Copy of كتاب التصميم العمراني7-1-2010

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العمران علوم 1سلسلة

وو نشأةتطور

العمراني التصميمم٢٠٠٦-١٩٥٦

حترير

ساندرز كرووليام جيرأليكس

ترمجة

اهلذلول علي بن صاحل

١٤٣١/٢٠١٠

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وو نشأةتطور

العمراني التصميمم٢٠٠٦-١٩٥٦

ال هارفاردجملة جامعة ، تصميمو الربيع ٢٠٠٦الصيفعدد

ترمجةعليصاحل اهلذلولبن

م٢٠١٠/هـ١٤٣١


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::

CIAM :: JLS

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SP :.UPB :-19181967

.

:AC:ل-١ documentos de astividad contemporaneaIgnasi: أ de Sola-Morales," La nueva arquitecturay el asimetrico dialogo enter

. Csic.es/ bol/num8/estrabismo.htm>.www.residenciaBarcelonay Madrid,"<

٢-Josep Lluis Sert, Fernand Leger, and Sigfried Giedion, ``Nine Points onMonumentality,``

، ا ا ا ك١٩٤٣آ وه:

Joan Ockman and Edward Eigen, eds., Architecture Culture :1943-1968(NewYork:Clombia Books on Architecture / Rizzoli , 1993),29-30.

٣-Jose Luis Sert, " The Human Scale in city Planning," and city Planning (NewYork Philosophical Libarry, 1944),392-412 .

م ر ان١٩٤٣ل ة ت ن انا" آ ي ا انا ه" ا ز ا. ر و ا ا ه ن ر

ر ت ه( ح ر١٩٤٣) ٢(٣٥ت،-ر ،


-٦٣-

JLS-E2 (ت١٩٤٣م)اا" ل سا."ا رة ا ذ ن روآر ر ي .ا

(Mardges Bacon, forthcoming essay in Eric Mumford & Hashim Sarkis,eds., JoseLuis Sert( The Architect of Urban Design, 1953-1969).

٤-Jose Luis Sert,`` Urban Design,`` October 23,1953 ( Folder D91,JLS).ا ا ت ا د ش وة . ا

إ ا أن ي ا ا م إ ت أن ؟( و ) ادأ ا ت ر ا ن وك ا آ د ر) ١٩٤٠( آ ا ا ه ،) .AIA( ا

٥-Letter, Louis Justment to Gorge Howe, October7.1953(UP8.41,Box9,Folder,Dean Perkins Correspondence ``Whither Cities?``Architectural Record,December 1953,10. 1953-1954) .

ث ا آ

٦-``Urban Design,`` October23,1953 Folder091,JLS), 2 .

٧-Jose Luis Sert,`` The Theme of the Congress: The Core,`` in the unpublishedCIAM 8 proceedings(CIAM JT-6- 16-36/41).

٨-``Whither Cities?``10.

٩-Tracy Augur, ``The Dispersal of Cities as a Defense Measure,`` Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists, April 1948,131-134.

١٠-``Whither Cities?``10.ر ا اآ ا ء دة وإ ء إ ب أ ل ا ت ت اآ ه ن ا

اا رآ ا ت أو ت أي آ ري، . ا

١١-Sert,`` Human Scale,`` 392-394, 407-409

د أآ ر إ ف أ ا ا ا س ا ر أا تآ ا ن ذ. ١٩٥٠م١٩٣٠`وك : ل

Gyo Obata,St.Louis:A Study in Urban Design( Cran- brook Academy of Art ,1946).


-٦٤-

١٢-Le Corbusier and P.Jeanneret, Oever complete, 1934-1938, 7th ed. ( Zurich:Editions d`Architecture Zurich,1964),26-29 .

١٣-Sigfried Giedion,`` Brauchen wir noch kunstler? `` plastique,Printemps 1937 ,19-21.

آ ا ا ا آ إ إ : ن

architecture, you and me ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958),2-5.

١٤-Sigfried Giedion, Space , Time and Architecture ( Cambridge,MA: HatvardUniversity Press , 1941),569-580.

