Developments in Wind Turbines Terrestrial to Offshore
Transcript of Developments in Wind Turbines Terrestrial to Offshore
Developments in Wind TurbinesTerrestrial to Offshore
Dr Curran Crawford
Living Without Oil Lecture Series Part OneAn Elder Academy Event
February 22 2020
1 123
Outline
Meteorology
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology Overview
Deployment amp Economics
Offshore Wind Energy
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
2 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
3 123
Ultimately winds arise from uneven heating of the earth
I Solar radiationI Typically absorbed first by land amp waterI Transferred by various mechanisms back to air
I Energy absorption varies spatially amp temporallyI Eg Water desert forest etc
I Sets up temperature density and pressure differences
I Leads to forces to re-establish equilibrium
I Hence the flows of air we call wind
I Typical coastal example
I Water is a moderator - relatively constant temperatureI During the day land heats up creating low pressure regionI Onshore breeze as air over water is relatively coolI Overnight land cools and wind stops or may reverseI Go to Nitinat lake to observe
4 123
At the scale of an individual turbine winds are greatlyaffected greatly by local conditions
I TopologyI Top of a hillI Sheltered valley
I Surface conditionsI Rough treesI Smooth dessertI Lakes and oceans
I Built-up areasI Urban areas (Carpman 2011)I Individual houses barns etcI Other turbines
5 123
Wind power density is a cubic function of wind speed
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
Pturbine = 12ρV
3CPA
I CP ranges from 01 to 059
I Betz limit 1627
I Capture area A growing with diameter D2
6 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
7 123
Standard wind speed measurement tools NRG and RMYoung are the most common
Wind vane cup anemometer
Windmill anemometer
Sonic anemometers and temperaturesensor
8 123
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Outline
Meteorology
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology Overview
Deployment amp Economics
Offshore Wind Energy
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
2 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
3 123
Ultimately winds arise from uneven heating of the earth
I Solar radiationI Typically absorbed first by land amp waterI Transferred by various mechanisms back to air
I Energy absorption varies spatially amp temporallyI Eg Water desert forest etc
I Sets up temperature density and pressure differences
I Leads to forces to re-establish equilibrium
I Hence the flows of air we call wind
I Typical coastal example
I Water is a moderator - relatively constant temperatureI During the day land heats up creating low pressure regionI Onshore breeze as air over water is relatively coolI Overnight land cools and wind stops or may reverseI Go to Nitinat lake to observe
4 123
At the scale of an individual turbine winds are greatlyaffected greatly by local conditions
I TopologyI Top of a hillI Sheltered valley
I Surface conditionsI Rough treesI Smooth dessertI Lakes and oceans
I Built-up areasI Urban areas (Carpman 2011)I Individual houses barns etcI Other turbines
5 123
Wind power density is a cubic function of wind speed
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
Pturbine = 12ρV
3CPA
I CP ranges from 01 to 059
I Betz limit 1627
I Capture area A growing with diameter D2
6 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
7 123
Standard wind speed measurement tools NRG and RMYoung are the most common
Wind vane cup anemometer
Windmill anemometer
Sonic anemometers and temperaturesensor
8 123
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
3 123
Ultimately winds arise from uneven heating of the earth
I Solar radiationI Typically absorbed first by land amp waterI Transferred by various mechanisms back to air
I Energy absorption varies spatially amp temporallyI Eg Water desert forest etc
I Sets up temperature density and pressure differences
I Leads to forces to re-establish equilibrium
I Hence the flows of air we call wind
I Typical coastal example
I Water is a moderator - relatively constant temperatureI During the day land heats up creating low pressure regionI Onshore breeze as air over water is relatively coolI Overnight land cools and wind stops or may reverseI Go to Nitinat lake to observe
4 123
At the scale of an individual turbine winds are greatlyaffected greatly by local conditions
I TopologyI Top of a hillI Sheltered valley
I Surface conditionsI Rough treesI Smooth dessertI Lakes and oceans
I Built-up areasI Urban areas (Carpman 2011)I Individual houses barns etcI Other turbines
5 123
Wind power density is a cubic function of wind speed
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
Pturbine = 12ρV
3CPA
I CP ranges from 01 to 059
I Betz limit 1627
I Capture area A growing with diameter D2
6 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
7 123
Standard wind speed measurement tools NRG and RMYoung are the most common
Wind vane cup anemometer
Windmill anemometer
Sonic anemometers and temperaturesensor
8 123
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Ultimately winds arise from uneven heating of the earth
I Solar radiationI Typically absorbed first by land amp waterI Transferred by various mechanisms back to air
I Energy absorption varies spatially amp temporallyI Eg Water desert forest etc
I Sets up temperature density and pressure differences
I Leads to forces to re-establish equilibrium
I Hence the flows of air we call wind
I Typical coastal example
I Water is a moderator - relatively constant temperatureI During the day land heats up creating low pressure regionI Onshore breeze as air over water is relatively coolI Overnight land cools and wind stops or may reverseI Go to Nitinat lake to observe
4 123
At the scale of an individual turbine winds are greatlyaffected greatly by local conditions
