Collecting PQ Economic Data

Roman Targosz, European Copper [email protected]

Collecting PQ Economic Data

CIRED 2011 Round Table 2bFrankfurt

mailto:[email protected]



www.leonardo-energy.org

Leonardo Polish seminar 2003 questionnaire

During seminars the participants were requested to fill up the questionnaire.

Main targets for the survey were: - PQ awareness - PQ threats – ranking of problems, solutions- Electricity supplier user relations - Leonardo campaign appraisal.

The survey was inspired by AGH and executed together with PCPM

Out of more then 1000 seminar participants totally 307 filled up the questionnaire. Respondents filled up questionnaire during seminar - 97% and in a few cases sent them after going home.


June 23 -24, 2004 14 of 24

Causes of main PQ problems

0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00%

No answer

Interruptions < 1 min.

Interruptions > 1 min.

Voltage dips and swells, transients

Harmonics

Flicker / frequent voltage fluctuation

Voltage value

Voltage unbalance

fFrequency changes

instalation itself (e.g. cable downsizing, faulty protection, earthing)

Survey results (6)


June 23 -24, 2004 15 of 24

Main sources of PQ problems

0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00%

No answer

Converters, VSDs

UPS

Computers (electronics)Lighting

Motors (e.g. during start up)

Welding, melting (fluctuating load)

Other

Survey results (7)


June 23 -24, 2004 16 of 24

Loads most sensitive to PQ deterioration

0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00%

No answer

Converters, VSDs

UPS

Computers (controls)

Capacitors

Motors

Switches; contactors and relays

Other

Survey results (8)


June 23 -24, 2004 17 of 24

PQ mitigation equipment in your company

0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00%

No answer

No equipment

Stanby generator

UPS

Harmonic filtration

Overvoltage protection

Other

Survey results (9)


Investigating relations between answers to questions – hypotesis checks (1)

Independent variable Correlation Dependent variableFrequency of PQ problem occurence (+)→ Voltage value as the main cause of PQ

problems

Frequency of PQ problem occurence No Other PQ disturbances as the main causes of PQ problems

Frequency of PQ problem occurence (-)→ Utility contacted primarily when experiencing PQ problems

Frequency of PQ problem occurence (+)→ Own technical staff contacted primarily when experiencing PQ problems

Frequency of PQ problem occurence (-)→ Supplier is very formal – relates to contract only and is not helpful

Frequency of PQ problem occurence (+)→ User is interested in higher prices of electricity at improved level of PQ


Independent variable Correlation Dependent variable

Cost of single short interruption (+)→ Supplier is responsible for main PQ problems

Short power interruption as the main PQ problem (+)→ Cost of single short interruption

Number of selected causes of PQ problems (+)↔ Number of applied soultions of PQ

problems



June 23 -24, 2004 22 of 24

Independent variable Correlation Dependent variableHarmonics as the main PQ problem

→NoNo→

Equipment which is the main source of PQ problems

Converters and VSDs

UPS

Computers and electronics

Lighting

Harmonics as the main PQ problem ←(+) Harmonic filtration as the PQ solution



LPQI SurveyPQ cost indices (industry)

20151050

40

30

20

10

0120001000080006000400020000

40

30

20

10

0,250,200,150,100,05,

40

30

20

10

Mean = 0,625485Std. Dev. = 2,9393486N = 41

Total cost per kWh

Mean = 0,037493Std. Dev. = 0,0574037N = 41

Total cost per turnoverTotal cost per kW peak

Freq

uenc

y

Total cost per kWh€/kWh

Total cost per kW peak

€/kW

Total cost per turnover

(ratio)

Total cost per electricity bill

(ratio)

Total cost per employment€/employee

Cost / kWh dip & short interruption

€/kWh

Cost / kWh long interrupt.

€/kWh

Cost / peak kW dip & short interrupt.