ا ة ا ازي ، ا آ وا ا ا ه ا ن إن،:"وه ا رة ات" و م. ة درا١٩٤٢م

،ا" ا ة وا ا إي" اآ د أ وام رخ ز م١٩٤٩إ ي إم ر. ١٩٥١و ا ق ا ا ت ا ه

، ا اآ ر ر أ وذ ، م ا س از آ ب وآ ر إ ا

Camillo sitte, Der Stadtebau(1889)

١٥-Sean d`ouverture,`` CIAM 7 Bergamo 1949 Documents ( Nendein /Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1979),1-2.

ا ا ب .ا

١٦-Letter, Sert to Godfrey Samuel, March, 5,1950ا ه

Jos Bosman, `` CIAM After the War: A Balance of the Modern Movement,``Rassegna, Decem - ber 1992,11.

رة-١٧ ا در ، أ ب دة ا ، رو ا را)AA (ت ا ا در آ ، دي ا ا ن ا ت ا ن

ر ـ. ا ة أ ت سإ: ا و وه روس،ا. : ـ ر روس أدار او ، ا ا ا

دة وإ ا و أت و ، ك ه و در ، م ا ر روس ك ا ر م. ١٩٣٨إ ا إدارة و

ه١٩٤١ ن ا اد ا ش، ا اا ا ب ا ل ء .ا

(Volker Wel- ter,``Postwar CIAM , TeamX, and the influence of PatrickGeddes,`` in CIAM Team 10 , the English Context ,D`Laine Camp, et al., eds.( Delft: Faculty of Architecture, TU-Delft,2002),87-110;


-٦٥-

Ines Zalduendo,``Jaqueline Tyrwhitt`s Correspondence Courses : Town Planningin the Trenches,``forthcoming).

١٨-Jose Luis Sert,`` The Theme of the Congress: The Core.``د ا ت ح س ا ا ه

Centres of, in J.Tyrwhitt,J.L.Sert, and E.N.Rogers,CIAM8: The Heart of the City(New York: Pellegrini and Cudahy, 1952),3-16.Community Life

١٩-``Text of MARS Group Invitation. The Core,`` In unpublished CIAM 8proceedings (CIAM JT-6-16-6-7).

ا ت د ا" أ ة ا " اآRogers.CIAM 8, 6.Tyr- whitt,Sert,and .ت١٩٤٤م م

ا ، ت إ ، و" ا ا ا ا أو " ا " ودي ا "ا

( Sert ,`` The Human Scale in City Planning, ``in Zucker,398).

٢٠-Tyrwhitt,sert,and Rogers, CIAM 8,3.، ا و آ د أا ن اآ ة آ ذو واي أور ز ا ف

ا ا ب ا ـ) ا( ة دون ا" أ" واأور. ا ت و

James Salon Allen, The Romance of Commerce and Culture: Capitalism,Modernism, and the Chicago Crusade for Cultural Reform ( Boulder,CO:University Press of Colorado,2002),180-192. Aspen

٢١-J.L.Sert,``The Human Factor in Architecture and city Planning,`` December18,1952(Folder D69,JLS)

٢٢-Sigfried Giedion,`` Spatial Imagination,`` in S.Giedion, architecture, you and me(Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1958),178. Sigfried Giedion,Adecaade of New Architecture ( Zurich: Girsberger,1951).

ا-٢٣ ن ا ر و إن ."ا" ا

رس-٢٤ ورف ز ل ا. أ ة ع ا و


-٦٦-

ا ء ا

Carter Wiseman ,I.M. Pei: A Profile in American Archi- tecture ( NewYork:Harry Abrams, 1990), 46-71

ا-٢٥ ا رك را دآ ، م رو ل آ ـ اا رام رد ر م٢٠٠٤ه ي ا و، ت ت . ا

J.I.Sert and J.Tywhitt, `` The Shape of the American City ,`` in ContemporaryArchitec-ture of the World-25 1961(Tokyo:Shokokusha Publishing, 1961), 101-

106;``The Future of the American Out- of- Town Shopping Center,``Ekistics16:93 ( Augest 1963),96-105.

ـ-٢٦ ر م ار ا ا إ ر أ ن و ن أن :"وآ و آ ، ،٢٨" آ دت( ١٩٥٦رس ا

ت" ١٩٥٥رس٢٨" أ ا ه

Alison Smithson , The Emergence of Team 10 out of CIAM [ London:Architectural Association, 1982],n.p.).