I TopologyI Top of a hillI Sheltered valley
I Surface conditionsI Rough treesI Smooth dessertI Lakes and oceans
I Built-up areasI Urban areas (Carpman 2011)I Individual houses barns etcI Other turbines
5 123
Wind power density is a cubic function of wind speed
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
Pturbine = 12ρV
3CPA
I CP ranges from 01 to 059
I Betz limit 1627
I Capture area A growing with diameter D2
6 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
7 123
Standard wind speed measurement tools NRG and RMYoung are the most common
Wind vane cup anemometer
Windmill anemometer
Sonic anemometers and temperaturesensor
8 123
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
At the scale of an individual turbine winds are greatlyaffected greatly by local conditions
I TopologyI Top of a hillI Sheltered valley
I Surface conditionsI Rough treesI Smooth dessertI Lakes and oceans
I Built-up areasI Urban areas (Carpman 2011)I Individual houses barns etcI Other turbines
5 123
Wind power density is a cubic function of wind speed
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
Pturbine = 12ρV
3CPA
I CP ranges from 01 to 059
I Betz limit 1627
I Capture area A growing with diameter D2
6 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
7 123
Standard wind speed measurement tools NRG and RMYoung are the most common
Wind vane cup anemometer
Windmill anemometer
Sonic anemometers and temperaturesensor
8 123
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind power density is a cubic function of wind speed
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
Pturbine = 12ρV
3CPA
I CP ranges from 01 to 059
I Betz limit 1627
I Capture area A growing with diameter D2
6 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
7 123
Standard wind speed measurement tools NRG and RMYoung are the most common
Wind vane cup anemometer
Windmill anemometer
Sonic anemometers and temperaturesensor
8 123
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
7 123
Standard wind speed measurement tools NRG and RMYoung are the most common
Wind vane cup anemometer
Windmill anemometer
Sonic anemometers and temperaturesensor
8 123
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Standard wind speed measurement tools NRG and RMYoung are the most common
Wind vane cup anemometer
Windmill anemometer
Sonic anemometers and temperaturesensor
8 123
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
LiDAR is playing an increasingly large role
9 123
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind speeds vary on a number of time scales
10 123
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Weibull probability density function f (U) describes annualhourly average wind speeds
11 123
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind roses are used to display directional wind information
I Binning of azimuthal direction measurements
I Length indicates relative probability
I Example for CIMTAN site in Kyuquot
12 123
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
MeteorologyOrigins of the WindCharacterizing the WindThe Earthrsquos Boundary Layer
13 123
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind turbines typically operate in the boundary layer
I 200 ndash 500 m boundary layer height
I Boundary layer influenced by
I Strength of the geostrophic windI Surface roughnessI Coriolis effectsI Thermal effects
14 123
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Boundary layer profiles vary greatly over time withprevailing conditions
WRF simulations for Pritzwalk
15 123
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind turbines always operate in an unsteady environment
16 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
17 123
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The power in the wind has been used for thousands ofyears first for transportation
18 123
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind has been used since first century AD to directly domechanical work
I Pumping water (irrigation and drainage)
I Grinding grain
Persian WindmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFilePerzsa malomsvg 19 123
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
A little wind turbine taxonomy
I HAWT horizontal axis windturbine
I VAWT vertical axis windturbine (cross-flow etc)
20 123
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Up to 200000 windmills in Europe at their peak and werealready adaptive structures
Danish windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
DK Fanoe Windmill01JPG
Greek windmillSource httpenwikipediaorgwikiFile
Windmill Antimahia Kosjpg 21 123
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The farm windmill is an iconic image
I Note large number of blades
I Self-furling tail
22 123
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Charles Brush in the US 18801890s
I 56 foot diameter amp 144 wood bladesI Lasted 20 yearsI 12 kW peak powerI Recharged 408 batteries to illuminate 350 incandescent lamps
three electric motors and two arc lights23 123
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind turbine (Jacobs) used in North America beforetransmission lines reached rural areas
I 30000 units installed
I Passive control
24 123
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The oil crises of the 1970rsquos were the impetus for modernwind turbines
I The Danish industry grewout of the farming industry
I Started small andincrementally built
I Locally owned-operatedmachines - social license
I Governmentsubsidiessupport as nodomestic fossil resources
25 123
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Vestas is an example of a Danish manufacturer thatoriginally made farming equipment
26 123
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The US hired aerospace engineers and large companiesand didnrsquot succeed
