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Cubism, movement in modern art, especially in painting, invented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and French artist Georges Braque in 1907 and 1908.

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Although the look of cubism and the ideas behind it evolved over time, cubism retained certain general characteristics throughout.

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Cubism Cubist paintings create an ambiguous sense

of space through geometric shapes that flatten and simplify form

spatial planes that are broken into fragments

forms that overlap and penetrate one another.

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Art historians generally consider cubism to have been the most influential art movement of the first half of the 20th century.

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The exact date of  cubism's first appearance in art has been the subject of heated debate among art historians.

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Cubism • Some see its onset in Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907, Museum of Modern Art, New York City)

• It is a painting of women composed of jagged shapes, flattened figures, and forms borrowed from African masks.

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Cézanne and primitive art—were of great importance in the genesis of Cubism.

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subtle overlapping patches of color, showed how a sense of solidity and pictorial structure could be created without traditional perspective or modeling

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primitive art offered an example of expressively distorted forms and freedom from inhibition.

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Paul Cézanne provided the primary catalyst for the new movement.

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Cubism • He left the outer contour of the mountain unfinished so that at intervals no clear boundary separates the sky from the mountain.

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Mont Sainte-Victoire by Cézanne

•The images he produced became flatter, less realistic, and more abstract. 13

•In this late version, painted from 1902 to 1904, patches of color barely indicate the mountain, sky, and foreground, while creating a rhythmic pattern across the painting’s surface.

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•The mountain and sky, both intensely blue, appear almost to merge.

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Cubism• Picasso and Braque executed a series of landscapes in 1908.

• They were very close to Cézanne's, both in their color scheme (dark greens and light browns) and in their drastic simplification of form into geometric shapes.

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• In Braque's Houses at L'Estaque and in Picasso's Houses on the Hill, at Horta de Ebro houses have a three-dimensional, cubic quality.

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• It was upon seeing these paintings that French art critic Louis Vauxelles coined the term cubism.

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• Cubist ideas and motifs were also used in sculpture, and to a more limited and superficial degree in the applied arts and occasionally in architecture.

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Cubism

• a complex phenomenon, but in essence it involved what Juan Gris (its leading exponent apart from the two founders) called ‘a new way of representing the world’.

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Cubism

• Abandoning the idea of a single fixed viewpoint that had dominated European painting for centuries, Cubist pictures used a multiplicity of viewpoints, so that many different aspects of an object could be simultaneously depicted in the same picture.

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Cubism

Braque and Picasso's mature Cubist work is usually divided into two phases—Analytical Cubism (1909–11) and Synthetic Cubism (1912–14). I

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• In the ‘Analytical’ phase, the relatively solid massing of their earliest Cubist paintings gave way to –a process of composition in which

the forms of the object depicted are fragmented into a large number of small, intricately hinged planes that fuse with one another and with the surrounding space.

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• Analytical cubism ( started in 1912) fragments the physical world into intersecting geometric planes and interpenetrating volumes.

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• Synthetic cubism, by contrast, synthesizes (combines) abstract shapes to represent objects in a new way.

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Analytical Cubism

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Georges Braque Le Viaduc à L'Estaque,

(The Viaduct at L'Estaque), 1908, ParisOil on canvas, 72.5 x 59

cm,

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Synthetic Cubism

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Synthetic Cubism29

This fascination with pictorial structure led to color being downplayed.

archetypal Analytical Cubist paintings are virtually monochromatic, painted in muted browns or warm greys.

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•innovative use of collage in the first decades of the 20th century influenced the development of synthetic cubism, which involved constructing paintings and drawings from shapes cut out of paper.

Juan Gris: Breakfast 31

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Cubism proved immensely adaptable and was the starting point or an essential component of several other movements, including Constructivism, Futurism, Orphism, Purism, and Vorticism, as well as a spur to the imagination of countless individual artists.

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These included not only painters, but also sculptors, who adapted Cubist ideas in various ways, notably by the opening up of forms so that voids as well as solids form distinct shapes.

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Picasso’s The Three Musicians

(1921)

•Features two characters from Italian commedia dell’arte theater—Harlequin in the diamond-patterned costume and Pierrot in white.35

Picasso’s The Three Musicians

(1921)

•Some experts believe that Harlequin represents Picasso himself.

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Les Demoiselles d'Avignon The origins of cubism date to Spanish artist Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles according to many art historians.

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The 1907 painting depicts five women in a brothel.

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Picasso's Les Demoiselles D'Avignon (1907) does violence to the human form by means of radical simplifications, arbitrary and harsh color combinations, and extreme distortions of human anatomy and proportions.

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The painting’s space, moreover, does not conform to the logic of perspective, the traditional system for portraying depth in a picture, and is so fragmented that it is difficult to read clearly.

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Georges Braque: Guitare et verre

French artist Georges Braque painted Guitare et verre (Guitar and Glass, 1921) in the synthetic cubist style.

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one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century and the creator (with Georges Braque) of Cubism.