٢٧-Team 10, `` Doom Manifesto,``1954, in Joan Ockman and Edward Eigen, eds.,Architec- ture Culture: 1943-1968( New York: Columbia Books on Architecture /Rizzoli, 1993),183.

و-٢٨ ة، ا ه ي ا ، ا م ع ا م ل ح إع ا

Rassegna, December 1992, 43-45.

٢٩-Design 1-3a, History of Urban design. Official Register of Harvard University;The Graduate School of Design LI(May 19,1954), No. 11,30

دةو اد" أاا ربوإ تاا اااا تا."ا ةا ردندراا ر ،ه

كأن دةأرتأيه .ا

٣٠--Siegfried [ sic] Giedion ,`` Space and the Elements of the Renaissance City,``Magazine of Art, J anuary 1952,3-10.

٣١-S. Giedion, ``The Humanization of Urban Life,`` Architectural Record 111( April1952), 121-129, reprinted in Giedion, architecture, you and me, 125-137

ا-٣٢ و و و ، ا ر ي ا ا ه ن ولآ ا ل


-٦٧-

أ. م ا ا ه م إ :لJill Peariman, ``Breaking Common Ground: Joseph Hudnut and the Pre- historyof Urban,`` forthcoming in Eric Numford & Hashim Sarkis, eds., Jose Luis Sert:The Architect of UrabanDesign

م-٣٣ ا ة ا ت ا إ إ ب ا ل ر ت . ١٩٤٦هو أن إ ، رد ر ه ا ت ور ل ت د و

أآ أن ر ا ار ا ر م ى وأ ب ا ل وم .ا( Martin Hammer and Christina Lodder, Constructing Modernity: The art andcareer of Naum Gabo [ New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000] , 351).

٣٤-Typed course listing,`` Harvard University `` ( September 1953).زا ارو ا م ا ر ودرس وزو. ا ه ب ه و

ـ ، وار د م: ا و ز ر آ و إ١٩٥١ل أـ ، ة ا ت م: ا و وو ر١٩٥٣ت ا ر ه

رده( ا م) ر ك ه ،. ١٩٧٥ودرس ت ا أ ه ن آم ر و ن ،١٩٥٨آ ا ر آ و

رة ا وع و) ا( ت ا و ، وع و ، اد.

( ``Joseph Zalewsk undated obituary, folder SA113, JLS).ـ ا: ا ي و دا رى

٣٥-Official Register of Harvard University: The Graduate School of Design LI ( May19,1954), 32.

ا ، ا م ع إ ل ز رو ت م ةأ ا ،٣٠-٢٣يرد. ١٩٤٩ ر ه أول ن ت أو ي ا ، رو ه أ

ت١٩٥٨م و ز رو درس ،١٩٥٤-١٩٥٣.

٣٦-Ernesto Rogers, `` Resume of open Session, Wednesday July 11,``in npublishedCIAM 8 Proceedings ( CIAM JT-6-16-75).

م ن آ ا ، ا م ه ،١٩٤٦رو إء إ ح ري" وإ وا ر ا ا إ"آ ري ا آ ا و ، ة آ

ا ق آ( اا ا).ا ر ا دة ز رو وء١٩٥١و ا ,Rovira( و Sert , 315. (

٣٧-Ernesto Rogers, `` Continuita/ Continuity,`` 1992 (1952)2.

٣٨-Design 1-3b .Urban Design. Offical Register of Harvard University: TheGraduate School of Design LI ( May 19, 1954),No. 11,30-31.

أ-٣٩ ت دة ل ا ر م ا آ م رض" إ " اCammie McAtee, `` From Landscape Architecture to Urban Design : The Critical


-٦٨-

Thinking of Hideo Sasaki, 1950-1961,`` forthcoming in Jose Luis Sert :TheArchitect of Urban Design .

٤٠-Sert, Sasaki, Carlhian, Seminar on Urban Design ( Folder D119-JLS).

٤١-Rovira, Sert, 177-181; Tim Hyde,`` Planos, Planesy Planificacion: Jose Luis Sertand the Idea of Planning,`` forthcoming in Jose Luis Sert ; The Architect of UrbanDesign.