I NASA Westinghouse GE Boeing United TechnologiesI Go big or go home didnrsquot workI USrsquos current turbines (eg GE) are essentially Danish imports
27 123
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Mod-1 turbine in action - note downwind orientation
28 123
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Canada unfortunately backed the wrong (4 MW) horseI Again go big or go home didnrsquot workI VAWTs didnrsquot win out
I Cyclic loading complex aerodynamics
29 123
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
And so we have the modern 3-bladed upwindldquoDanish-conceptrdquo machines you see around today
30 123
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
ldquoDanish-conceptrdquo turbines continue to grow in size
Sourcehttpswwwcleanenergywireorgfactsheetsgerman-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives
31 123
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Same size evolution seen in the US
Source httpswwwvoxcomenergy-and-environment20183817084158wind-turbine-power-energy-blades
32 123
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Manufactures typically offer a range of rotor sizes suitedfor different conditions
I Vestas 4 MW nominal rating lineI Common nacelle various tower heightsI Range of wind speeds
33 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
34 123
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind energy is extracted through a step change in staticpressure which affects velocities around the rotor
35 123
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The actuator disc model is the most basic model of anenergy-extracting disc
I Rotor doing work on the flow P = TUD
I Basis of many analysis approaches (BEM CFD porous discexperiments)
36 123
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
BEM theory is based on the assumption of independentradial streamtubes (annuli)
I Blades exert pressure forces on flow due to local aerodynamicloading
37 123
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
There are various ways to understand the lift generated onan airfoil
I Local velocities determine pressures around the airfoil creatinglift
I Sheared flow (and separation) create drag
38 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
39 123
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The flow around a wind turbine rotor is complex andfundamentally governs the power capture and loads
(httpiimgurcomqruVcnujpg)
40 123
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wake simulations are key for individual machines andarrays
41 123
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Vertical axis turbine wakes are even more challenging tosimulate
(httpwwwgauss-centreeugauss-centreENProjectsEnvironmentEnergychatelain˙VAWThtmlnn=1345670)
42 123
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Experiments remain challenging even for steady-stategiven scales and accuracy requirements involved
IEA Task 29 Mexico rotor experiment43 123
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Our trailer-based test rig for towed amp parked testing
44 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
45 123
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Various ideas are used and tried to improve aerodynamicperformance
Vortex generators
Serrated trailed edges
Turbuncles
46 123
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Modern machines operate in variable speed mode andpitch control modes
I Region I pitch used to assist in start-upI Region II pitch constant and speed variedI Region III speed constant and pitch varied to maintain rated
power
47 123
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Instantaneous power always fluctuating
48 123
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
lsquoConventionalrsquo Technology OverviewHistorical DevelopmentBasics of Wind Energy ExtractionAerodynamics is ComplicatedImproving PerformanceStructures amp Drivetrains
49 123
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Large quantities of reinforcing steel to transfer in loadsfrom tower to base
50 123
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Foundation bolts ready for tower installation
51 123
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Various types of towers used but the uniformly taperedtubular tower is the standard
I Guyed and latticemulti-element towers structurally efficiency
I But aesthetics plays a key role
52 123
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Towers are frequently manufactured locally in 3ndash4 sectionsand bolted together on-site
53 123
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Doubly-fed induction generators with gearboxes have beenthe emergent norm for drivetrains
54 123
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Enercon has used exclusively electrically exciteddirect-drive generators for decades - heavy nacelles
55 123
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Siemens (formerly Bonus) Gamesa has a direct drivepermanent magnet machine
56 123
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind turbine blades are massive composite structures
(httpswwwthemanufacturercomarticlesfishing-fibreglass-hull-embraces-blade-production)
57 123
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Blades are made up of composite layups
-1 -09 -08 -07 -06 -05 -04 -03 -02 -01 0-01
0
01
02
03
04
Student Version of MATLAB
58 123
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
We can simulate composite wind turbine structuresaccounting for material variability
I Bayesian approach accounting for natural property variationand model deficiencies
59 123
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The fundamental square-cube law continues to be lsquobrokenrsquo
Capture area prop D2
Mass prop D3
I LM 1070 P blade (2019) - 220 m dia 55 t mass
60 123
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
LM 1070 P blade
61 123