€/kW

Cost per peak kW long interruption

€/kW

Mean 0,625 730,37 0,0374 7,530 8158 0,1352 0,0802 147 323

Std. Error of Mean 0,459 298,24 0,0089 5,330 2995 0,0922 0,0469 57 260

Median 0,031 95,57 0,0109 0,413 1218 0,0098 0,0012 28 4,18

Std. Deviation 2,939 1909,72 0,0574 34,163 19181 0,5903 0,3008 371 1670

Variance 8 3 647 060 0,0030 1 167,000 367 922 790 0,3490 0,0910 137 717 2 789 088

Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maximum 18,861 10 681 0,2375 218,552 113 638 3,7720 1,7090 1 771 10 681


Technical conclusions from LPQI survey

Although there is no significant correlation between value of solutions investments and real PQ cost, a strong correlation exists between investment in PQ solutions and the hypothetical (mitigated) to real (unmitigated) PQ cost ratio.

One side effect of UPS’ use is the increased cost of harmonics. There is rather poor correlation between perceived consequences of

PQ and PQ solutions used. In other cases relation of these is difficult to justify from technical point of view. This somehow proves certain suboptimum in choosing PQ solution in particular case.

PQ solutions for all sectors covered [extrapolated from the €300 million identified by the Survey] ~ €13bn or less than 10% of PQ losses & 1% of the average estimated net profit.

In general “Services” apply a higher frequency of different PQ solutions than found in “Industry”. “Industry” tends to favour less costly, but also less universal - more tailored solutions whenever possible.


PQ cost summary

Industry Services Total

Sector

0

20

40

60

80

100

PQ co

st b

ln €

8528,0%

1,50,5%

86,528,5%

4,61,51% 1,8

0,6%

6,42,11%

0,20,06%

1,10,35%

1,30,41%

51,216,89%

2,10,71%

53,417,6%

4,11,36%

00,02%

4,21,38%

Dips_and_short_interruptionsLong_interruptionsHarmonicsSurges_and_transientsFlicker_unbalance_earthing_and_EMC

PQ cost in EU >150 bln €

Dips 52,5 € bln Short inter. 34 €bln

Industry Services Total

Sector

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

PQ co

st b

ln €

1,40,45%

0,90,28%

2,20,73%

41,313,62%

3,31,08%

44,614,69%

3611,85%

20,65%

37,912,5%

63,620,97%

0,40,13%

6421,1%

2,90,94% 0,1

0,04%

30,98%

LaborWIPProcess_slowdownEquipmentOther_cost


Mitigation of voltage dips

Small UPSCVTVoltage regulator

Large static UPSRotary UPS

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)Grid upgrade

Philosophy of selecting PQ solution


PQ consequence / solution correlation

PQ consequence PQ solution Relation

Relays and contactors nuisance tripping Harmonic filter (passive) significant

Noise interference to telecommunication lines Multiple independent feeder significant

Motors or process equipment are damaged Shielding and grounding significant

Motors or other process equipment malfunctions Back up generator very significant

Loss of synchronization of processing equipment Surge protection on key pieces of equipment significant

Loss of synchronization of processing equipment Harmonic filter (passive) very significant

Circuit breakers or RCD’s nuisance tripping Line conditioner or active filter significant

Circuit breakers or RCD’s nuisance tripping Back up generator significant

Capacitors bank failure Shielding and grounding very significant


PQ investment effectivenes

0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000 25000000 30000000

Approximate_investment_in_PQ_solution

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

tota

l hyp

/tota

lOIL_CHEMICAL

SEMICONDUCTOR

BANKS

HOTELS

TELECOM

RETAIL

R Sq Linear = 0,576

0,000000 0,050000 0,100000 0,150000 0,200000 0,250000 0,300000

Investment_per_turnover

0,0000

0,0500

0,1000

0,1500

0,2000

0,2500

Tota

l_cos

t_pe

r_tu

rnov

er

14_pharma_spain

56_pharma_portugal

17_pulp-paper_spain

18_pulp-paper_uk

07_chemicals_uk

13_oil-petrol_spain

37_plastics_slovenia

12_metallurgy_spain

32_metallurgy_sloven

34_newspaper-publish

35_newspaper-publish

06_bank_spain

24_bank-slovenia

10_telecomms_spain

49_transport_france

53_transport_france

R Sq Linear = 0,036


Perceived presence of disturbances

PHARMACEUTICAL

PULP_PAPER

OIL_CHEMICAL

CONTINUOUS_MANUF

SEMICONDUCTOR

FOOD_BEWERAGE

METALLURGY

NEWSPAPER_PUBLISHING

MANUFACTURING

HOSPITALS

BANKS

HOTELS

TELECOM

RETAIL

DESIGN

TRANSPORT

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00 Presence__of_HarmonicsPresence_of_Short_interruptionsPresence_of_Long_interruptionsPresence_of_Voltage_dips_and_swellsPresence_of_Transients_and_surges

0= no presence at all

4= very intensive

Perceived...