آ ا و ، ا و ا رة ا و آ ا وو ت ول.١٩٥٩رس

٤٢-umihiko Maki,`` J.L.Sert: His Beginning Years at Harvard,`` Process:Architecture (1982), 13-14.

ا ر ا ت آ و١٩٥٤-١٩٥٣درسوا١٩٥٤زا ر ه وذ ،

م١٩٥٦م ك ه ج ا. ١٩٥٨و ر د وا ا ا .١٩٦٢١٩٦٥رس

٤٣-CIAM ,`` To all CIAM Groups, Delegates, and Members,`` May30,1956(Box12,SP CO845)

آ ا م ت ك ه آ ا ا ده و ، ،،ت رو ة ا ا وو ، و آ رج ة، أ

رة ا ت ه . د

٤٤-CIAM ,`` To members of Group USA Omnibus,`` June 11, 1956( Box12,SP CO845).

ا ر ا و ، و ، و ، و ، ت آ ع ا ا ره اوه رس إ ري وا ، ا ت أ ر ا

ك و رآ . أ

٤٥-Jola Gola, ed.; Jerzy Soltan : A Monograph ( Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Graduate School of Design, 1995).

٤٦-J.L. Sert,`` Opening talk, August 6th, 1956,`` in unpublished documents titled ``CIAM 10 Dubrovnik 1956`` ( CIAM 42-X-14-19).J.L.Sert, `` General Assembly to receive report on the future of CIAM," addressby J.L. Sert, President,August11,1956,

ان رة CIAM``و 10 Dubrovnik 1956`` ( CIAM42-X-38-40)."، ز رو إ آ ت ه ذآ ا م ا و ا ة ا

و،ن د ن و ر ، ن ، ن زي ، ن إ ن ر .آ


-٦٩-

ر-٤٨ ت ا م CIAM(١٩٥٧ا٢٦ر 42-JT-22-3. (ع ا ا هم ن آ ز و و ، ن و ، و و ت آ/ آ رج آ ،ا

و ، ة ا ت ا و ، ن ا أو ، رس ،إ ا آو ، آ ش رو ر و ، ر ا وأ ، آ ن .و

٤٩-Bosman, ``CIAM. After the War,``14

ا-٥٠ ا وا ول ا رد ر ه وRichard Marshal,`` Shaping the City of Tomorrow : Jose Luis Sert`s UrbanDesign Legacy,`` Jose Luis Sert : The Architect of Urban Design, 1953-1969.forthcoming in

٥١-``Meeting at 2 Buckingham Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 15, 1957``( CIAM 42-JT-22-11). These minutes have numerous misspelled names, and ``

Max Bells`` in the original almost certainly refers to Max Bill .و ، ء ا آ ا ء ا ا ا Max``ه Bells``آ

ـ آ ا Maxت Bill.


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:-١Can Our Ccities Survive? An ABC of urban problems, their analysis,

their solutions; based on the proposals formulated by the C.I.A.M.,International Congresses for Modern Architecture, Congressinternationaux d` architecture moderne ( Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press,1942

ق( تا و) ا ت ا ا ، ت ا دة اتا و ا ا ول Progressiveا Architectureم

١٩٥٦.-٢World Bank,2006,< www.worldbank.org/-٣Can Our Cities Survive?, 229.-٤Jose Lluis Sert (1956a) Opening remarks to the Urban Design

Conference, April9,1956 Loeb Library, Graduate School ofDesign, Rare NAC461Iarv 1956. Hereafter referred to as ``Sert, 1956a.``

-٥Can Our Cities Survive?,222.-٦، ا ٢٢٤ا-٧، ا ٢٣٤ا-٨The Heart of the City; Towards the Humanism of Urban

Life(London: Humphries,1952).

-٩Sert,``Centers of Community Life`` in The Heart of The City:Towards the Hummanism of Urban Life ( London: Humphries,1952),3.

-١٠، ا ١١ا


-١٠٠-

١١-Urban Design Conferences, Proceedings of Spring 1956Conference. Transcripts, Notes, etc, Harvard UniversityArchive, 1956a, UA V433. 7. 4. Subseries IIB,Box19,

و ت ت و تيدات .ر. تو

-١٢``Urban Design,``Progressive Architecture, August 1956, 97-112.-١٣Harvard University Archive, 1956a.-١٤``Urban Design,``97.-١٥، ا .٩٩ا-١٦، ا .٩٩ا

-١٧Harvard University Archive, 1956a.