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Science and Charity1897

Pablo Picasso

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First Communion1896

Pablo Picasso

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Pablo PicassoThe Gourmet (The White Child)

1901

Pablo PicassoMother and Child

1905

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Lady in Blue1901

Pablo Picasso

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Three Women Pablo PicassoOil on canvas; 200 x 185 cm

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Pablo Picasso, Bust of a Woman, 1909, oil on canvas

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Self Portrait1907Self-Portrait

1972 Pablo Picasso

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Pablo Picasso, Seated Nude, 1909-10, oil on canvas,

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Pablo Picasso

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Pablo Picasso52

Friendship

Pablo Picasso

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Harlequin and His Companion

1901

Pablo Picasso

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Pablo Picasso, Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass, Guitar and Newspaper, 1913, collage and pen and ink on blue paper, 46.7 x 62.5 cm

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Albert Gleizes (French, 1881-1953), Portrait of Jacques Nayral, 1911

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Fernand Léger, Table and Fruit, 1909, oil on canvas

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Pablo Picasso, Bowl of Fruit, Violin and Bottle, 1914, oil on canvas, 92.0 x 73.0 cm, Tate Gallery, London.

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Pablo Picasso, Still Life, 1914, painted wood and upholstery fringe, relief, 25.4 x 45.7 x 9.2 cm,

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Pablo Picasso, The Violin, 1914, oil on canvas, 81 x 75 cm

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Pablo Picasso, Studio of the Milliner, 1926, oil on canvas, 172 x 265 cm

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Pablo Picasso, Nude Woman in a Red Armchair, 1932, oil on canvas, 129.9 x 97.2 cm

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Composition with a Skull1908

The Swallows1932

Pablo Picasso63

Reclining Female Nude with Starry Sky

1936Pablo Picasso

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Bust of a Woman1935

Mother and Child1901Pablo Picasso

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Guernica

Pablo Picasso, 1937

Oil on canvas 349 × 776 cm, 137.4 × 305.5 in

Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid 66

George Braque (1882-1963)

• His paintings consist primarily of still lifes that are remarkable for their robust construction, low-key colour harmonies, and serene, meditative quality.

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Georges Braque, Large Nude, Paris, spring 1908, oil on canvas, 55 1/4 x 39 1/2 inches

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Georges Braque, Castle at La Roche-Guyon, La Roche-Guyon, summer 1909, oil on canvas, 36 1/4 x 28 3/4 inches (92 x 73 cm), Stedelijk van Abbe Museum, Eindhoven, Netherlands.

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Raymond Duchamp-Villon (French, 1876-1918),

The Large Horse

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an artistic trend derived from Cubist painting that gave priority to colour

movement was named in 1912 by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire.

Disks of Newton (Study for Fugue in Two Colours), oil on canvas by František Kupka, 1912 72

Apollinaire regarded the colourful Cubist-inspired paintings of Robert Delaunay as initiating a new style that brought musical qualities to painting

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Endless Rhythms, 1934

He named this style Orphism in reference to Orpheus, the legendary poet and singer of ancient Greek mythology, who was a popular symbol of the ideal, mystically inspired artist.

Other painters working in this style included Fernand Léger, Francis Picabia, and Marcel Duchamp.

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The pig carousel, 1922

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Simultaneous Windows On The City, 1912

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Relief-Rhythm, 1933Champs de Mars. La tour rouge, 1911

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The Joy Of Life, 1930

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In painting, a variant of Cubism developed in France about 1918 by the painter Amédée Ozenfant and the architect and painter Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret).

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Ozenfant and Le Corbusier, critical of what they perceived to be a decorative trend in Cubism, advocated a return to clear, precise, ordered forms that were expressive of the modern machine age.

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Le Corbusier, Les Mains

Le Corbusier, Trois Bouteilles

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Suprematismfirst movement of

pure geometrical abstraction in painting, originated by Kazimir S. Malevich in Russia in about 1913.

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In his first Suprematist work, a pencil drawing of a black square on a white field, all the elements of objective representation that had characterized his earlier, Cubist-Futurist style, had been eliminated.

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SuprematismMalevich identified the black square with feeling and the white background with expressing “the void beyond this feeling.”

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NEO-PLASTICISMAn art movement

advocating pure abstraction and simplicity — form reduced to the rectangle, and color to the primary colors, along with black and white.

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Piet Mondrian (Dutch, 1872-1944) was the group's leading figure.

He published a manifesto titled Neo-Plasticism in 1920.

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Charles Demuth I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold

Precisionismsmooth, sharply defined painting style used by several American artists in representational canvases executed primarily during the 1920s.

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Favourite subjects for these artists include:

skylines (both urban and rural)

buildings and machinery

industrial landscape of factories and smokestacks,

country landscape of grain elevators and barns.

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Among the artists associated with Precisionism were Charles Demuth, Charles Sheeler, Ralston Crawford, Preston Dickinson, Niles Spencer, and Georgia O'Keeffe.

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Red Canna, Georgia O’Keefe, 1923

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Georgia O’KeefeBlack and Purple

Ralston CrawfordCorpus Christi