Crash of Einstein's Theory of Relativity_Prof Penchev_EN

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SOFIA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

P ROF . P ETAR R ASHKOV P ENCHEV , D OCTOR OF T ECHNICAL SCIENCES

DOCTOR H ONORIS C AUSA OF SOFIA T ECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

F RO M A UNITARY ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER TO A UNITARY SCIENCE OF NATURE

T HERE IS NO NATURAL PHENOMENON WHICH IS NOT A RESULT FROM MOTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER

“ A crucial prerequisite for the power of knowledge is not the belief in a reputedlyinfallible authority, but the irresistible power of experimental facts which irrefutably reveal themost reliable authority, Nature itself. ”

(Life’s wisdom)

„Our ideas of reality cannot be final, so we should always be ready to change our point of view, i.e. tochange the axiomatic basis of physics so as tosubstantiate the new experimental data observed byus into a logically most perfect way.“

A. Einstein, 1931

Sofia2012



ANNOTATIONWhen Michelson-Morley experiment (MME) was conducted, these facts were known: a) the

law that the velocity of light is constant and equal to c relative to its source, regardless of whether it moves or not, and b) the source of light and the arms OA and OB of the interferometer of Michelson, in MME, are fixed immovably, i.e. together they make one body.

With these facts, since the arms have identical lengths0,l

the times At

and,

Bt

for which thelight rays run along them in both directions are identical and equal 02.

Al

t c

= = 02.. B

l t

c= = This

reliable truth explains through a most categorical classical approach why there is nointerference between the light rays in MME. It is exactly this classical truth that disproves theincorrect postulate of Lorentz that bodies of length l 0 at re st (v = 0 ) get smaller to

( )0 1 2 = − = v

l l c

β β along the direction of the light v, at which they move. This postulate wasmade by Lorentz in order to explain why there is no interference with MME, because then the armOA gets shorter and it follows that . A Bt t = However, the above classical facts disprove thepostulate of Lorentz, and moreover, it does not have any experimental confirmation exceptthat it has been assumed that the lack of interference is its experimental confirmation, butthis lack of interference is easy to explain by classical facts. It is by this postulate that Lorentz,

and also Einstein in [2] and [5], motivate the inference from the Lorentz transformations (LT),which are in the basis of the special theory of relativity (STR). And since the postulate of Lorentzis disproved, it follows that LT and STR are also disproved. And since Einstein in [6] wrote„So asto finish building the foundations of the general theory of relativity (GTR, P.P.’s note), it isnecessary that electromagnetic field is also included in it.“ I.e. according to Einstein, essentiallythere is not a complete GTR or more specifically, there is no GTR.Or after the failure of STR and with an incomplete GTR, the categorical conclusion follows that this is a complete crashof the theory of relativity (TR).

H ERE , IN THIS ARTICLE , THE WHOLE PHYSICS IS PRESENTED WITHOUT TR, BUT ONLY BY THE M AXWELL THEORY AND BY SOME STILL IGNORED EXPERIMENTAL FACTS BY I. N EWTON IN [9]

„O PTICKS …“ OF 1704 AND THE K IRCHHOFF ’S LAW OF 1860, WHICH ALL PROVE THAT MATTER IN NATURE NATURE IS SOLELY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ESSENCE .

The crash of the theory of relativity – it’s time for a more rational physics.

ISBN 978-954-8655-28-6Sofia, 2012Publisher „Krisan-C”3A, Ivan Borimechkata St, SofiaE-mail: [email protected]

Author and producer: Prof. P. R. Penchev, Dr Tech ScsAddresses for contact with the author, Prof. P.R. PenchevSofia Technical UniversityElectrotechnical Department8, Kl. Ohridski BlvdSofia, 1756e-mail: [email protected]@tu-sofia.bg

Mladost 1, bl. 90, entr. 9Sofia 1797Home phone: +359 2 870 68 05+359 885 13 83 09e-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]@tu-sofia.bg

© P. R. Penchev. The crash of the theory of relativity – it’s time for a more rational physics. 2012

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mailto:[email protected]









CONTENTS:

ANNOTATION..................................................................................2

PART ONEARGUMENTS FOR the crashof the theory of relativity...............................................................51. Introductory premise..................................................................................................................52. MICHELSON-MORLEY experiment (MME) and the law

that the velocity of light is constant relative to the generator (body), which emits it....................................................................6

3. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................8Emphasis ...................................................................................................................................................8

PART TWORational physics, which ISWITH A SINGLE THEORETICAL BASIS –WITH A UNITARY INITIAL PRINCIPLE.................................................8

1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................82. Matter IS only OF electromagnetic NATURE – electromagnetic matter IN field and substantial forms........................................................................................................................9

3. Theoretical BASIS of electromagnetic natural ENTITIES, i.e. of all natural phenomena(objectS, phenomena, processes, ETC.)...............................................................................113.1. Electrostatic field density of its energy

internal energy and mass me0 of the electron at rest ..............................................................113.2. Gravitational field, which generates the masses of electrons at rest.....................................113.3. Magnetic field, which is generated around electrons

when they move at velocity v > 0................................................................................................12Emphasis .................................................................................................................................................13

Emphasis .................................................................................................................................................194. Electromagnetic MECHANISM OF GENERATION OF INERTIAL FORCE...................195. Force , velocity and acceleration

In gravi toelectromagnetic dynamics.....................................................................................205.1. What is force if mass is function of velocity.............................................................................205.2. Dynamic (or actual) velocity and accelerations .......................................................................21

6. Dynamics of electromagnetic matter or only dynamics of matter or gravitoelectromagnet ic dynamics.........................................................................................23

Emphasis – Conclusive inference...............................................................................................237. GRAVITATION OF OBJECTS WITH A VOLUME GREATER THAN ZERO V > 0.........23

7.1. Specific gravitational fields..........................................................................................................23Examples of gravitational fields.........................................................................................................24

7.2. Transverse gravitat ional force and the Sun................................................................................278. There are no SCIENTIFIC grounds for the hypothesis which claims that at very small

distances, below 10-18m, gravitational forces may dominate over electromagnetic forces ........................................................................................................................................28

9. GENERAL conclusion..............................................................................................................29 Literature........................................................................................................................................29

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PART ONEARGUMENTS FOR THE CRASH

OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY 1. INTRODUCTORY PREMISEIn [1] (p. 198) in the paragraph “Fresnel Hypothesis“, we read: ”In 1818 Arago D. F. (1786 – 1853),

Secretary of The Paris Academy of Sciences, wrote a letter to Fresnel A. (1788 – 1827), member of The ParisAcademy of Sciences and London Royal Society, suggesting that he should explain, from the viewpoint of thewave theory of light, the lack of influence of the motion of the Earth on the refraction of the star rays. Theanswer was published in 1818 in “Letter from Augustin-Jean Fresnel to Arago regarding the influence of themotion of the Earth on some optical phenomena“, where Fresnel referred mostly to the fact that the velocity, atwhich light waves propagate, does not depend on the motion of the bodies, which emit them.

Fresnel’s text has the sense of a law, which states: „The velocity of light relative to its source isalways constant and equal to c“. Here it should be emphasized that this law was known in 1818, i.e. before

Michelson-Morley experiment (1880 – 1887).Experimental proofs for this law are:First. Through Doppler Effect, DE, as the demonstration follows, it is experimentally confirmed and

described only by the Galileo Transformations, GT, during motion of the source of light at velocity v the

frequency ν , length λ of light waves and their velocity u c relative to a stationary observer, are as follows:A) When the observer is ahead of the source of light, he finds

a)( )' . ;c v

c+ ν = ν b) ' ;

cc v

λ = λ = + c) '. ' . ;cu c= ν λ = ν λ = (1-1)

where: ν and λ are frequency and length of the wave of light, at rest( )0v = of the transmitter.B) When the observer is behind the source of light, he finds

a)( )" . ;c v

c− ν =ν b) ( )

." ;cc vλλ = − c) ". " . ;cu c= ν λ = ν λ = (1-2)

I.e. the velocity of light relative to its source is constant and equal to c, regardlessof whether it moves or is at rest.

Second. In [2] (p. 140) we read that the Dutch astronomer W. de Sitter (1872 – 1934.) made analysis of of the ballistic hypothesis whether the velocity of light depends on the velocity of the emitting body. For this purpose, he started with theanalysis of the velocity of the rays from double stars, which are a system of two

stars, moving in a circle at constant velocity const.v = and having a common center of their masses, according to fig. 1.

Sitter’s logic was as follows:a) the velocity of the light emitted from point A (fig. 1)

according to the balistic hypothesis should be ; Bcu c v= +

b) the velocity of the light emitted from point B (fig. 1) according to the balistic hypothesis should be.

Bcu c v= −At distance from the star to the Earth0 ,l the times t A and t B for which the emitted rays travel from point

A and B should be

a) 0 ; A

l t

c v= + b) 0 ; B

l t

c v= − c) ; A Bt t ≠ (1-3)

Further it is written:„If we designate by T the period of semi-rotation of the stars, then this semi-period measured from observations of the Earth, whereby the visible time of motion of the stars from A to B is equal to

02 2

2. .: AB

l vt T

c v= + − and the time in motion of the stars from B to A is 0

2 2

2. .. BA

l vt T

c v= − − Since the distances to the

stars are very great, the quantities 02 2

2. .l vc v− can be comparable with T even with the fulfillment of the condition

.v c= Hence it follows that under condition that the balistic hypothesis of Ritz is justifiable, then during observations from the Earth of the motion of double stars, deviation from Keppler’s laws shoud be registered. In

fact, no deviation from Keppler’s laws can be observed. This witnesses against the hypothesis of addition of the

4

Figure 1



velocity of the stars to the velocity of light“. I.e. Sitter’s demonstration, which does not use the Lorentz transformations, LT, also conforms the

law that “the velocity of light is constant relative to its source (the body which emits it, P.P.’s note)“.Third. In [3] § 7 Einstein wrote: „Such reasoning, based on observations of double stars, allowed the

Dutch astronomer de Sitter to show that the velocity of propagation of light cannot depend on the velocity of the bodies, which emit light.“ I.e. according to Einstein, it is possible, without LT, to prove the law thatthe velocity of light is constant relative to its source, regardless of whether it moves or not.