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Reducing blade weight as machines grow is a chief concern
I Reduce aerodynamic loadsI Reduce gravity bending moments
I Further reduce structural requirements
GE fabric blade concept (canceled in 2014)62 123
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Transportation becomes a challenge
I Localized manufacturingI Offshore advantages
63 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
64 123
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Canadian distribution of wind resource at 50 m
65 123
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Global average windspeeds at 50m height - Class IV 7ms+
(httpvisibleearthnasagovviewphpid=56893)66 123
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The fact that the wind resource is globally distributed is akey attraction and motivator to harness it
I Very large potential resource
I Potential for GHG reductions in most economiesI Avoidance of conflict
I Fuel source not a geopolitical commodityI Proliferation proof
I Relatively labour intensiveI Jobs sell energy ideas (look at marketing for oilsands
pipelines etc)I Wind prospecting amp sitingI Localized manufacturing of large componentsI Civil works
67 123
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The fact that the wind resource is distributed is also achallenge
I Low energy (power) density compared to fossil amp nuclear
Pdensity = 12ρV
3
I Transmission to load centresI Local impacts
I Nearby residents vs landownersI Visual (aesthetics amp flicker)I AcousticI Wildlife
I Variable
I IntermittentI Capacity factor impact on design amp economicsI Implications for integration ndash a whole other talk
68 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
69 123
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Global installed renewable generation continues to growwith wind making a large contribution after hydro
Stack Hydro wind solar biomassSource httpswwwirenaorgStatisticsView-Data-by-TopicCapacity-and-GenerationStatistics-Time-Series
70 123
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Although still a relatively small contributor overall wind isgrowing as a of global electricity energy mix
Source httpswwwnrelgovdocsfy18osti70231pdf
71 123
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Electricity generation (capacity) type highly regional
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml
72 123
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
National Energy Board electricity generation (TWh)forecast
Source httpswwwcer-recgccanrgntgrtdftr2019index-enghtml 73 123
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Installed wind capacity in Canada
Source httpscanweacawind-energyinstalled-capacity
74 123
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Globally wind power continues to expand through newbuild and re-powering
Source httpwwwgwecnet 75 123
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Future growth to continue
Source httpwwwgwecnet
I Recent auction results subsidy-free (2020-2022 delivery)I e0025kWh (Alberta)I e0015kWh (Mexico)I Wholesale elec price for 700 MW Hollandse Kust (Netherlands)
76 123
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
China has like in many other areas dominated the picture
Source httpwwwgwecnet77 123
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Deployment amp EconomicsWind ResourceInstalled Capacity GrowthDecommissioning
78 123
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Turbines typically have a 20 yr design life and machine sizegrowth is rapid
(httpswwwdesertsuncomstorytechscienceenergy20181024palm-springs-iconic-wind-farms-could-change-dramatically1578515002)
I Repowering with fewer larger machines
79 123
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Disposalrecycling is becoming an issue
Wyoming landfill example (2019)80 123
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Playgrounds arenrsquot going to cut it
81 123
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Pyrolysis current option
(httpwwwrenewableenergyfocuscomview319recycling-wind)
82 123
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Regardless the GHG LCA of wind is very good
(Moomaw et al 2011)83 123
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
(Hertwich et al 2015) 84 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
85 123
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Many projects have been developed over last 15 years
86 123
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Some growing pains but now mature
I London Array (2013) 630 MW 175x Siemens 36-120
I 370 MW Phase 2 abandoned in 2014
87 123
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Optimal support structure is dictated by water depth andbottom geotechnics
88 123
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Offshore transformer stations
Lillgrund
Nysted
89 123
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Installation has lead to specialized equipment
90 123
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Servicing has also spawned a specialized industry
91 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
92 123
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Canada and BC in particular has a large offshore windresource
93 123
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
BCrsquos coastal remoteness and bathymetry motives theinvestigation of floating offshore wind
94 123
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Offshore turbines shift the proportion of costs to Balanceof Station (BOS) and increases total costs
Offshore reference turbine CAPEX breakdown ($5600kW)1
I 2018 e245MMW = $3700kW CND
I Site C $107B1100 MW = $9727kW (55 capacityfactor vs wind rated power metric)
1Tegen et al 2012
95 123
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Continued drive towards larger machines
Nov 2019 commissioning
96 123