-١٨Harvard University Archive,1957a,2nd Urban DesignConference Announcement and Program, dated April 1957..Loeb Library, Graduate School of Design, Rare NAC46, Harv1957.

-١٩Harvard University Archives,1959.-٢٠Harvard University Archive, 1959 . 3rd Urban Design

Conference Program, April25, 1959. Loeb Library, GraduateSchool of Design, Rare HT107.U712x1959( loose leaf files inthe archive).

ا٢١- .ا-٢٢Harvard University Archive, 1966. 10th Urban Design

Conference Proceedings,

April 17 and 18, 1966. Loeb Library, Graduate School ofDesign, NAC46Har1966:14.

-٢٣Synthesis, Graduate School of Desgn, Apri 1957(loose leaffiles in the archive ).

ا٢٤- .اا٢٥- .اا٢٦- .ا-٢٧Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia1998 Yearbook,63.-٢٨See Mike Davis , `` Planet of Slums: Urban Involution and the

Informal Proletariat,`` New Left Review 26( March / April2004):5-43.


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١-`Ùrban Design,`` Progressive Architecture, August1956,101.٢-، ا ١٠٤ا٣-، ا ١٠٨ا٤-، ا ١٠٦ا٥-، ا ١١١-١١٠ا٦-، ا ١٠٤ا٧-، ا ١٠١ا٨-، ا ١٠١-١٠٠ا٩-، ا ٩٩.١٠٠ا١٠-، ا ٩٩ا،ا-١١ ١٠٥ا١٢-، ا ١٠٧اأن-١٣ ا ا و اءة ا ا ا آ

ه و ن. زه ر ت أ ا ات ا أن ا و.ا

ا-١٤ ق و ر ا آ اأن د ر أ``Paralipomena in Urban Design`` ( 1989), Urban Concepts:Denise Scott Brown (London: Academy Editions, 1990) , andin`` Between Three Stools: A Personal view of Urban DesignPractice and pedagogy,`` Education for Urban Design (Purchase,NY: Institute for Urban Design, 1982),132-172 ,

ت Urbanأ Concepts .ا ل آ ا ا ى اا ادوا : ا

<www.vsba.com>

١٥-`Ùrban Design,``100-101.

١٦-``The Public Realm, the Public Sector and the PublicInterest in Urban Design, `à paper presented for asymposium, `` The Public Realm: Architecture andSocity,``1985, at the College of Architecture of theUniversity of Kentucky.

ت و Urbanو Concepts

١٧-Peter Shedd Reed, ``Towards Form : Louis l.kahn``sUrban Designs for Philadelphia,1939-1962

رة را دآ :Philadelphiaر Fisher Fine Arts Library,University of Pennsylvania, April 1989,passim.


-١٤٢-

١٨-Walter lsard, Location and Space Economy: A General TheoryRelating to I Theory Relating to Industrial Location , MarketAreas, Land-Use, Trade, and Urban Structure ( Cambridge :MIT Press, 1956).

١٩-Patrick Geddes n India, Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, ed.(extracts fromofficial reports on Indian cities, 1915-1919)(London:Lund,Humphries,1947).

٢٠-``The Meaningful City,`` Journal of the American Institute ofArchitects, January 1965,27-32, reprinted in Harvard’sConnection, Spring 1967.

٢١-Kevin Lynch, `` Environmental Adaptability, `` AIP Journal1(1958).

٢٢-David A. Crane, ``The City Sumbolic,`` Journal of the AmericanInstitute of Planners, May 1960,32-39. `` ChandigarhReconsidered : The Dynamic City, ``Journal of the AmericanInstitute of Planners, November 1960,280-292.

٢٣-Denise Scott Brown,`` Learning from Brutalism, ``TheIndependent Group: Postwar Britain and the Aesthetics ofPlenty, David Robbins, ed.( Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1990),203-206.