EmphasisEssentially, the above law of constantcy of the velocity of light (photons) is an external expression of the process (mechanism) of creation (generation or emission) of photons (light waves) by the electric charges(electrons), which is described in the special literature, as follows:

1. Photons are created (generated or emitted or, as Einstein writes, expired) from a wholeelectromagnetic body what is the electron as a series of n electromagnetic waves with: a) wave velocity

8 13.10 m.s ;c −= b) for time about 810 s;t −∆ = c) frequency ν and d) length of the wave /cλ = ν ande) they have length 8 8. 3.10 .3.10 3 m. f l t c −= ∆ = =

For example a light photon with: 1410 Hz, ν = 64 3.10 m−λ = ν = and 6/ 10 f n l = λ = waves is a body(object) with energy 34 14 20. 6,62.10 .10 6,62.10 J f W h − −= ν = = and mass 437,35.10 kg.m −

λ = and this body (the

photon) moves at velocity 83.10 m/s,c = has momentum 29. 2,2.10 N.s, f P m c −= =r and in collision with a solid

body generates mean force292,2.10 N. f

P F t

t t

−= = − ∆∆ ∆

ris the collision time, which during absorbtion of a photon

by an electron is equal to the time t ∆ of emission : 83.10 s.t −∆ =In this sense the photon as one whole is a body, and as a structure is a series of n waves, which move at

velocityc, it has momentum and generates force.2. MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT (MME) AND THE LAW

THAT THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT IS CONSTANTRELATIVE TO THE GENERATOR (BODY), WHICH EMITS IT

In [11] § 4.1. „Paradox with the motion of light relative to the ether“ p. 43reads: „Michelson-Morley experiment proved a decisive experiment in thehistory of physics, since its „negative“ result implied arevolution in all of our physical ideas and notions.“

The diagram and arrangement of MME presented here is according to [4]and is given in fig. 2, where 1OA and 1OB are the lengths 1 2 0l l l = = of themutually perpendicular arms of the interferometer of Michelson.G is thegenerator of light pulses, which by a semitransparent plate atO are separatedinto two mutually perpendicular rays along the arms 1OA and 1.OB At the endsof the arms A1 and B1 there are reflecting mirrors, which return the rays toO,after which they converge in the observing tubeS .

According to the arrangement of MME, the interferometer is on the surface of the Earth and the arm ,OA is parallel to the velocity of the surface of the Earthv. The time for travelling bothdirectionst A along length 0l of the arm 1OA is respectively at velocities ABu c v= + and .u c v= − The sum of thetwo times is

( )0 0

0 2 2 2

2. . 2. ; ;. 1 A

З З

l l l c l vt l

c v c v c v cc

= + = = β = + − − −β (2-1)

The time t B for the light ray to travel along the arm 1,OB where the arm moves at velocityv

perpendicularly to 1,ОВ it is accepted that it moves along the hypotenusis along length ( )1

2 2 20 Bl v l = + at

velocity 'c c< in both directions according to Michelson also is

5

Figure 2

G



a) b)Figure 3

( )0

12 2

2.;

. 1 B

l t

c=

−β (2-2)

Since ,v c= it follows that 1β= and for the difference between the times AB A Bt t t ∆ = − Michelsonuses approximate formulae and so he writes:

220 02. . . ;

2 AB

l l t

c cβ∆ = = β (2-3)

and give an example with MME of 1887 at 70 11 m, 5,9.10 m,l −= λ = then 410 ,−β = and 2 810 ,−β =

0,37. ABt ∆ =Michelson was sure that the accuracy of the interferometer was such that it could measure with

preciseness of 0.01 and it was possible to observe interference between the rays along1OA and 1.OBBut MME showed that there was no interference, i.e. that

200 ; AB

l t

c∆ = ≠ β (2-4)

Later Einstein in [3] wrote:„To our great embarrassment, this experiment gave a negative result.“This fact puzzled the physical scientific community and they looked for some explanation; however,they did not take into account the following real facts, such as:

1. That theoretically and practically, the generator of light pulsesG (fig. 2 a) and the arms 1OA and 1OB arefixed immovably, i.e. they are one whole, which is seen in fig. 3 a) and 3 b). In fig. 3 a) is the picture of theinterferometer and the generator G in the first experiment in 1880 conducted only by Michelson in the laboratory of Helmholtz. And in fig. 3 b) is the picture of the interferometer and the generator G, placed on a wooden block swimming in a mercury bath. That was used in the experiments in Potsdam in the period 1881 – 1887.

2. Since the generator G and the arms 1OA and 1OB are one whole and there exists the law of constantcy of the velocity of light relative to thegeneratorwhich emits it ( which is one whole body), the argument follows that the velocity of light

will be constant and equal to c not only relative to the generator (the body) G, but alsorelative to the arms 1OA and 1OB which are of identical lengths equal of 0 .l

3. Under the conditions: a) that the velocity of light is constant relative to its source and b) thatthe source of light and the arms 1OA and 1OB are fixed immovably (fig. 3) it follows that the times t Aand t B are equal

0 02. 2. ; A B

l l t t

c c= = = (2-5)

THEREFORE , IT IS POSSIBLE ONLY BY CLASSICAL LAWS TO PROVE RELIABLY WHY THRE IS NO INTERFERENCE IN MME.

BECAUSE OF THIS RELIABLY PROOF OF THE REASON WHY THERE IS NO INTERFERENCE IN MME, NO OTHER EXPLANATION SHOULD BE SOUGHT .

In this sense, the explanation that there is no interference in MME by means of the special theoryof relativity, STR, whose basis is laid in [5] is groundless. This is also the motivation of the reliableinference that STR is groundless on the grounds of (2-5) and brings about the crash of the whole thesis of 6



the theory of relativity, which is essentially based on the experimentally unvalidated formulation of Lorentz that there is shortening of bodies in direction of their velocity of motion. And since this premise is one of the

grounds for the inference of the Lorentz transformations, LT, which also lack experimental confirmation, theconclusion follows that that LT are disproved. It is these disproved theses that Einstein developed in thespecial theory of relativity (STR). That is why STR drops out since it cannot be regarded as a real scientifictheory. I.e. essentially, there is no theory of relativity whatsoever, either STR or a general theory of relativitysince Einstein himself in [6] wrote:„So as to finish building the foundations of the general theory of relativity,

it is necessary that electromagnetic field is also included in it.“And in [7] Einstein wrote:„The general theory of relativity is still incomplete in the sense that the general principle of relativity can be applied satisfactorily only for the gravitational field, but not for all fields“.

3. CONCLUSION1. It is evident that the theoretical premise of MME for validation of interference between the rays

contradicts the law known many years before MME that the velocity of light is constant relative to its source (generator) and that due to this fact (law) there is no interference between the rays in MME.

2. The lack of interference in MME, however, is not a motivation, nor a proof of there being anyshortening of bodies in the direction to their velocity of motion, on the basis of which fact are deducedthe Lorentz transformations, LT, which even to this very moment have not been experimentallyconfirmed, nor have their inferences: a) about shortening of bodies and prolongation of the intervals of

the times ( ) ( )1 1

2 22 20 01 ; 1 ; ,v

l l T T c

− − = −β = −β β = B) OF THE LAW OF CONSTANTCY OF THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT

RELATIVE TO THE SOURCE AND THE OBSERVER , WHETER THEY MOVE OR NOT , AND C) THE EXISTENCE OF A SPATIAL -TEMPORAL CONTINUUM .

3. T HE PRESENTED ABOVE MOTIOVATES THE CRASH OF STR, AND SINCE THERE IS STILL NO FULL (COMPLETE ) GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY , IT FOLLOWS THAT ESSENTIALLY THERE IS A TOTAL CRASH OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY .

EmphasisWith the dropout of the theory of relativity from physics, a question arises as to what will happen with

the known experimentally confirmed regularities, which are considered its product, such as: the relationship between the mass and the velocity, the relative electrodynamics, the full energy of bodies and so forth.

The answers to these and other questions are given after a more profound perusal and analysis of theworks of Newton and Maxwell – without Einstein – in the next part, Part Two.

PART TWORATIONAL PHYSICS, WHICH IS

WITH A SINGLE THEORETICAL BASIS – WITH A UNITARY INITIAL PRINCIPLE

1. INTRODUCTIONI. Newton’s reflections that the substantial form of matter is of homogenous nature were

presented in [8] of 1687, and that the nature of homogenous matter is electromagnetic manifesting itself as a substantial and field forms was experimentally proven in [9] of 1704.

In addition to this, he stated in [8] that the notion mass is an abstracted point-like notion, expressing thereal volumetric notion quantity of matter concentrated in one volumeless point.

In the preface of [8] (p. 5) is written:„They argued that substance in universe was homogenous…“ Andon p. 23 in [8] he wrote:„this quantity [of matter] that I mean hereafter everywhere under the name of bodyor mass. And the same is known by the weight of each body; for it is proportional to the weight.“ On p. 504 in[8] he wrote:„Experiments as well as astronomical observations have proved that bodies around the Earthare attracted to the Earth by force, which is proportional to the quantity of matter of each of them. Based onthis, there should be established a rule that all bodies attract to each other.“ On p. 518 in [8] it is written:„Hence it follows that attraction between all planets is proportional to their quantities of matter, which arecontained within them.“ There are more texts in [8] in this sense.

By considering the fact that Newton gave the formula of gravitational force F between two bodies withmassesm1 and m2 and the gravitational constantγ , as follows

7



1 22

. . ;m m F

r γ = − (1-1)

it is apparent that Newton defined that masses m 1 and m 2 of bodies are abstracted notions without the volumeof the real notions quantities of matter, which have volumes 1 0V > and 2 0.V > I.e. Newton introduced the

point-like idea of objects (bodies) through the abstracted notion mass, which he placed in the center of gravity of the bodies in order to enable mathematical operations – via differential and integral calculus, created by him.

In [10], Chapter Thirteen, under the title „Newton’s mathematical research and the dispute withLeibniz“ it is written that in 1713 was published a book, in which, as academician S. I. Vavilov wrote, therewas information about a decision by the commission, which had to resolve the dispute as to whose was thetrue inventor of differential and integral calculus, and this is the text in the book:„These gives us grounds tobelieve that Newton was the original inventor and that he did not do any injustice to Leibniz.“

Under these circumstances, by means of inventing proper mathematics, Newton once again establishedhimself as a leader in physics through his mathematical approach (for physics would be unthinkable withoutmathematics) and as a founder of the theoretical foundations of natural sciences, who for these purposesintroduced the abstracted point-like ideas of bodies (objects).

2. MATTER IS ONLY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC NATURE – ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER IN FIELD AND SUBSTANTIALFORMS

Essentially, science studies the manifestations of matter, and in particular, it studies the variousstates of the structures and movements of matter since they are manifestations of matter occurring asnatural phenomena. And matter is something, out of which is formed the system of natural entities, objects(bodies, phenomena, processes, etc), whose manifestations are studied by science and then scientific factsare defined through respective notions, called properties and regularities (laws or principles).

