DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

by Dr. Nurwati Badarulzaman24 May 2007

School of HBP - Post Graduate Seminar

Content Why data collection & analysis is important ? Basic Statistics Quantitative & Qualitative research techniques Unit of analysis Data collection techniques Issues in data collection Data analysis What’s next?

Importance of Data Collection and Analysis

Key component of research design Systematic data collection provides valid and reliable data Provides answers to your research

questions in conclusive way Part of the 18 items assessed in

examiner’s report Requires knowledge in statistics esp.

quantitative research

Basic Statistics - terminologies Scales of measurement – nominal,

ordinal, interval and ratio Sample and population Sampling methods Reliability and validity Normal distribution Hypotheses testing Tests of significance Interpretation of data

µ x

Is µ = x?

What is your research hypothesis?

Recruitment of university graduates, in quantitative and qualitative terms, is significant in improving the competitiveness of manufacturing companies.

Need to Quantify and Operationalize the research hypothesis

Quantitative Research Techniques

Used to quantify size, distribution and association of variables in a study population.

Ask questions such as ‘How many?’ ‘How often?’ and ‘How significant?’

Answers to questions can be counted and expressed numerically.

Use structured questionnaires that allow the researcher to quantify pre- or post-categorised answers to questions.

Qualitative Research Techniques

Identify and explore mutually related variables about human behaviour (motivations, opinions, attitudes).

Asks questions - ‘What is the nature and causes of the problem?” and “What are the consequences to affected group?”

Use flexible techniques - loosely structured interviews with open-ended questions, focus group discussions, and participant observation.

Produce qualitative data often recorded in narrative form.

Both Quantitative and Qualitative research techniques:

Can be used together in a single study. Collect qualitative and quantitative data

in a single questionnaire.

When collecting both types of data: Do not include too many open-ended

questions in large-scale surveys, making data analysis more complicated

Do not use inappropriate statistical tests on quantitative data generated by small-scale studies.

Study of Heritage Hotel (2001)

Heritage Hotel study combined both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques:

External design – architecture, building elements, colour, building material and signage.Internal design – furniture layout, potted plants, paintings and lightingManagement and workers – details on hotel operation, restoration work and staffingHotel occupants – profile of occupants and why they chose to stay in heritage hotels

What is your Unit of Analysis? Individuals - students, residents, workers,

voters, parents, faculty staff etc. Groups – family, married couple, friendship

cliques, street gang, census blocks, cities, geographic regions etc.

Organisations – companies, mosque qariah, colleges, universities, army divisions, academic departments, supermarkets etc.

Social Artifacts – books, poems, paintings, cars, buildings, songs, pottery, jokes, weddings, scientific discoveries, etc

(Babbie,1983 3rd edition)

Data Collection Techniques

Use available information Observation Interview (face-to-face) Administer written questionnaires Focus group discussions Projective techniques, mapping, scaling Others

Affects validity and reliability of the study

(1) Defective Questionnaires - fixed or closed questions asking ‘wrong things’- open-ended questions without guidelines- vague questions- leading questions- double barrel questions- questions not in sequence- weighing scales not standardised

ISSUES IN DATA COLLECTION

Issues in Data Collection (2) Observer biasSee or hear things of interest and

miss critical informationNeed observation guidelines to

conduct loosely structured interviews Data collectors work in pairs to

discuss and interpret data immediately after collecting it.

Commonly used by anthropologists, use tape recorder and transcribe the tape word by word.

Issues in Data Collection

(3) Misleading answers by interviewees Introduce purpose of study adequatelyPhrase questions on sensitive issues in a positive wayTake sufficient time for the interview Assure confidentiality

(4) Information bias Quality of data, missing cases

Quantitative Data Analysis Data cleaning, coding, feed into database Univariate analysis: one-variable descriptive statistics Measure of central tendency: mean, median, mode Measure of dispersion & skewness

10000 43216 1345 5646 2367 3422 6577 610 2321 231126789 12345 456788 7865 8723 78654 7788 7766 6654 667035689 45321 444466 9080 4432 8760 3132 3435 8340 854312987 12346 32134 2130 7612 9080 919 1057 7650 7654

367 4321115421654

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0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

1 2 3 4

Series1Series2

 

3524.6

32.236.1

5345.9

47.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tugasan

Terbitan Online

E-Perpustakaan

Scan

Layari Web PBP

Layari Web Lain

E-mail

% HBP Students

On-way Analysis:IT-related tasks by HBP students

Quantitative Data Analysis Bivariate analysis: relationship between

two variables using contingency tables, cross tabulation, correlation & regression

Multivariate analysis: involves several independent variables to explain the dependent variable using an elaboration model ie chi-square analysis, multiple regression, analysis of variance, factor analysis, etc

Tests of Significance : hypothesis testing and data interpretation

Bivariate Analysis: example

2.74.81509,5402.8F

2.85.01005,4302.4E

3.86.2407,8602.6D

2.24.4503,8902.1C

2.04.0204,3602.3B

3.25.6106,0702.2A

School- age No.

Personsper

house

HouseDensity/hectare

House Units

Pop.Growth

%

City

Multivariate Analysis: Multiple Regression

Regression: Contribution of graduate quantity & quality to company competitiveness

+ 0.38812.2531.920.0019M’sian Grad%Profit

- 0.10212.1331.690.0020Work experience

Profit per Employee

+ 34.0174.68211.270.0390GradRecruitMarket

+ 3.8475.31512.950.0288Grad%Sales

- 85.8037.93619.300.0088Grad%OutputAgo

- 76.2855.64113.800.0246R&D%OutputNow

Beta Co-Eff

Fvalue

R2SgnfcantLevel

IndepndentDepndent

Qualitative Data Analysis Cognitive Mapping Method based on

observation, theoretical framework and changes in study object

Structural Analysis - data/transcripts from interviews/field research are analysed by indexing and sorting them by theme or topic in question

Interprete the analysis & build them into theory (interpretive/descriptive findings)

Qualitative Data AnalysisSoftware for analysis:• Text Retrievers• Data Base Managers• ETHNO• Text Analysis Package (TAPP)• QUALPRO• The Ethnograph• TEXTBASE ALPHA• Hyperqual, etc.

What’s next?

Write up your chapter on methodology and research findings

All the bests in your PhD & MSc research!

~ THANK YOU VERY MUCH ~