(Perceived) PQ problem source

INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%CapacitorsContacts_and_relaysElectrical_motorsElectronic_equipmentLighting_equipmentProcessing_equipmentUPSVSD_other_static_convertWelding smelting

PQ problem source


(Perceived) PQ consequences


10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Capacitor_bank_failureCircuit_breakersComputers_lock_upComputers_or_other_electronics_are_damagedData_lossElectric_shocks_to_employeesLights_flicker_blink_or_dimLoss_of_synchronization_of_processing_equipmentMotors_or_other_process_equipment_malfunctionsMotors_or_process_equipment_are_damagedNoise_interference_to_telecommunication_linesRelays_and_contactors_nuisance_trippingTransformers_and_cables_overheating

PQ consequences


Equipment being affected

INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0

20

40

60

80

% o

f occ

uren

ce

CablesCapacitorsElectrical_motors

Electronic_equipmentLighting_equipmentNetwork_and_telecom

Relays_contactorsUPSVSDs_other_static_converter


PQ solutions (perceived)


20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Valu

e

Backup_generatorDynamic_voltage_restorersHarmonic_filterIsolation_transformersLine_conditioners_or_active_filtersMultiple_independent_feederOversizing_equipmentShielding_and_groundingSite_generationStatic_transfer_switchesStatic_Var_CompensatorSurge_protectionUPSVoltage_stabilisers


PQ measurement


20%

40%

60%

80%

PQ_log__PQ_measuringPQ_log_UPS__loggingPQ_log__Fault_protectionPQ_log__SCADA

Measured_PQ_NoMeasured_PQ_RMS_voltageMeasured_PQ_Harmonic_spectraMeasured_PQ_Harmonic_THD

Measured_PQ_Voltage_unbalanceMeasured_PQ_FrequencyMeasured_PQ_Reactive_powerMeasured_PQ_Flicker


PQ blame

INDUSTRY SERVICES & TRANSPORT0

1

2

3

PQ_blame__Natural_causesPQ_blame_NeighboursPQ_blame__Own_installationPQ_blame__Utility

PQ consequences blame

0 = no 4= high extreme


PQ investment / PQ cost per turnover

PHARMACEUTICAL

PULP_PAPER

OIL_CHEMICAL

CONTINUOUS_MANUF

SEMICONDUCTOR

FOOD_BEWERAGE

METALLURGY


MANUFACTURING

HOSPITALS

BANKS

HOTELS

TELECOM

RETAIL

DESIGN

TRANSPORT

File_Data

0,00%

2,00%

4,00%

6,00%

8,00%

10,00%

12,00%

Val

ue

Investment_per_turnoverTotal_cost_per_turnover


PQ solution load coverage

PHARMACEUTICAL

PULP_PAPER

OIL_CHEMICAL

CONTINUOUS_MANUF

SEMICONDUCTOR

FOOD_BEWERAGE

METALLURGY


MANUFACTURING

HOSPITALS

BANKS

HOTELS

TELECOM

RETAIL

DESIGN

TRANSPORT

File_Data

0,00%

20,00%

40,00%

60,00%

80,00%

100,00%

Val

ueLoad_coverage_Standby_generatorLoad_coverage_UPSLoad_coverage_Harmonic_conditioners_and_filtersLoad_coverage_Reactive_Power_CompensatorsLoad_coverage_Surge_protectionLoad_coverage_Static_Var_Compensators


Power Quality Solutions adopted

“Services” sectors tend to invest more into original designs

“Industry” sectors often have to adapt existing possibly older installations to cope with current demands

Sectors that cannot allow for power interruptions tend to design reliability & resilience into their systems.


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Collecting PQ Economic Data

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