Proceeding from the described by I. Newton in [9] „Opticks…“ of 1704, which wasset fourthin the queries from 1 to 31, as consequences, in a synthesized form, aredescribed the following experimental facts:

“Are not the Rays of Light very small Bodies emitted from shining Substances”

K “The changing of Bodies into Light, and Light into Bodies ....”

“... is very conformable to the Course of Nature, ...”“ […] it is manifest that Light consists of Parts. Light […] spends about seven or eight minutes […] from the Sun to the Earth.”

In modern terminology, these Newtonian laws of the system K would state:“ All substantial forms of electromagnetic matter emit and absorb field forms

(electromagnetic waves – photons) of electromagnetic matter.”

' K

“ Substantial forms of electromagnetic matter convert into field forms of electromagneticmatter, and its field forms (electromagnetic waves – photons) convert into substantial forms of electromagnetic matter. ”

“These are normal natural phenomena (processes).” “Light is a flow of elementary particles, photons, which move incessantly at the velocity of

light c.”

T HESE EXPERIMENTAL FACTS , DESCRIBED BY NEWTON , ARE EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE THAT MATTER IN NATURE IS ONLY ELECTROMAGNETIC IN A FIELD AND SUBSTANTIAL FORMS .

This Newton’s evidence was confirmed by Kirchhoff in 1870, who, without quoting Newton, postulated his experimental law of Kirchhoff, which states:

“All bodies emit and absorb radiant energy (electromagnetic waves, P.P.’s note), whereby the ratio of the emitted to the absorbed energy depends on the frequency and temperature of the bodies, but it does not depend on the kind of the bodies.”

I.e. the experimental facts, described by Newton and Kirchhoff prove in a most irrefutable way, for experiment has irresistible evidential force, and experimental (empirical) laws are logical laws, that matter (mass) of all natural entities (objects, phenomena and processes) is only of electromagnetic essence – it iselectromagnetic matter, which constantly changes both in quantitative respect, i.e. const.,m ≠ and in respect of its structural states from substantial into field form and vice versa .

In this case we assume that matter is a structure of a homogeneous initial (primary) resourcewhose nature (properties) is unknown. The nature of the resource is unknown, it is not experimentally8



established, because it can not be established experimentally, because it cannot be manifested as anindependent reality without assuming some kind of spatial structure, which is in some kind of naturalphenomenon of matter. And the matter with the smallest amounts of initial resource is called anelementary particle, elementary particles, respectively. Elementary particles in physics, according to theproposal of W. Heisenberg, are accepted to be a) of homogenous nature; b) in the form of substantialand field states and c) can convert from substantial into field forms and vice versa.

Since matter and energy are inseparable from each other, it follows that energies are only of

electromagnetic natutre, i.e. there is only electromagnetic matter and electromagnetic energy in various structural states.

This fact can be proved by using Newton’s approach, as follows:Matter (mass)m of electromagnetic waves, which move at the velocity of lightc have momentum ,c P

mass m and velocityc, i.e.

a) . ;c P m c= r b) const.;m ≠ c) const.;c = d) 0;dcdt

= (2-1)

When the electromagnetic matter (mass)m of electromagnetic waves moves at velocityc and withmomentum c P (2-1 a), to the derivative of the momentum corresponds electromagnetic force

a) . . . 0 . ;dP dm dc dm dm F c m c cdt dt dt dt dt = = + = + =

rrr r r b)

;distanceenergy].[][ 1

r W m J N F ===→

−

(2-2)

Energy dW , which electromagnetic force F imparts to the object, upon which it acts along distance. ,dr c dt = i.e. for timedt is

a) 2. . . . . ;dmdW F dr c c dt dm c

dt = = =

r r r rb) 2

0. ;

mW dW m c= =∫ (2-3)

Since electromagnetic substance can convert into a field and vice versa, it follows that the law (2-3)b2. ;W m c= (2-3)b

holds true both for the field and for the substantial form of electromagnetic matter. This results from the 1704 Newton’s definition that matter is electromagnetic.

This law (2-3)b is a direct result from Newton’s mechanics in “Principles...” of 1687 and theexperimental facts, described by him in “Opticks...” of 1704., therefore, this law should be treated asclassical.

P.S. Here it should be emphased thata) J. K. Maxwell in „Treatise on electricity and magnetism” of 1873 in paragraph 792 under the title

“Energy and pressure of emission” wrote: “That is why in a medium, where waves propagate, there is pressure in direction normal to the waves and numerically equal to the energy contained in a unit of volume (density of energy, P.P.’s note).”

This law, notated via a mathematical formula, states

a) . ;w p c

c= ρ = →b) 0. . ;W

P m c cc

= =r r r

c) 2. ;W m c= d) 0 ;cc

c=r

r (2-4)

where: ρ is density of masses of electromagnetic waves;c – velocity of electromagnetic waves ( light);w – density of energy of electromagnetic waves.

After integrating (2-4)a for volumeV we have (2-4)b and (2-4)c, where:m is the mass, andW theenergy of electromagnetic matter of waves.

The law (2-3)b, respectively (2-4)c was given by Einstein in 1905, and by Maxwell 32 years before that,in 1873

b) P. N. Lebedev in a report in Strasburg on 30 July 1891 wrote that Maxwell in 1873 gave the law (2-

4)c and, moreover, that: b.1) A. Bartoli in 1885 and b.2) L. Boltzmann in 1884 gave a law analogous to the law (2-4)c.

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3. THEORETICAL BASIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC NATURAL ENTITIES, I.E.OF ALL NATURAL PHENOMENA (OBJECTS, PHENOMENA, PROCESSES, ETC.)

It is ascertained that the smallest independent substantial elementary particle and antiparticle are the theelectron e– and the positron e+. They are assumed to be of homogenous in its essence matter, calledelectromagnetic matter in the form of a structure called electric charge, which is in two reciprocal structuralstates, called polarities. The electrone- is a particle with negative polarity, while the positrone+ is with

positive polarity and it is antiparticle to the electron. The values of their electric chargesqe are identical andhave the value 191,6.10 Ceq −=m and e- and e+ have identical masses, so here for brevity they will both becalled electrons (electron and positron).

It should be emphasized here that a thesis can be considered that in a certain indirect aspect, as theinitial material resource could be interpreted the argument (thesis) that the elementary independent electriccharge of the electrons is the initial resource as it is known that the effect of interaction between electrons e -

and positrons e + can be the generation of other elementary particles (protons, neutrons, photons and so on)and also there are not any electrical charges that do not generate electrical, magnetic or gravitationalfields.

Michael Faraday in 1843 proved that there exists a law of electric charges conservation – LECC.It was established that:

A) electrons at rest ( )0v = generate only: a) electrostatic E

and b) gravitational G fields, energies0 E W and 0GW and have masses 0em and 0 .Gm

B) at velocity 0v ≠ they generate: a) apart from E and ,G also b) magnetic fields H and energies H W and mass , H m where the magnetic fields, energies and masses are inseparable from the electric

charges, respectively from the masses of the charges and the elementary particles generated by them. Theenergy H W and mass H m are these, which are imparted to the masses of electrons under the action of force , F which accelerates them to velocity v, i.e. in order to accelerate objects to velocity v it isnecessary that force F should impart energy to them which they TRANSFORM INTO MAGNETIC FIELD AND RESPECTIVELY INTO MAGNETIC ENERGY W H AND MAGNETIC MASS .

3.1. Electrostatic field , E E density of its energy , E w internal energy 0 E W and mass me0 of the electron at rest

a) 02

0

. ;4. .

e E

q r E

r = π.ε

rb)

20. ;2

E E

E w

ε= c)0 0

22

0 00 00 0

. .4. . . ;4. .

e er r e

E E E e

qW w dV w r dr

r = = π.ε = π.ε∫ ∫ (3-1)

where: eqm is the electric charge of electrons;r e0 – computational (classical) radius of electrons (e- and e+);ε 0 – dielectric constant of vacuum.

The mass of electrons at rest( )0v = is equal to the mass of its electrostatic energy

a) 200 2 . ; E

e e m

W m q k

c= = b) ( )2

0 04. . . const.;m ek r c= π.ε = (3-2)

3.2. Gravitational field, which generates the masses of electronsat restThe density of mass of the electrostatic field, which is

2 ; E E

wc

ρ = (3-4)

generates a respective, inseparable from itself, gravitational field2

0 002 2 2

. . . . . 0;2. . E

E E r E G r

r c r ρρ γ ε γ = − = − <

rr r (3-5)

The gravitational field, which generates electrons (e- and e+) and which is inseparable from them is2

0 002 2

. . . .. 0;e e m

e

m r q k G r

r r

γ γ = − = − <rr r

(3-3)

where:γ is gravitational constant.It is evident from (3-4) and (3-5), to the genetic principle, that gravitational fields eG

10



and E Gρ are of electromagnetic nature, and should be called secondary electric fields .

Moreover, the assumption that gravitational field is a secondary electric field accounts for the fact that gravitational field is unipolar. It is unipolar because the squares of the negative electric charges ( ),eq− as

well as of the electric fields ( )2 E − are always positive, or

a) ( )2 0;eq− > b) ( )2 0; E − > (3-6)

And the negative sign before 0em and E ρ is written because in physics it is accepted for the forces of attraction to be described by negative sign.

3.3. Magnetic field, which is generated around electronswhen they move at velocity v > 0

3.3.1. Magnetic energy, mass and gravitational field, generated by the magnetic mass

Experimentally has been ascertained that during motion of electric charge eqm at velocityv c< around it and inseparably from it a magnetic field e H is generated with density of magnetic

energy Hew and density of its mass , Heρ as well as the mass m e of the electron at velocity v, as fol lows

a) 0. . ;e E H v E = ε r

b)2

0 . ;2 He

H w

µ= c) 2 ; He He

wc

ρ = d) 0 20

1 ;.c

µ =ε (3-7)

where: 0µ is magnetic constant of vacuum.At pointM at distancer the electron generates densities of energy Hew and of mass Heρ of the magnetic

field , E H which are variable quantities, depending on velocityv, and the respective quantities of electrostatic

field E E are constanta) const.; E w = b) const.; E ρ = c) const.;eq = (3-8)

In these conditions the resultant densities of energiesM w and masses M ρ at pointM area) ;M E Hew w w= + b) ;M E Heρ = ρ + ρ (3-9)

Therefore the differentials of M w and M ρ from (3-9) area) 0 ;M Hedw dw= + b) ;M Hed d ρ = ρ (3-10)

i.e. at point M, M w and M ρ are altered depending on velocity v only the components of the magnetic field

( ) H f v= and its respective densities of energy and mass (3-10), and thence (or because of this) the

magnetic energy HeW and mass Hem of the electron are also altered.