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Costs continue to fall over time with larger machines andmore deployments
(httpeuanmearnscoma-review-of-recent-solar-wind-auction-prices)
97 123
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Recent data on offshore wind auctions
I Site C estimates 002ndash007 USDkWhI 2018 German offshore wind auction average 0053 USDkWhI 2020 ShellEDP Massachusetts Mayflower project
0058 USDkWh
98 123
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Offshore Wind EnergyEU GenesisOffshore Resource amp DevelopmentFloating Offshore
99 123
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Floating offshore in first (array) project stages
I Tension-leg spar buoy (ballast) and buoyancy stabilizedplatform concepts
100 123
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Developers have proposed a wide range of floatingplatforms and in some cases tailored turbines
(a) Hywind23 MW(2009)
(b) Windfloat V802 MW(2011)
(c) Sway 7 kW(2011) bankrupt
2014
101 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Scotland (2017)
I 30 MW 5x Siemens 60-154 turbines
I 65 capacity factor demonstrated
I 95ndash120 m water depth (potential to 800 m depth)
102 123
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Equinor (Statoil) Hywind Tampen (2022)
I 88 MW 11x Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE)80-167 DD turbines = 35 of platform power demand
I Concrete (vs steel) spars
I 250ndash300 m water depth
103 123
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Principle Power WindFloat Atlantic (2020)
I 25 MW 3x Vestas V164-90 MW turbines in 100 m waterdepth
I Grid-connected to PortugalI Plans for 30 turbines 150 MW total
104 123
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
There is a wide design space for offshore floating platforms
105 123
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
The design of offshore turbines themselves have someshifted constraints leading to different ideas
I Very large (gt 10 MW) machines become self-induced fatiguedominated
I Relaxed TSR limits may lead to 2-bladed HAWTs or at leastlower loads in 3-bladed machines
I VAWTs place the generator lower down
106 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
107 123
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
How crazy the idea of airborne wind sounds depends onwhat yoursquore talking about
I There are a range of universities companies and conferenceson this topic
I High-altitude vs more realistic lower altitudes (lt 1000 m)I High altitude jet stream looks good on paperI Airspace restrictions
I Drastically reduced structure for a very big capture area
Source httpwwwmakanipowercom108 123
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Many concepts are being proposed
Sources httpwwwmakanipowercomhttpwwwkitepowereu
109 123
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Pumping or drag modes the most common and powerful
110 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
111 123
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Control 24x7 365
SSDL lab AWES system
112 123
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Continuity of power output for pumping-mode
KPS (exited 2019)
113 123
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Pumping mode takeoff amp landing strategies
Ampyx114 123
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Unique strategies are possible
Enerkite 115 123
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Removing tether drag is advantageous
Rachel Leuthold et al
116 123
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Offshore and MW scale just makes things harder
MakaniGoogleXAlphbetShell (exited this week)117 123
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Weight is key but so is aero cost control scaling
100m2 Kitepower prototype
118 123
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)AWES AdvantagesAWES ChallengesOther AWES Markets
119 123
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Offgrid diesel replacement
120 123
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Wind has driven ship transport for thousands of years andis returning
I Flettner rotors exploitMagnus effect
I Enerconrsquos transport ship -30ndash40 fuel savings
SourcehttpenwikipediaorgwikiFileE-Ship 1 achternJPG
I Leverage moderntechnologies - 10ndash30 fuelsavingsI KiteboardingI Non-linear control
Source wwwskysailsinfo 121 123
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
Thanks for listening
Dr Curran Crawford
E-mail currancuvicca
122 123
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-
References I
Burton T et al (2011) Wind Energy Handbook 2nd New York John Wileyamp Sons Inc
3 MW Platform (2016) Tech rep Vestas
Hertwich Edgar G et al (May 19 2015) ldquoIntegrated Life-Cycle Assessment ofElectricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit ofLow-Carbon Technologiesrdquo In Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 11220 pp 6277ndash6282 pmid 25288741
Tegen S et al (2012) 2010 Cost of Wind Energy Tech rep NRELpp 275ndash3000
Carpman Nicole (2011) ldquoTurbulence Intensity in Complex Environments andits Influence on Small Wind Turbinesrdquo MA thesis Uppsala University
Moomaw W et al (2011) Annex II Methodology Tech rep IPCC SpecialReport on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
123 123
- Meteorology
-
- Origins of the Wind
- Characterizing the Wind
- The Earths Boundary Layer
-
- `Conventional Technology Overview
-
- Historical Development
- Basics of Wind Energy Extraction
- Aerodynamics is Complicated
- Improving Performance
- Structures amp Drivetrains
-
- Deployment amp Economics
-
- Wind Resource
- Installed Capacity Growth
- Decommissioning
-
- Offshore Wind Energy
-
- EU Genesis
- Offshore Resource amp Development
- Floating Offshore
-
- Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES)
-
- AWES Advantages
- AWES Challenges
- Other AWES Markets
-
- References
-