CLASSIFICATION OF RETAILING

What is retailing

Retail involves the sale of goods from a single point directly to the consumer in small quantities for his end use.

Retailing is transaction of goods between the seller and the end user as a single unit (piece) or in small quantities to satisfy the needs of the individual and for his direct consumption.

Retail formats

A retail institution refers to basic format or structure of a business

Classification of Retail Institutions

a) Store – based retailing

b) Non store –based retailing

STORE–BASED RETAILING

Ownership

Operational structure

Variety of merchandise mix

Sole proprietorshipPartnership

Joint venture

Department storeDiscount storeSpeciality storeHyper market

Independent retailChain

FranchiseLeased departments

Co- operatives

Sole proprietorship

Owned and managed by single person Has day to day responsibility of running

business Owns all assets of the business and profit

generated by it

Partnership

Two or more people share the ownership of a single business

Law does not distinguish between the business and its owners in partnership

There should be a legal agreement that sets forth how decision will be made, profit will be shared, how dispute will be resolved & how partners will be admitted etc.

JOINT VENTURE

Joint ventures are typically not a passive investment. Generally the parties need to contribute skills as well as money.

Joint ventures are typically for a single business, development or project rather than a long term relationship between the co-ventures.

Joint ventures usually are not the major activity of the parties concerned. If they're individuals they'll have day jobs. In the business world they'll have a core business to which the joint venture is an adjunct typically. The joint venture is a collaborative extension of their commercial activities.

Independent Retail

An independent retailer owns only one retail unit.

The management has direct contact with the customers and can quickly respond to their needs

Chain Retail Store

A chain retailer operates multiple outlets under common ownership.

It usually engages in some level of centralized purchasing and decision making

Franchise

It involves a contractual arrangement between a franchisor and a retail franchisee, which allows the franchisee to conduct a given business under established name and according to a given pattern of business.

The franchisee pays an initial fee and a monthly share of gross sales in exchange for the exclusive rights to sell goods and services in a specified area.

Franchising is a retail organizational form in which small businesses can benefit being a part of a large retail

institution.

Lease Department

Retail store rented to an outside party

Proprietor of a leased department is responsible for all aspects of the business.

Existing store based retailers use this to broaden their merchandise.

E.g.:-beauty salons, watch repairs, cosmetics.

Co–operative Stores

Owned and managed by co-operative societies It is a voluntary association of adult persons

registered under the Co-operative Societies Act. The capital is divided into shares of small value and

these shares are subscribed by its members. The liability of the member is limited to the extent

of face value of the shares subscribed by its members.

It is controlled in a democratic set up. The accounts of the society are subject to audit by

the registrar of co-operative societies. One member has one vote irrespective of his

holding

Department Store

A departmental store is a large scale retail organization. It provides a large variety of merchandise from 'pin to plane' at one

place. Divided into several departments, each specializing in one line of goods. Housed in an impressive building which is fully furnished and well

decorated. All departments function independently. But they are under a centralized

management and control. A departmental store offers restaurant, post, office, bank and other

facilities to customers to make shopping comfortable In order to attract customers in large numbers, a departmental store

makes extensive use of advertising. A departmental store requires huge investment of money.

Discount Store

Type of department store, which sells products at lower prices.

Most discount department stores offer a wide assortment of goods; others specialize in such merchandise as jewelry, electronic equipment, or electrical appliances.

Are not variety stores, which sell goods at a single price-point or multiples thereof (£1, $2, etc.).

Discount stores differ from variety stores in that they sell many name-brand products, and because of the wide price range of the items offered

Specialty Store

Specialty stores are small stores which specialize in a specific range of merchandise and related items.

Most stores have an extensive depth of stock in the item that they specialize in and provide high levels of service and expertise.

The pricing policy is generally in the medium to high range, depending on factors like the type and exclusivity of merchandise and ownership.

Hyper Market

Hypermarket is a super store combining a supermarket and a department store.

The result is an expansive retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full groceries lines and general merchandise.

Allow customers to satisfy all their routine shopping needs in one trip.

Non Store Retailing

Direct selling Television shopping Vending machine retailing

Direct Marketing

It is a form of retailing in which a customer is first exposed to a good or service through a non-personnel medium

Direct mail, broadcast or cable TV, radio, magazine, newspaper are the mediums.

Orders by mail, phone (usually a toll free number), fax or by computer.

Television Shopping

It is a retail format in which existing and prospective customers watch a TV program demonstrating products and then placing order for the same by telephone ,e-mail and internet

Vending Machine Retailing

It is a retailing format involving the coin or card operated dispensing of hot and cold beverages and food or snacks items.

It eliminates the use of sales personnel.

It allows round the clock sales.

Location of the machines can be done according customer’s convenience.