To density of mass M ρ corresponds momentum M P and force M F

a) . ;M M P v= ρr

b) . . ;M M

M M

dP d dv F vdt dt dt

ρ= = + ρ

r r(3-11)

Since pointM is at a random distancer from the electron, the relationships M P P = and M F F = holdtrue for all points of the volume outside the electron from its radius0er to infinity ( ).∞ Under this conditionthe differential of the full energy (of the electrostatic and magnetic fields) of the electron with density of mass

M ρ (3-9)b is( ) ( )2 2. 1. . . . . ;

2M

e M M M

d vdW F dr v dt d v d v

dt ρ= = = ρ + ρ

r r r (3-12)

And the density of mass M ρ of the energy of the electron at velocity

a) ;v c< b) 1;vcβ = < c) 1;β → (3-13)

is

11



( ) ( )2 2

2 22

1 1. 1 . 1 ; ;2 2

eM M M M M

dW v v vd d d d

c c c c ρ = = ρ + ρ = ρ −β + ρ −β β =

(3-14)

After processing equation (3-14) we have( )

( )

2

2

11 ;2 1

M

M

d d −βρ = −ρ −β (3-15)

With solution of equation (3-15) under the following conditionsa) 0;v = →b) ;M E ρ = ρ c) 0;v ≠ d) ;M M eρ = ρ ≠ ρ (3-16)we have density of mass eρ of the electron at velocity ,v c< and from it we have the density ew of itsenergy, which are

a) ( )1

2 21 ;e E

−ρ = ρ −β b) ( )1

2 2 2 2. . . 1 ;e e E w c c−= ρ = ρ −β (3-17)

Where, after integrating eρ and ew in the volume of 0er to ∞ we have the full mass em and the energyeW of the electron at velocityv according to the condition about the velocity (3-13), which are

a) ( )1

2 20 1 ;e em m

−= −β b) ( ) ( )1 1

2 2 2 22 20 0. . 1 . 1 ;е e e еW m c m c W

− −= = −β = −β (3-18)

Since em

and eW

also include 0em

(3-2)a and the energy 0 E W

(3-1)c at rest ( )0 ,v

= it follows that theyare sums of two partsa) ( )

12 2

0 0 1 ;e e He em m m m−= + = −β b) ( )

12 2

0 0 1 ;e E He E W W W W −= + = −β (3-19)

In this inference, a significant fact (law) is that since during motion of the electron at velocityv, magnetic(kinetic) energy is generated around it, which is inseparable from the electron; therefore, the mass of the magnetic(kinetic) energy is inseparable from the mass of the electron at restme0. That explains why the mass and full energyof the electron at velocityv increase according to (3-19), while the theory of relativity does not offer any explanationof the physical meaning of the mass growth according to (3-19). This circumstance explains why, according toMaxwell, kinetic energy is magnetic (electromagnetic) energy.

Therefore the mass m He of the magnetic field (of the magnetic energy) of the electron and themagnetic energy W He of the electron are inseparable from the electron and have these values

a) ( )12 20 0 1 1 ; He e e em m m m − = − = −β − b) ( )12 2 2

0 0 . 1 1 ; He e E eW W W m c − = − = −β − (3-20)

To Hem corresponds gravitational field HeG of electromagnetic nature, inseparable from it

( ) ( )1 1

2 22 20

200 02 2 2

1 1 . . 1 1 . .. . . . 0;m

He He e e

k r m r

G m r qr r r

− − −β − γ −β − γ γ = − = = − <r

rr r (3-21)

It is apparent from here that the gravitational field, generated by the massof the magnetic field of the electron is of electromagnetic nature, but since it isgenerated by the magnetic (electromagnetic) field, it should be called asecondary electromagnetic field, which is generated by the square (the mass) of

the electric charge ( )2

,eqm or, respectively, by the mass of its magnetic energy.Emphasis

Magnetic (kinetic) energy He KeW W = (3-20)b and magnetic (kinetic) mass H Kem m= (3-20)a, arehere obtained as quantities, which are product of electromagnetic matter, whose theory was developed by J.C. Maxwell in his book “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” in 1873, where Maxwell specified that inthe theory of electromagnetic matter the role of kinetic energy is played by magnetic and electromagneticenergies, whereby:

a) in paragraph 636 Maxwell wrote“...kinetic energy exists wherever there is magnetic field, i.e. inall parts of the field where there is magnetic field. Quantitatively, the density of magnetic (kinetic)energy is

20 . ;2 K H H W W µ= =

where: 0µ is magnetic permeability of vacuum; H – magnetic field.”12



b) and in paragraph 638 Maxwell wrote:“T HEREFORE WE SHOULD CONSIDER BOTH MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGIES AS KINETIC ENERGIES .”

(emphasis added by P.P.).This solution of Maxwell was missed (not taken into consideration) at the time when Maxwell’s

electrodynamics was studied. Probably this omission was made by the author who first presented thecomplete electromagnetic theory of Maxwell in a systemized way, in the form known today as Maxwell equations, for this system of equations was not given by Maxwell in his treatise.

At present this omission should be corrected and instead of kinetic energy it should be written(used) the notions of magnetic or electromagnetic energy. i.e. all energies are only electromagneticenergies (electric, magnetic and gravitational).

At velocity of the electronv much lower thanc, i.e. at

a) ;v c= b) 1;vc

β = = or c) 0;β → (3-22)

the expression( )1

2 21−−β is expanded in a power series

( )1

2 2 4 62 1 3 151 1 ...;

2 8 18

−−β = + β − β + β (3-23)

And by taking only the first two terms of (3-23), magnetic energy HeW (3-20)b andmass Hem (3-20)a are notated in reduced forms

a)2

0. ;2

e He

m vW = b)

20

02 2

. ;2.

He e He e

W m vm m

c c= = = (3-24)

These magnetic energy HeW and mass Hem incorrectly, according to Maxwell, are called kinetic energyk W and mass .k m

3.3.2. Protons and neutrons are restructured accelerated squaresof electric charges – electrons

It is necessary to emphasize that it is known that there exists a law in physics that magnetic (kinetic) energycan be turned into substantial elementary particles.

For example, the interaction of accelerated electron e - and positron may result, depending on the condition:a) proton p and antiproton p or b) neutron n and antineutron .n The accelerated to velocity v c< electron and

positron have masses em and energies ,eW according to (3-19). Then

a) ( )0 0 ;e e e e p p− + − ++ → + + + b) ( )0 0 ;e e e e n n− + − ++ → + + + (3-25)where, if equation (3-25)a is written through the energies of the electrons and protons and if we take intoconsideration the fact that the energies and the masses of the electron and positron are equal in values

( )0 0

;e e e e

W W W W − + − += = as well as to proton 0 p and antiproton 0 p at rest, and by analogy, for the neutron.Under these conditions, from (3-19) and (3-25)a, written through the respective energies, we have

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1

2 2 2 22

0 0 0 0 02. 2. 2. . 2. . 1 . ;e e He e He e p eW W W m m c m m c m c

−

= + = + = + = −β (3-26)and from (3-26), after processing, follow the formulae of the masses of the proton and antiproton

( ) ( )1 1

2 2 2 22 20 0 0 02 1 1 . 1 1 . . ; He

p p He e p e p m p m

W m m m m q k Q k

c

− − = = = = −β − = −β − = (3-27)

where, since the expression ( )1

2 21 1 p

− −β − is a dimensionless quantity, and mk is a physical constant, we

have no grounds to assume that

( )1

2 2 2 20 . 1 1 ; p e pQ q

− = −β − (3-28)

is effective square of the electric charge of the proton at rest, which is so with the antiproton too.

By analogy we can obtain the masses of neutron0n and antineutron 0n ( )

0 0

12 2 22

02 1 1 . . ; Hen n He e m n m

W m m m q k Q k

c

− = = = = −β − = (3-29)

13



Since HeW and Hem are respectively the magnetic (kinetic) energy and mass of the electron, it isevident that they can convert (get transformed) into a substantial form of electromagnetic matter. I.e.protons and neutrons are electromagnetic elementary particles.

And since atoms and molecules are formed (structured) from electrons, positrons and neutrons, theinference follows that atoms are structures of electromagnetic elementary particles, i.e. they are only

structures of electromagnetic matter – they are substantial electromagnetic matter, which is obtained from field matter and can convert into field matter.

For the purposes of analysing the masses of protons and neutrons, for convenience, we introduce thenotion effective square of electric charge Q 2 of a body (object) of electromagnetic matter with mass m.

Essentially these squares of electric charges 2 ,Q are an external expression of the sum of the squares of electric charges of the electrons, from which are formed the respective quantitative values of objects (quantitiesof electrons, protons and neutrons) of electromagnetic matter, respectively of electromagnetic (magnetic – kinetic) energy. And here (in this article) they are called squares of effective electric charges of objects (bodies).

And in the most general case, to each quantity of electromagnetic matter (body), whichcorresponds to electromagnetic energy (including also to thermal energy) W , corresponds mass

2 ,T T

W m

c =

and to its mass T m corresponds a square of the effective electric charge.

a)2 ;T

T m

mQk

= b) 2. ;T T mm Q k = (3-30)

It is essential to emphasize that 2T Q is not equal to the real square 2

RQ of the sum of electric charges of theelectrons of the object with mass m, but is equal to the sum of squares of the individual charges of the electrons,which correspond to the object.

From the interaction of the electron 0e− and positron 0e+ at rest are generated photonsγ , which moveat velocity of lightc, as follows from the following experimental facts

a) 0 0 2. ;e e− ++ → γ →b) 202 . 2. 2. . 2. ;e f m c W h= = ν = γ c)

20 . ;em ch

ν = (3-31)

where:h is Planck constant; ν - frequency of photonsγ .In the case of photonγ , the energy . , f W h= ν which is electromagnetic energy in the form of

electromagnetic waves of electric E and magnetic H fields, but this energy f W is obtained from the energy2

0.em c of the electron, which can be written in the form

a) 2 2. . . ;e m f q k c W h= = ν →b) 2 22 ;

. f

e f m

W q Q

k c= = (3-32)

In this sense, to the energy of electromagnetic waves of photon corresponds effective square of the electric

charge2 f Q of the photon. It is exactly in this sense that this charge is the source of energy . f W In this aspect, to

each electromagnetic (electric W E , magnetic W H or sum of W E and W H ) energy corresponds some effective square

of electric charge.3.3.3. Examples in support of the secondary electromagnetic natureof the gravitational fields – conversion of gravitational energy intomagnetic (kinetic) and vice versaThe following situation is considered. Over the Earth, which has matter (mass)M 3, along its radius R3,

there are two point-like massesM 1 and M 2 at distances R1 and R2 relative to its centre, which lie on the sameradius.