٢٤-``Between Three Stools,`` and ``Team10, Perspecta 10, and thePresent State of Architectural Theory,`` Journal of the AmericanInstitute of Planners, January 1967,42-50.

٢٥-Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture( New York: Museum of Modem Art and Graham Foundation ,

1966).

٢٦-Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown , and Steven Izenour,Learning from Las Vegas,( Cambridge, MA : MIT Press , 1972 ,rev. edition 1977).

٢٧-Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. Learning fromLas Vegas, ``On Architectural Formalism and Social Concern : A discourse


-١٤٣-

for Social Planners and Radical Chic Architects ,`` Oppositions 5,Summer 1976,99-112,``On Pop Art, Permissiveness andPlanning,`` Journal of the American Institute of Planners, May1969,184-186.

٢٨-Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, Architecture as Signsand Systems: For a Mannerist Time ( Cambridge, MA : BelknapPress of Harvard University Press, 2004), 103-217.

٢٩-``Between Three Stools,``19.

٣٠-، ا .١٩ا

٣١-``The Public Realm,The Public Sector and the Public Interest inUrban Design,`` Urban Concepts: Denise Scott Brown, 28 .

أ With``أ the Best Intentions: On Design Review,``Harvard Design Magazine, Winter/ Spring 1999,37-42.

٣٢-Architecture as Signs and Systems: For a Mannerist Time, 216.

٣٣-The Oxford Book Of French Verse, St. John Lucas,ed.( London: Oxford University Press, 1907; rev. 1957), 516-517.

My rough translation.

٣٤-Architecture as Signs and Systems, 216.

٣٥-``The Public Realm, the Public Sector and the Public Interest inUrbanDesign,``28.

٣٦-، ا .٢٨ا

٣٧-``With the Best Intentions,``42.

٣٨-Architecture as Signs and Systems, 216.

٣٩-``The Public Realm, the Public Sector and the Public Interest inUrban Design,``28.

٤٠-``Between Three Stools,``20.

٤١-``Urban Design,``103.


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ا وا ي آ اا ري ا ا ب ، ا

ت ا ا و و أ ، ا ت

س ر د ع ا ا ، ا ى أ ا ا

. : : :“

).(


-١٨٣-

ا ا وا واة ه. ا ا دل ا و

ا ا ، ده و ل ، ا اا و

وا ن ا و آ ا ا ه ر ى و ن ا ت ا

ت وا ا ت و ا و ت واه ت ر

ر ا. ا ر إ ر أ ء ا ا ق

ي آ ا ا أ آ ه ا و ، ا ر ا و ا

ا وا د ا ،. ه ذ ،،١٩٥٦و أ وآ

أو دون ا ا ت ه وا ا ء ا ن آ

ا دل ا ل را " وردود. إ

ا ء ا" و" ا وا أو إ" س

ا وع ا ت. أ ي"آ ذ" ا

ء أن ، اف ا أو ر ا ل إ

ت أن. ا ا ه. وه ا و

ف ا ا ا ب ك ا ور ا ه و

ن آ ي ا ص وا م ا ا ا ا م وا ع ا رأب ى

رآ ا ى. ١٩٥٦ش اإ ن إدارة أن ذ

، ن أن ى ا ا ا و ا ا ا

ا ا أن ه ى أ ،" "و

أآ آ ا ا ، ر أو ا دا اء

ا آ أآ آ و ا ا .١٩٥٦آ


-١٨٤-

/file: Grande_Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/arch_de_la_defense.jpg

