10-30 10-2010-18 10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
10121013101410151016101710181019102010221024102610281030104010501060
pH2/pH2O
pH2/pH2O
C X
H X
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Sulfides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2C + S
2 = 2CS
C + S2 =
CS2
2H 2 + S 2
= 2H 2
S
O2 + S
2 = 2SO
3Ni + S 2
= Ni 3
S 2
B
M
m
2Sn + S 2
= 2SnS
b
m
2Zn + S 2
= 2ZnS
m
2Ce + S 2
= 2CeS
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pS2
pS2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Sulfides: Part-2 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2FeS + S 2
= 2FeS 2
2Cu + S 2
= 2CuS
mM
2Fe + S 2
= 2FeS
9/4Co + S 2
= 1/4Co 9
S 8
Mo + S 2
= MoS 2
b
m
2Cd + S 2
= 2CdS
b
m
2Mg + S 2
= 2MgS
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pS2
pS2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Sulfides: Part-3 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
2Pt + S 2
= 2PtS
m
4Cu + S 2
= 2Cu 2S m
BM
2Ge + S 2
= 2GeS
W + S 2
= WS 2
M
m
2Mn + S 2
= 2MnS
Mb
m
4Na + S 2
= 2Na 2
S
2/3S +
S 2 = 2
/3SO 3
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pS2
pS2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Sulfides: Part-4 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
mM
4Ag + S 2
= 2Ag 2
S
4/3Ir + S 2
= 2/3Ir 2
S 3
B
M
m
2Pb + S 2
= 2PbS
BM
Si + S 2
= SiS 2
M
m
4/3Al + S 2
= 2/3Al 2
S 3
2O2 +
S 2 = 2
SO 2
b
M
m
2Ga + S 2
= 2GaS
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pS2
pS2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Selenides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
Xx
2Cu + Se
2 = 2CuSe
M
Xx
4Ag + Se
2 = 2Ag
2Se
X
bx2Hg + Se 2
= 2HgSe
B
M
X
mx
2Sn + Se
2 =
2SnSe
B
M
X
mx
2Pb + Se 2 =
2PbSe mB
Xx2Ge
+ Se2 = 2GeSe
Xx
2Mn + Se
2 = 2MnSe
M
B
X
mx
2Cd + Se 2 =
2CdSe
M
b
X
mx
2Zn + Se 2 = 2ZnSe
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pSe2
pSe2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Tellurides: Part-1 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
Xmx
4/3Sb + Te
2 = 2/3Sb2Te3
XmM
x
4Ag + Te
2 = 2Ag
2Tex
b2Hg + Te 2
= 2HgTe
B
XM
xm
2Pb + Te 2 =
2PbTe
M
X
b
xm
2Cd + Te 2 =
2CdTe
b
Xm
x
2Ca + Te 2 = 2CaTe
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pTe2
pTe2
Ellingham Diagram for Selected Tellurides: Part-2 © 2006 Stanley. M. Howard
Data from Thomas B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
XM
xm
4/3Bi + Te2 =
2/3Bi2Te3
X
BmM
x2Ge + Te2 = 2GeTe B
XM
xm2Sn + Te2 = 2SnTe
m
Xx
2Mn + Te
2 = 2MnTe
M
X
b
xm
2Zn + Te 2
= 2ZnTe
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400T, K
∆∆ ∆∆G
o, K
cal/g
fw
m - Element Meltingb - Element BoilingM - Compound MeltingB - Compound Boiling
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
10-16
10-18
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-26
10-2810-3010-3510-4010-4510-5010-6010-7010-8010-9010-10010-15010-200
pTe2
pTe2
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