The gravitational potentials on the surface of the Earth (R 3) and at pointsM 1 and M 2 are:3

33

.) ;G

M a U

Rγ = − 3

11

.) ;G

M b U

Rγ = − 3

22

.) ;G

M c U

Rγ = − 2 1) ;d R R> (3-33)

The difference between the potentials of M 1 and M 2 is

21 32 1

1 1. ;GU M

R R ∆ = − − γ

(3-34)

14



Let us assume that the processes take place on the surface of the Earth, i.e.1 3 R R= and that3 .;GU A const = = (3-35)

Under these conditions let us also assume thata) 1 3 0; R R= = b) 2 0; R ≠ (3-36)

I.e. the potential 3GU , respectively R 3, is assumed as the beginning of the coordinate system,i.e. under these conditions 3 0GU = , and the potential 21GU ∆ from (3-34) is

212

;GЗU M r γ ∆ = − ; (3-37)

to which, for an object of matter m0 in point M2, corresponds potential gravitational energy 2G GW W = andforce F G

a) 02 21 0

2

.. ;G GЗ G

mW U m M W

Rγ = ∆ = − =

b) 0. ;G

G

dW F r

R= ∂

r r (3-38)

If the objectm0 at velocity zero in pointM 2 has zero magnetic energy 0 H K W W = = and it fallsfreely from point M 2 to the Earth, i.e. along pathwayR2 , in point M 1 on the Earth it will obtainmagnetic (kinetic) energy (magnetic energy)

22

0

0

.. ;2

r

H K G

m vW W F dR= = =∫ r r

(3-39)

where: v is the velocity of the object during its fall at point M1 (on the surface of the Earth).According to the law of energy conservation

a) ;G K H W W W = = b) 0;G K G H W W W W − = − = (3-40)at point M1 the object has potential energy 0GW ≠ and 0, K H W W = =

and in point ( )0 0G R W = = and

0. K H W W = ≠ In this way a well-known fact is illustrated, that the potential gravitational energy transforms into

magnetic (kinetic) energy.

A reverse conversion is possible, if the object, which is in pointM 1 at 0, R = on the surface of theEarth, is supplied with sufficient quantity of electromagnetic energy to reach pointM 2. In this case theelectromagnetic energyW H converts into gravitational potential energy G H W W = in pointM 2.

The explanation of the above processes is in the fact that the two kinds of fields are geneticallyhomogenous, they are both generated by electromagnetic matter .

Example with a photonLet a photon of energy 0

W ν and matter (mass) 0m ν

0 0) . ;a W h ν = ν 0

0 2) ;W

b mc ν

ν = (3-41)

(where: h is Planck constant; and 0 ν – frequency) is in pointM 2, then its potential gravitationalenergy is

0

1

3

2

. .;G

M mU

r ν

ν− γ = (3-42)

During the motion of the photon fromM 2 to M 1 it experiences the gravitational force of the EarthG F ν andso it increases its velocity above the wave velocityc, as a result of the force of attraction G F ν by the gravitationalfield of the Earth, and its velocity will increase by v21, and thence its frequency will increase, too (according toDoppler Effect), where the velocity v21, which the photon of mass 0

m ν gains is caused by the force of thegravitational field of the Earth, which is

0 3) . ;Ga F m G ν= b) 0. . ; З З З m r G a

Rγ = =r

r c) 0 ;r r r =r r (3-43)

15



Due to the short distance 22 2 1 R R R∆ = − along which G F acts, we can assume that .G F const = Under this condition, the kinetic energy, which the gravitational forceG F releases to the photon of mass 0

m ν is

a)221

21

.. ;2

vv G

m vW F R∆ = ∆ = →

b)

0 0

1 12 2

21 2121

2. . . . . ;GЗ

v v

F R m v Rv

m m

∆ γ ∆= = (3-44)

As a result of this velocityv21, according to Doppler Effect, the frequency ν of the photon and itsvelocity c change to

2121 0 0) . . ;cc v u

ac c

+ ν = ν = ν 21) ;cb u c v= + (3-45)

As a result, the energy and matter of the photon in point M1 will increase to

a) 2

1

210 00

. . . . ;r

cv Gv

u c vW F dR h h

c c+ = = ν = ν ∫

r r

1

1 2) ;W

b mc ν

ν = (3-46)

As a result of the gravitational force, which acts upon the photon, its velocity will increase above thevelocity of light to cu c> (3-45) – a fact which disproves the assertions in the Special Theory of Relativitybut was assumed by Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity .

Because of this fact, whichEinstein* in his General Theory of Relativity (GTR), also called “Doppler

Principle“, the thesis claimed by him should not be absolutized that always (under any and all conditions) thevelocity of light is const.,c = including also the statement of September 2011 from Switzerland that theneutrino moves at velocity different from c, because according to Einstein c depends also on the gravitational

field generated by the Earth.The gain of energy and matter of the photon from M2 to M1

21

21 1 2 21

21 210 0 2) . 1 . . ; ) ;v

v v

W c v va W W W h h b m

c c c ν ν∆+ ∆ = − = ν − = ν =

(3-47)

These changes under certain conditions are measurable.Let an example be calculated atR2 = 21,5 m distance between the pointsM 2 and M 1 and be compared

with the measured values.Here simplification is required, but the accuracy is sufficient for comparison with the measurement.Since the gravitational fieldsG2 and G1 in points M 2 and M 1 are approximately equal, we can use the

resultant average value of GF, which is22 1 0

21 3 3 23

.9,8 . ;

2G G r

G G M m s R

−+ γ = ≈ = − = rr r

(3-48)

The velocityv21 in M 1 and timet 21 from M 2 and M 1 are

21 3 21a) . ;v G t ∆ = b) 2121 ;

Rt

c∆=

21

21

.c) ; ЗG r

vc∆= (3-49)

The difference in the frequences of 2M and M 1 is152

21 21 0 16

. 9,81.21,5~ 2,3.10 Hz;

9.10 ЗG R

v v vc

−∆ = − = = ≈ (3-50)

With the above numerical data, frequency 1521 2,3.10v Hz −∆ = was measured by R.V. Pound and Rebka

(R. V Pound and Rebka. On the weight of photons in “Achievement of physics” vol. LXII issue 4. 1960,Moscow, in Russian) by the method of Moessbauer, whereby this result was obtained with an error of 1%± .

This experiment directly confirms Newton’s gravitational theory as well as the conversion of the potential gravitational energy into electromagnetic (kinetic) energy because the formulae used in theexperiment are from the Newtonian gravitation.

Moreover, Pound’s experiment proves practically that the velocity of light is not constant, BUT IT DEPENDS ON THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD G, I.E. IT CAN BE

21 ;cu c v c= ± ≠ (3-51)

* A. Einstein. Über den Einfluss der Schwerkraftauf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes. Ann. Phys. 1911, 35, § 3q 898 – 908.

16



3.3.4. Foundation of the theoretical basis: Principal of natural entitiesSince HeW and Hem are respectively the magnetic (kinetic) energy and mass of the electron, it is

evident that they convert (get transformed) into a substantial form of electromagnetic matter. I.e.protons and neutrons are electromagnetic elementary particles.

AND SINCE ATOMS AND MOLECULES ARE FORMED ( STRUCTURED ) FROM ELECTRONS , POSITRONS AND NEUTRONS , THE INFERENCE FOLLOWS THAT ATOMS ARE STRUCTURES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ELEMENTARY PARTICLES , I. E. THEY ARE ONLY STRUCTURES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER – THEY ARE SUBSTANTIAL ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER , WHICH IS OBTAINED FROM FIELD ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER AND CAN CONVERT INTO FIELD MATTER .

Under these conditions, since the theoretical basis of electromagnetic energies and masses are given byMaxwell’s equations, without the gravitational fields, while according to S. Poisson, Newton’s gravitation wasdescribed in 1813 by the following differential equations

a) rot. 0;G = b) div .4. . ;mG = −ρ π γ (3-52 )where according to the condition that matter is electromagnetic, it follows thatmρ is

a) ( )2 20 0

2 2

. . ;2. 2.

T m

d Qdm E H

dV c c dV

ε µρ = = = = b)2

02

. ;2.

E

E

c

ερ = c)2

02

. ;2.

M

H

c

µρ = (3-53 )

which is density of the mass of electromagnetic matter in substantial or field form. And their respectivegravitational fields generated by electromagnetic matter are

a) 02

. .;

m

m r G

r ρρ γ = −

r(3-54 )

It is apparent that the electric E and magnetic H fields (or rather the densities of their masses)generate gravitational fields, which are described by the equations of Poisson (3-33) through the densities of their masses.

This circumstance is the reason to consider the equations of Poisson (3-52) as gravitational part of the theory of electromagnetic matter. And in this sense there follows the inference that they, being partof the theory of electromagnetic matter, should be united into one system, as a second part after theequations of Maxwell, which are the first part , which system, described with observance of the laws: a) of conservation of the electric charge, b) the three laws of Newton and c) their corollaries, form the deductive

principle (the theoretical foundations of the theory of electromagnetic matter, which system because it is aleading principle, which is in the basis (root) of all theories about the manifestations of electromagneticmatter in the form of natural entities, is called here

PRINCIPALPRINCIPAL

a) rot ; b) div ; c) . ; I

a) rot ; b) div 0; c) . ; II

a) rot 0 ' b) div .4. . ; III

е

m

B E D D E

t D

H j B B H t

G G

∂=− =ρ =ε∂∂= + = =µ∂

= =−ρ πγ

r r r r

rr r r rr

r r(3-55 )

where these designations are new: D and B are electric and magnetic inductions; eρ - density of the electriccharge; j - density of current, if there is any; mρ - density of electromagnetic matter (gravitational charge),the mass.