ا ا لا ت١٩٥٦ت ت إ وا ت و

إ اع"ه ـ ق" أو" ا ا ر" م وا وه. ا

ت وا ه ا ذات ل وا ة إ

ا ا ت ه ا"١٩٥٦وا ك وا ا ورا


-١٨٥-

ن ا ن ر د"ا ا ور"ا ا و ،

ن ا ن ر ا ن ن ن)١٣(". ا وآ

و ن درا ا و ا ا ن

ر ا يو. إ ا ى ن ا ن ، ذ

ا رات وا ا ا ا إ-ت ، ن ا ء د ا

م ا ة ره أن. ا ا ه وع و

ـ أ ى –" طأ"ث

و أن–ه ا ا و و و

رب وا رآ وا ا ك. ا ه

ا ا ا وا اا ا م ا عت وه

اءة"أوا ا" ا ة ا ل أ

ا ا ا اع ا ه ا ر وا ، . ة

و ا ل أ اض ا ك وه

ه أو ت ىدىءا ا إ اه إ . و

ا ه ا ا ت ا ت د إ ل ا ا ت را ا ،

،ا ر ا و اب إ ا دة و ت ا ور

ت اه م أ وا ة ا ط أ ا ب أ

ا. وا ها و ديء ث آ ط"ا أ

ة ا" ا و ا ا د"أ " ا

أد.ري ا ي ا ب ا ل ا وه


-١٨٦-

ن ب ا ع أن،٤=٢+٢إ ا و ى

ز ا ى. ٤,٧إ٣,٥اوح) ا(و

ر آ ن ل ه أن ا. ا وه

وه ، ا ت ا دل ا ش ا إ

ءةو ن أن ض و أو ى أ و

ث .١٩٥٦آ

آ ا م أ ا ا ا

ا ت وا ا ا دات ا ا ا

راتأ وا ، ا وا ، ارد ا ر ا دة وإ ء ا ل

ا ل ن. ا آ آ ذ أو ا وه

رآ١٩٥٦ ا أن و ج أ آ ،

آ ، ا ات ت د أ

ا ا وا ، ا و ، ا ا و ، ر . ا

أآ ا ا ا ا أن و ، ج–وإ آ

ب ا–إ د ا ت ا ا) (ة ا ا

آا ن أن م ار ا. ، ع ا ه ن آ

ن رآ ا وا ا١٩٥٦ا قإأدرآ ده

ا ن ا ا د. ا و أ أ م ه ا و

ا،ا" م(را ا س) ا

ا و ا ت ا ت ، ق ا ش و و


-١٨٧-

ج ا ر أ أو ة ا ا ا. ا ن ، ن ا ا ه و

أآ ت ة ا آ ا وازدهإا و أآرا إن ، را

م ا ا ه ا ، ن) ٢٠٠٦(أه ا ن و ،

ا ر ا و ا ة ا. و ا ا ن ،

و و ا ى ا ر ا ر ا ، ا ا

، ةا ات و ت ا ا. إ د و

م دا اك ت ا ت و وأ ت ن ه ي ا

وا ا ا وا و رو ة ك ه ن أن

ل ا ز إ ا. وأ آ ن فا وا س

داد و ، ا رك ، ا و

ا د و ت و ا ى أ اوة

. ا

آ ا ل ور ا ، ض ا ت ،

ة"ه ا ا" أ وآ ا ق ا ع ا اآ أن ، ى ا

ا وذ ، ا ء أ ا ا وف ا

و. وا ا ا ا ت إ أن و

ور ا ا و ا، ا أن ، آ ة

ت و ت ح أي ا ا ع و وا

ك ه ن آ إ وأآ ا ء ة دا إ و ، وا


-١٨٨-

ت١٩٥٦ ا ا ا ت ه وا ا ا ،

اوا ر وا ، ا دو ء و ، ت ا ،. ات ا وأ

::

Http:// en, Wikipedia.org/wki/Lujiazui

ا أن ، ط ة ا آ ، ا اا ا

ر– ا ت ،–ا اا ا ء ا

و ا ذات م وا ا وا ن ا ء ا

ه . و ه ا ن ا ت ق–ا اء أ آ


-١٨٩-

أ– ، م أو آ ى ال إ ا ن

ا وا–ه ال ا وا–ة ا !!ا

:- ).(

YosukHirayama,Fukanzentosbi,Kobe,Nyuyoku, Berurin(Kobe, New York, Berlin: GakugeiShuppansha, 2003), (my translations from the original Japanese).

- ) ( ) ( . .

. ) (

..

The Future Metropolis, Lioyd Rodwin , ed. (NewYork, G.- Braziller, 1961) . -


-١٩٠-


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Progressive Architecture

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:-``Urban Design,`` progressive Architecture, August, 1956,108.

-.-.-New York: Basic Books,1985.


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.Harvard Design Magazine, spring/summer 2006

-- - -


-٢٣٢-

ف ا ت: ارة ي ز ، اس .ديرة ل: ا م٢٠٠٨ا


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