These inferences follow from (3-55):1. they describe the unity of the regularities both of field and of substantial forms of electromagnetic

matter;2. they prove the unity inseparability of electromagnetic and gravitational fields, i.e. their genetic unity;

3. they show that at 0eρ = the unity and inseparability of electromagnetic waves is described

as well as the generated by them electric, magnetic ( E and H ) and gravitational field ( )Gr

17



through the respective densities of their matters (masses) . E H mρ +ρ = ρ4. that the gravitational field has electromagnetic nature, i.e. that it is a secondary

electromagnetic field.

Emphasis Here the fact should be emphasized that the differential equations practically have unlimited number

of real solutions, which depend on the unlimited number of boundary conditions, determined by the

unlimited number of situations, which occur in nature. This property of differential equations enables themto describe the natural diversity, i.e. they satisfy the requirement of unlimited number of solutions for description of natural diversity.

In The Principal all quantities are genetically homogenous. I.e. the Principal describes thehomogeneity (the unity) of: a) the substantial and field forms of electromagnetic matter and that they canconvert (restructure) from one into the other forms; b) the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, and that there is no object (phenomenon) which does not generate simultaneously both (electromagnetic and

gravitational) fields and c) this is the embryo as an initial deductive principle, which directly or indirectlyis in the root of all sciences studying natural phenomena.

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC MECHANISM OF GENERATION OF INERTIAL FORCEThe active manifestation of the law of matter and energy conservation, LMEC, requires that material

objects have the property of immediate counteraction to any alteration of their matter and energy. This property iscalled INERTNESS .

The description of the mechanism of generation of this property is the following example of the electronin the process of alteration of the velocity of motion, i.e. at the availability of acceleration (under the action of a force). Let us imagine that there exists a plane N , which passes through the centre of the electron andthrough the axis of its acceleration .a Let at distance r the flux 2d Φ of magnetic induction , B generated atvelocity of the electron . ,v a t = across surface dS , where B is perpendicular to dS , is

0 00 2 2

. . . . . . .. . ;

4. . 4. .e e

r

q v dr q a t dr d H dS

r r µ µΦ = µ = =π π (4-1)

This elementary magnetic flux encompasses the electron only along a unit of length around its centreand has as its axis its acceleration.a When integrating it in the boundaries of the computational radius of theelectron 0er to infinity ( ),∞ a flux is created, which encompasses the electron along a unit of length throughits centre, which is

0

02

0 0

. . ;4. . .e

e eе r r

e e

q a t md

r c q

∞Φ = Φ = =π.ε∫ 0 2

0

1 ;.c

µ =ε (4-2)

According to the law of Faraday, in alteration of this flux in time, in the centre of the electron is induceda counterelectromotive field (CEMF) in direction opposite the one of acceleration:

02

0 0

. . .. ; ;

4. . . .e e a e

ie a ae e

d q a i m a a E i i

dt r c q aΦ= − = − = − =π ε

r rr r rr (4-3)

This CEMF ie E has a direction opposite to the acting upon the electron external electromagnetic EB F or

gravitational GB F force. As a result of the interaction between the charge of the electronqe and ie E generateselectric force

a) 0. . ;ie e ie e i F q E m a= = − rb) ;ie EB A F F F F = − = − = (4-4)

Since the electron generates both electric E , and magnetic H and gravitational G fields, the inertialforce ie F counteracts to , EB F i.e. to E F and B F and to ,GB F if such force sets it in motion, or

a) 0;ie EB F F + = b) 0;ie GB F F + = c) 0;ie A F F + = (4-5)

where: A F is any acting external force.

In this sense ie F is the inertial force, which acts against the external motive forces , , EB GB A F F F and isexpression of the counteracting property of matter of objects, the model of which is assumed to be the elctron.

18



This force was called by Newton inertial and it is described as a product of matter (mass)m and acceleration:a) . ;i ie A F F m a F = = − = −r

b) ;i A F F = (4-6)In essence, the inertial property is consequence of, is based on, LEMC – or is external expression

of LMEC, and LMEC is grounded in the law of conservation of electric charge of 1843, established byM. Faraday. According to the principle of conservation of the tandem matter-energy, it is necessary that thematerial object should have the natural property of being able to counteract to each manifestation, which

would result in a change of its tandem (matter-energy). This counteraction must be by a sign identical in valuewith the one of the tandem but with opposite sign in comparison to that, which is imparted to it or taken fromit by external forces.

The general validity of the inertial force is in this that since the law of conservation of the matter and energy of the electron holds true for electromagnetic matter as a whole, i.e. for the material objects, this isthe motivation to accept that the created inertial force of the electron (4-4) is also applicable to all natural objects, since they are electromagnetic. Or at electromagnetic mass m T (3-30)b and effective square of electric charge of a body of mass m T –

2T Q (3-30)a the inertial force of the body at

2Т Q (2-46) is

electromagnetic force

( )1

2 2 2 2. . . 1 . . ;iT T T m e m F m a Q k a q k a−= = − = − −β

r r r r (4-7)The electromagnetic inertial force is consequence of the fact that there occurs quantitative alteration

of the magnetic or electromagnetic (kinetic) energy. I.e. the alteration of magnetic or electromagnetic(kinetic) energy generates inertial force.

5. FORCE F , VELOCITY v AND ACCELERATION a IN GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMICS

5.1. What is force if mass is function of velocityAccording to the second law of Newton (mechanics), the force F is a derivative in relation to timet of

momentum . P The momentum is a product of the full massm of the object (body) and its velocity ,v whichaccording to equation (3-18) is

a) ( )1

2 20 1 ;m m −= −β b) ;d v

cβ = (5-1)

where: m0 is the mass at rest, which according to Newton is an abstracted (simplified) point-like notion of quantity of matter, which is placed in the centre of gravity of the object. And the gain of the mass from thevalue m0 at rest to m is due to the law that every quantity of electromagnetic matter in motion at velocity

0,d v ≠ generates around itself magnetic field , H respectively magnetic energy W H , which is inseparable from

the object with mass m 0 and which has mass 0 , H m m m= − according to equation (3-20)

a) ( )1

2 20 1 1 ; H d m m

− = −β − b) ( )1

2 20 0 1 ; H d m m m m

−= + = −β (5-2)

Under these conditions the momentum of the body with massm (5-1) is

( )12 20. . 1 . ;d d d P m v m v−= = −βr r r (5-3)

But the mass also increases by the mass Г m of gravitational field ,G respectively of gravitationalenergy W G of the object. The ratios of the full electromagneticW e and gravitationalW G energies of the objectsare:

a)413, 3.10 ;e

G G

W mW m

= ≈ b) ( )141. 3,3.10 0;Gm m m−= <<< ≈ (5-5)

is without a real quantitative effect, so it is not considered.Under these conditions, for m (5-1) and momentum P (5-3) according to Newton, the force is

a) ( ) ( )3 3

2 22 20 01 . 1 . ;

d d d k

dP dv F m m adt dt

− −

= = −β = −β

rr rb) ;

d k

dva dt =r

c) 0;Gm

m ≈ (5-5) Here we should use the notion dynamic velocity v d , because this velocity of the object is determined

19



when it is in dynamic (moving) state. I.e. it is not correct to use the kinematic velocity k v v= and kinematic

acceleration ,k k

dva

dt =r

since the objects are in motion, which is impossible in the absence of motive force

and therefore the velocity v d and the acceleration a d have to depend (to be function of) on the force as well.

5.2. Dynamic (or actual) velocity d v and accelerations d а

Under the condition of motion, the velocity d v and acceleration d a have rather different physical meaning, because the influence of the motive factor, such as force F, is taken into consideration. And as it isknown without force F there is no motion, i.e. no velocity d v nor acceleration .d a The use of the classical

notions kinetic velocity k v and acceleration k a are incorrectly simplified ideas of dynamic velocity d v and

acceleration ,d a which are used in classical mechanics (physics), which is also a simplified notation at

velocity ( )0d d v c β →= of the precise theory of motion at velocity ( ); 1d d v c< β < of electromagnetic

matter.Under these conditions the differential of dynamic (actual,) in the sense of motion, velocity d dv

determined depending on force , F which is the motive factor in equation (5-5)a is

a) ( ) ( )3 3

2 22 20

0

1 . 1 . ;d d a

F dv dt f dt

m

− −= −β = −βrrb) 0

0

; F f

m=r

(5-6)

Here the term 0 f has the physical meaning

00

F f

m= =

r force per unit of mass; (5-7)

After integrating of d dv we have

a) ( )1

2 200. 1 . . ;

v

d d d d v dv f t a t = = − β =∫ rr r r b) ( )

12 2

0 . 1 ;d d d

va f

t = = −β

rr(5-8)

or since the expression ( )1

2 2

1 d −β is a sizeless number, the dynamic velocity is

of unit per momentum)1()1(. 2/12

0

2/12

0

==−=−=

massmomentum

m P

mt F

v d d β β (5-9)

since;. momentum P t F == (5-10)

or by the designations of the dimensionalities

( )1

12 12

0

m.kg.s1 m.s ;

kgd

P v

m

−− = −β → = (5-11)

This means that in dimensionality the dynamic v d and the kinematic v k velocities are identical, but inthe physical meaning, the dynamic velocity, as well as the kinematic one are momentums per unit of mass,

i.e. the momentum per unit of mass has dimensionality1m.s ,− but in dors not coincide with actual one,

because in the physical meaning it is not a ratio of distance to time.From the expression of the dynamic velocityd v we obtain the relationship of the accelerationd a

a) ( )1

2 20 1 . . ;d d v f t a t = −β = →

rr r b) ( )1

2 20 . 1 ;d

d

va f

t = = −β

rr(5-12)

I.e. the physical meaning of acceleration is force per unit of mass

( ) ( )1 1

2 22 20

0

1 . 1 ;d

F a f

m= −β = −β

rr(5-13)

That is why acceleration d a multiplied by the mass of the object gives force . ,d F m a= whichaccelerates it.20



condition (2-13), which includes gravitational field, too, since it is also generated by electromagnetic matter,as is electromagnetic field, this universal theory of motion in all nature (world) should bear such a name that will encompass the action of both kinds of homogenous fields.

In this sense this all-comprising or universal theory of motion of all objects in nature could betermed: a) gravitoelectromagnetic dynamics, or b) dynamics of electromagnetic matter, or only c) dynamicsof matter, or something else.

From the viewpoint of error ∆ or in percentage∆ % of the massm at rest of the object relative to itsmass m at velocity 7 13.10 m.s ,v −= relative to the all-comprising theory is

a)( )

30 0 0 01 1

2 22 2

2

1 11 1 .5.10 ;1 101 d

m m m m mvc

−

−

∆ = − = − = − = − −

b) 0% .0, 5%;m∆ = (6-1)

It follows that from a practical viewpoint there is no significant violation of the accuracy of the solution of the issues of motion, when the simplified laws are used, even up to velocities 7 13.10 m.s ,v −= which are now called laws of classical mechanics. But in this solution, despite the simplified formulae,

their physical meaning and interpretations remain as at d v c< , equation (3-13), i.e. they are solutionsof the laws of the all-comprising theory of motion of electromagnetic theory, i.e. the simplified formulaedescribe the laws of electromagnetic objects, phenomena, processes, etc.

EMPHASIS – CONCLUSIVE INFERENCET HE PRESENTED ABOUT THE MOTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER UNDER THE TITLE

GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMICS OR DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER , MAKES IT OBVIOUS THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE DYNAMICS (MECHANICS ) AND THIS IS THE ALL -COMPRISING GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMICS , WHICH IS VALID BOTH AT LOW ( )v c= AND AT HIGH ( )v c< VELOCITIES OF MOTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER . H OWEVER , FOR HISTORICAL REASONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES , BUT NOT FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE GENERAL (UNITARY ) THEORETICAL BASIS , SINCE CLASSICAL MECHANICS (DYNAMICS ), WHICH ESSENTIALLY IS DYNAMICS ONLY OF THE SUBSTANTIAL FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER , WAS DEVELOPED MUCH EARLIER THAN DYNAMICS , WHICH REFLECTS SIMULTANEOUSLY THE THEORY OF MOTION OF FIELD AND SUBSTANTIAL FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER , DESCRIBED FIRST BY M AXWELL AND WHICH IS CALLED ELECTRODYNAMICS . T HEREFORE CLASSICAL MECHANICS HAS ESTABLISHED ITSELF AS AN INDEPENDENT SECTION “C LASSICAL MECHANICS ” OF GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMICS . N ONETHELESS , IT IS ESSENTIALLY ONLY ITS BOUNDARY CASE AT d v c= AND SIMPLIFIED NOTATION (DESCRIPTION , PRESENTATION )

7. GRAVITATION OF OBJECTS WITH A VOLUME GREATER THAN ZERO V > 0

7.1. Specific gravitational fieldsGeneral premisesWhen computing the gravitational fields and forces of bodies with a volume larger than zero, what all

real bodies are, which are electromagnetic matter, we have to integrate for each point of the volume, wherebythe mass of this elementary volume of the body is . ,e idm dV = ρ the distance r i; moreover, the gravitationalfield iG relative to the attracting body, which is at distancer i , is also the force of attraction F i of a body with aspherical massm

a) 00 02

. . ;ii

mG r

r γ = −

r rb) 0 0

0 2

. . .. . ;iGi i i

i

dv m r dF d m G

r γ = = −ρ

r(7-1)

22



where:γ is gravitational constant.The gravitational force of attraction,

according to Isaac Newton, is between the massesof the bodies, which attract each other and whichhave volume V = 0, i.e. they are in the form of adimensionless point, and the same is assumed for the quantities of matter of electrons m 01 and m 02 ,whereby the gravitational force between them at distance r between them is

01 020 02

. . . ; ;G

m m r F r r

r r γ = − =

r r rr

(7-2)

Later, after Newton, with theintroduction of the notion of physical fields,the notion of gravitational field G was also

introduced, and force G F was also written by

means of the notion of gravitational field G

a) 01 2. ;G F m G= b)02 0

2 2

. .

;

m r

G r γ

= −

r (7-3)

where: 2G is the gravitational field, generated bymass 02m .

In this definition, mass m 02 , which generates a gravitational field, is a gravitational charge q G ,analogously to the formula of electric field E , which is generated by electric charge q e

Examples of gravitational fieldsWhat the expressions about gravitational forces and gravitational fields indicate for some specific

shapes of bodies, which are attracted by a point-like source of a gravitational field.When using the notion mass, the volume of bodies is reduced to zero and ther influence of the volumes

and shapes upon their gravitational properties cannot be accounted for. Therefore, here we have made anattempt to account for this influence only by means of a few cases. Examples of gravitational field with accounting for their volimesWhat the expressions about gravitational forces and gravitational fields indicate for some specific

shapes of bodies, which are attracted by a point-like source of a gravitational field, GF.First case.Case A. Rod B is perpendicular to the gravitational field of a point-like body A.Such a case is shown in Fig. 7.1 a.The rod has a square cross-section, its sides measuring one unit of length and its length measuring 2l .Let us consider an elementary volume of the rod at distance x from its beginning with volume

d 1.1.d xV x= with density of massρ, the rod is attracted by body A of massm A by force

A 2 2

. .d .d ; A

xym x

F H x

γ ρ= − + (7-4)

This force has a projection upon axis y and x

a) ( )3

2 2 2

.dd . . . ; y A

H x F m

H x= − ρ γ

+ b) ( )3

2 2 2

.dd . . . ; х A

x x F m

H x= − ρ γ

+ (7-5)

from which, after integrating we have forces

( )1 1

2 2 2

2d . . . ;

l

y AB y Al

l F F F m

H H l −

= = = − ρ γ +∫ (7-6)

23

Figure 7.1.



( )( )

12 2 2

0

2 2d . . . ;

. x ABX x Al

H l H F F F m

H H l

+ − = = = ρ γ +∫ (7-7)

The integral of x F is only for one side of the rod and gives the force in one arm, while for both arms the force is counterdirected, i.e. it presses the rod toward shortening .

If the force of attraction of body B by body A is calculated under Newton’s condition;l H = (7-8)

we have

1 02

.2.. . . ; x AB A

l F F m r

H γ = = − ρ

r r r(7-9)

The ratio of force 1 x AB F F = to force 10 AB F , calculated under condition (7-8), respectively (7-2), whichis

10 02

2.. . . ; AB A

l F m r

H = − ρ

r r(7-10)

is

( )( )

1

2 2 2

1 3 2 21; F

H l H K H H l

− −= <+

(7-11)

Inferences1. It follows from F y (7-5) and (7-8) that for this case in Fig. 7.1 a, the real gravitational force F y is always

smaller than the one calculated under conditions (7-8), respectively under (7-2).2. W HEN THE ATTRACTED BODY B HAS A DIMENSION PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD OF BODY A,

WHICH ATTRACTS IT , THE BODY GENERATES TRANSVERSE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES , WHICH SEEK TO SHORTEN THE BODY IN DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE FIELD OF BODY A.

3. The previous inference indicates that it is necessary to further develop Newton’s gravitation inorder to clarify the effects, which are generated when a body has volume 0V

≠ .

Case B. Rod B whose axis coincides with the direction of the gravitational field of body A.The rod has a square cross-section, its sides measuring one unit of length and its length measuring2l ,

as fig. 7.1 b shows.At distance y along the axis y is the elementary volumed 1.1.d 1.d yV y y= = , in which there is mass

d d . ym y= ρ, attracted by body A with force

( )2 2

d .d d . ; y

AB y A

m F F m

H y

γ = = −+ (7-12)

The resultant force F AB2, by which body A attracts body B is

2 2 2

. .d ;

l A B

AB yl

m m F F

H l

+

−

γ = = − −∫ (7-13)

For this case, the force calculated under condition (7-2), respectively under (7-9), is

20 02

. .. ; A B

Y AB

m m F F r

H γ = = −

r r(7-14)

The ratio of 2 AB F (1-13) to 10 AB F (7-14) is2

2 2 2 1; F

H K

H l = ≥−

(7-15)

Inferences1. T here is no transverse force in case B2. I N CASE B THE REAL FORCE IS ALWAYS GREATER THAN THE ONE CALCULATED BY CONDITION (7-8).

24



Emphasis І IN REAL BODIES WITH VOLUME 0V > , THERE IS ALWAYS TRANSVERSE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE .

Emphasis ІІ The two cases A and B described here make it apparent that when a body is approximated into a

point (mass with a volume zero V = 0) the influence of the shape of the body upon the force cannot betaken into account, for instance in case A the force has a transverse component, which may be of great

significance in some cases, as it is in case A.

Emphasis ІІІThese two examples also confirm the claim that the notion of

mass is an abstracted notion of the notion of quantity of matter, since inboth positions the two bodies have identical quantities of matter, and under condition (7-8) the gravitational forces are identical in values,but when taking into account their positions relative to the body that attracts them, i.e. with accounting for their real volumes, their

gravitational forces are different.

Second case. Attraction of two spherical bodiesThe gravitational force between two bodiesA and B with masses0 Am > ; 0 Bm > ; 0 AV > ; 0 BV > , even when both of them are perfect

spheres, but body A is assumed to be only a point, i.e. body A isvolumeless 0),V = Newton’s laws (7-2), (7-3) and (7-4) hold true only,for instance, for body B, one for point of body B with density of massρ . If we seek the force between body A and the whole body B, thenaccording to Fig. 7.2, we should integrate for the whole volume of body

B.Under these conditions, the gravitational force between the

spherical homogenous body B and point-like body A in Fig. 7.2 should

be integrated for the whole volume of body B and written in the form( )( )

( )

0

0

12 2 2

32 22 2

.d .d .d. . . ;

r

xyz A Gr

H z x y x y z F m F

x y H z −

+ += γ ρ ≠

+ + + ∫∫ ∫

r

(7-16)

Therefore, force XYZ F from (7-16) is always different from G F (7-2) or, in other words, the force between two real planets even if they are perfect spheres (and they can never be perfect spheres) does notcorrespond to Coulomb’s potential, but is always different from that in a centrally symmetric field such as is

ABГ F .

As a result of (7-8) Newton assumed that whena) 0 ; A H R R=? b) ; B H R? (7-17)the calculation of the gravitational forces between two objects (bodies) A and B at H r = is for thedistances between their centers of gravity, whereby in this case the error can practically be ignored

This force xyz F has projections:a) upon axis z it is

( )'d d .cos . . d . ; xyz xyz xyz

H z F F H z r F

r += α =

r r(7-18)

b) upon an area, parallel to the plane, outlined by axis x and y, but at distance z from them (fromO’ ) andit is

25

Figure 7.2



( )( )

( )

12 2 2

"2

2 2 2 2d d .sin . . d . ; xyz xyz xyz

x y F F H z r F

x y z

+= α =

+ +

r(7-19)

This force exercises pressure upon the layer underneath of body B.The notations of the integrals 'd xyz F and "d xyz F are

( )( )

0

0

2 2

'0 3

2 22 2

.d .d .dd . ;r

xyz r

x y x y z F m H z x y

+

−+= − ρ.γ

+ + + ∫∫ ∫ (7-20)

( ) ( )

( )

0

0

12 2 2

"0 3

2 22 2

. .d .d .dd . ;

r

xyz r

x y H z x y z F m

H z x y

+

−

+ += − ρ.γ

+ + + ∫∫ ∫ (7-21)

Until present time, integrals for this case have not been notated or solved. But they show that:1. AS A MATTER OF FACT , THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES IN REAL BODIES WITH VOLUME V > 0 ( THESE ARE ALL BODIES )

ARE SUBJECTED NOT ONLY TO ATTRACTION , BUT ALSO TO PRESSURE IN DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE AXIS , WHICH CONNECTS THE CENTERS OF THE ATTRACTION AND THE ATTRACTING BODY .

2. T HE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES OF ATTRACTION COMPUTED THROUGH THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD BY IGNORING THEIR VOLUME ( )0V = , ARE ALWAYS MORE OR LESS DIFFERENT FROM THE REAL ONES . I . E . THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION OF THE

BODIES WHEN THEIR VOLUME DIFFERENT FROM ZERO ( )0V > IS , STRICTLY SPEAKING , NEVER PROPORTIONAL TO r 2 , BUT ALWAYS IS

a) 2 ;r − ±α b) ( )0 1 ;< α= (7-22)3. A ND THIS FACT , ACCORDING TO B ERTAN ’ S THEOREM

1 MAKES IT CLEAR THAT THE ORBITS OF THE PLANETS ARE NEVER CLOSED ELLIPSES , BUT ARE ALWAYS OPEN IN THE FORM OF A ROSETTE .

4. Gravitational fields, energies and masses are inseparable from the matter (mass) that generatesthem, which fact leads to the following inferences:

4.1. The velocity of motion of the gravitational field (energy and mass) is such as is the velocity of themass that generates them, i.e. from zero to c, as it is with electromagnetic waves ( light)4.2. As there is no independent gravitational fields, energies and masses, there cannot be any

independent gravitational waves. Moreover, the gravitational field is not an eddy-current field ( )rot 0G = .

7.2. Transverse gravitational force and the SunThe transverse gravitational force F , which is perpendicular to the straight line passing through the

centers of gravity of the two bodies, which attract each other by force F , exists for all bodies, which havevolumesV >0.

This transverse force F exerts transverse pressure directed perpendicularly to the axis that

connects the Sun with the respective planet. For instance, the seven planets and their moons (satellites) generate transverse pressures upon the Sun

and these pressures move according to the motion of the planets along their orbits.The transverse pressures p generate deformations on the Sun.It is possible that at a certain moment of time the pressures of the planets overlap resulting in

moments when there is synchronization of deformations, the resulting sum of which is maximal andcauses eruptions on the Sun (magnetic storms on the Earth). This period of time may be eleven years, asit the period of maximal solar eruptions.

1 N. I. Zhirovski. Klasicheskaya mehanika (Classical Mechanics). Publ. by Prosveshchenie. M. 1980. (p. 111)26



8. THERE ARE NO SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS FOR THE HYPOTHESIS WHICHCLAIMS THAT AT VERY SMALL DISTANCES, BELOW 10 -1 8 m,GRAVITATIONAL FORCES MAY DOMINATE OVER ELECTROMAGNETICFORCEST HE ANALYSIS MADE HERE IS BASED ON THE CIRCUMSTANCE THAT UP TO THIS MOMENT NO EXPERIMENTAL FACT HAS BEEN

PRESENTED TO PROVE THAT THERE IS INDEPENDENT GRAVITATIONAL FIELD , WHICH HAS NO CARRIER ( GENERATOR ) SUCH AS SOME STRUCTURE OF MATTER ( ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER ).

Let us now take a look at the elementary particles in the form of substantial (fermion) particles, such as theelectron e- with mass 31

0 9,1.10em −= kg,The electrostatic force between two electrons1e and 2e with masses 31

1 2 9,1.10e em m −= = and electriccharges 19

1 2 1,6.10 Ce eq q −= = is

( )[ ]

219 38 40 12 281 2

2 12 2 12 2 2 2

1,6.10. 2,56.10 2,3.10 .10 2,3.10;

4 . 4 .8,85.10 . 111,156.10 .e

q q F N

r r r r r

− − − −

− −0

= = = = = →πε π(8-1)

The gravitational force between the masses of the two electrons is

[ ]2 2 2 63 71

111 2 1 2

2 2 2 2

. . . . . 81,82.10 5,525.10.6,673.10 ;e e m e e

Ge

q q k m m F N

r r r r

− −−γ γ = = = = → (8-2)

The ratio of Ge F to e F

times10.402,210.3,2

10.525,5 43

28

71−

−

−

==

e

Ge

F

F (8-3)

I.e. the ratio of the gravitational forces to the electromagnetic forces of two electromagnetic objectsunder the same other conditions is 2,402.10-43.

The relationship between the density of the massmρ and the effective square of electric charge of a body with

mass T m is2 T Т

m

mQ

k = , and the effective square of the electric charge of density of the mass

2 , N N

m

Qk ρ= where N ρ is

density of massmT .Under these conditions the gravitational forces between two equal in value densities of masses

17 310 kg.m N −ρ = , such as the density of the mass of the nucleus of the atom, at distancer one from another is

2 34

2 2

. 10 .; N

G F r r ρ

ρ γ γ = = (8-4)

And the electric force between the effective densities of electric charges2T ρ of these masses is2 34

2 20

10;

.4 . .4 . N

em m

F k r k r ρ

0

ρ= =πε πε (8-5)

The ratio between these forces is11 12 7 13.4 . 6,673.10 .4. .8,85.10 .3,55.10 2,63.10 ;G

F me

F K k F

ρ − − −0

ρ= = γ πε = π = (8-8)

which does not depend on the distance between masses,r since it refers to forces between the same masses, i.e. it alsoholds true for very small distances and for their respective great and small densities of masses.

In this sense, at greater densities of masses 17 310 kg.m N −ρ = the ratio F K between their gravitational

and electromagnetic forces is relatively small 1310 F K −≡ .IN THIS SENSE , THERE IS NO REASON TO ACCEPT THE HYPOTHESIS AT GREAT DENSITIES OF MASSES 1 N ρ ? AND AT

VERY SMALL DISTANCES 1r = , THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES MAY BE DOMINANT , SINCE THE EXAMPLE CALCULATED HERE REJECTS THIS HYPOTHESIS , SINCE a) K F DOES NOT INVOLVE EITHER N ρ , OR r ; b) THERE IS NO GRAVITATIONAL FIELD WITHOUT RESPECTIVE QUANTITY OF MATTER , WHICH GENERATES IT ; THEREFORE , THIS HYPOTHESIS IS GROUNDLESS .

27



9. GENERAL CONCLUSIONTHE PRESENTED ABOVE PROVES THAT PHYSICS, RESPECTIVELY THE

THEORY OF MOTION (DYNAMICS) AND GRAVITATION ARE DESCRIBEDMORE COMPLETELY WITHOUT THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY.

IN ADDITION, THE WHOLE PHYSICS RECEIVES A UNITARYTHEORETICAL BASIS – A UNITARY INITIAL PRINCIPLE, WHEREBY

PHYSICAL PHENOMENA ARE ESSENTIALLY MANIFESTATIONS OF UNITARYELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER.

THE EMBRYO OF THE PHYSICAL THEORY OF NATURAL ENTITIES(OBJECTS, PHENOMENA, PROCESSES AND SO ON) IS THE PRINCIPAL – P. 18,EQUATION (3-55).

LITERATURE1. Dukov, V. M. Elektrodinamika (Electrodynamics). Publ. Vyshaya shkola. M., 1975.2. Filonovich, S. R. Samaya bolshaya skorost (The greatest speed). Publ. Science. M., 1983.3. Einstein, A. O spetsialnoy i obschey teorii otnositelnosti (On the Special and General Theory of

Relativity). Collection of Scientific Works (CSW), vol. І (p. 530). Publ. Science, M., 1966. Translated fromÜber spezialle und die Algemeine Relativitätsheorie (Cremeinsam vorbtendlich) Drück und Verlag vonFriede. Braunscheveiy, 1920.

4. Born, M. Aynshtaynovskaya teoriya otnositelnosti. Publ. Mir. M., 1972. Translated from Max Born.Theory of Relativity. Dover Publication, Inc. New York. 1962.

5. Einstein, A. K elektrodinamike dvizhushchihsya tel. CSW, vol. І (p. 7). Publ. Science. M. 1965.Translated from “Zuz Elektrodynamik der bewegtes Körper” Ann. Phys. 1905, 17, 899 – 921.6. Einstein, A. Osnovnie idei i problemy teorii otnositelnosti. CSW, vol. ІІ (p. 120). Publ. Science. M.,

1966. Translated from: A. Einstein. Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativitätstherie. From the book:“Nobelstiftelsen, Les Prix Nobelen 1921 – 1922”. Imprimerie Royale. Stocholm. 1923.

7. Einstein, A. Otnositelnost: sushtnost teorii otnositelnosti. CSW, vol. ІІ (p. 657). Publ. Science. M.,

1966. Translated from: A. Einstein. Relativity: Essence of Theory of Relativiy. Amez. People Encycl., 1949.XVI, Chicago.8. Newton, I. Matematicheskie nachala naturalnoy filosofii. A. N. Krylov. Publ. Academy of Sciences

of USSR, vol. 7. 1936. Translated from: I. Newton. Philosophie naturalis principa mathematica. Imprimatur S. Peoius, Reg. Boc Praeses. Julii. 1686. London.

9. Newton, I. Opticks or traktat ob otrazheniyah, perelomleniyah, izgibaniyah i tsvetah sveta.Translated from the English edition of Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions,

Inflexions and Colours of Light of 1704 by S. I. Vavilov. Gostehizdat. M., 1954. This book is mostcommonly cited.

10. Vavilov, S. Isaak Newton – nauchnaya biografiya i statii. Publ. Tehnika. S., 1965. Translated by Vavilov ,S. Publ. Academy of Sciences of USSR, M., 1961.

11. Acosta, V., C. Cowan and B. Grahan. Osnovy sovremennoy fiziki. Publ. Prosveshchenie, M., 1981.Translated by V. Acosta, C. Cowan, B. Grahan. Essentials of Modern Physics. Harper Bow Publishers. NewYork. Evaston, San Frncisco, London.

Crash of Einstein's Theory of Relativity_Prof Penchev_EN

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