Class 7 slides

TDC 1Pedagogical GrammarClass 7

Pronunciation of –s and –ed

• WRAPPED BEGGED KISSED WORKED

• BEES BIRDS CATS DOGS

• STUDIED LOVED BURIED STARTED

• MAKES KILLS SHOWS EXPLAINS

Why is this being studied in a grammar book?

Find the odd one out.

Read the information on p.86 to check.


• With nouns, is the plural marker.

-s

-s

• With verbs, is used for the third person singular form in the Simple Present.

-s

• With nouns, is also used to mark possession. -s

• is associated with the Simple Past.

-ed

-ed

• is also associated with the Past Participle form. PERFECT TENSES / PASSIVE VOICE / ADJECTIVES

-ed

What is it associated with?

What is it associated with?

Pronunciation of –s and –ed Typical ELL Errors (Can you correct them?)

- Some cats /s/ are sleeping by the trees /s/ that we planted /əd/ last year.

- The police followed /əd/ the speeding car and proceeded / əd/ to interrogate the driver and her passengers /z/.

- The most popular animals at the zoo are the monkeys /s/, giraffes /s/ and elephants /s/.

- There are many reasons /z/ why the judges / əz/ reached / əd/ their verdict so quickly.

- When spring arrived əd/, the seeds /z/ that she had planted / əd/ a month earlier began to sprout from the earth.


/s/

How can we pronounce –s? Which one is the most common?

How can we pronounce –ed? Which one is the most common?

/z/ /əz/

/t/ /d/ /əd/


Variations of sounds are produced by...

1) ... altering the place where the sound is made (point of articulation).

2) ... altering the manner in which the sound is made (manner of articulation).

3) ... altering voicing.

How are sounds made? How do sounds vary?

1) beat ≠ but 2) f ≠ b 3) p ≠ b

Pronunciation of –s and –ed ConsonantsVoiced Voiceless

/b/ cab /ð/ bathe /p/ cap

/d/ grade /l/ call /t/ grate

/g/ bag /m/ name /k/ back

/v/ have /n/ can /f/ half

/z/ rise /ŋ/ song /s/ rice

/dʒ/ surge /tʃ/ search

/ʒ/ massage /ʃ/ cash

/r/ purr /θ/ bath

What about the vowels? Which ones are voiced and which ones are voiceless?

Pronunciation of –s and –ed Do we need to memorize this chart at this point?

Voiced Voiceless






/dʒ/ surge all vowels /tʃ/ search


/r/ purr /θ/ bath

How else can we find out if a sound is voiced or voiceless?

To verify if a phoneme is voiced or voiceless, try putting your fingers over your Adam’s apple. If you can feel an increased vibration when pronouncing the sound, then it is a voiced sound.


Voiceless Ending Phoneme Voiced Ending Phoneme

sock love listen stop number watch sound

follow influence take language dog

Classify these words according to their ending phoneme.

elephant

write measure victory giraffe business tie

sock

stop

watch

love

listen

number

sound

follow

influence

take

language dog

elephant

write

measure

victory

giraffe

business

tie

Pronunciation of –s Match the phonemes to their corresponding uses and come up with examples.

Voiced Voiceless








/r/ purr /θ/ bath

Add This Sound Ending Sound

1. /z/ Voiceless_____ /t/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /θ/

2. /s/ Other_____ /s/, /z/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, /dʒ/,/ʒ/

3. /əz/ Voiced_____ /d/, /v/, /g/, /b/, /ð/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, all vowels1

2

3

/s/ /z/ /əz/

arrives

dogs

trees

plants

reaches

cats bees birds dresses

elephants

houses

giraffes judges works

washes follows

Pronunciation of –s Classify these words according to their ending phoneme.

WB – page 158, ex 3.8.14

Pronunciation of –s

Pronunciation of –ed Match the phonemes to their corresponding uses and come up with examples.

Voiced Voiceless








/r/ purr /θ/ bath

Add This Sound Ending Sound

1. /t/ Voiceless_____ /f/, /k/, /p/, /θ/, /s/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/

2. /d/ Other_____ /d/, /t/

3. /əd/ Voiced_____ /v/, /g/, /b/, /ð/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, /z/, /dʒ/,/ʒ/, all vowels

2

1

3

/t/ /d/ /əd/

faxed

influenced

closed

disliked

explained

avoided

guarded

disarmed chewed

faced

calculated

educated

imagined

extended

guided

fetched

Pronunciation of –ed Classify these words according to their ending phoneme.

WB – page 157, ex 3.8.13

Pronunciation of –ed WB – page 156, ex .8 and .9

Now, let’s try listening for the different pronunciations of –ed.

Try the exercise your teacher will propose.

Pronunciation of –ed

Passive Voice- Active Voice: Subject + Verb + Direct Object Mary has written six e-mails.- Passive Voice: Subject + Verb to be + Past Participle Six e-mails have been written.

Typical ELL Errors (Can you correct them?)- Thousands of people went to California in the 1840s because

gold discovered there.- Where were you when the accident was happened?- More than one hundred people killed in that plane crash.- The Japanese language can write from left to right or form top

to bottom.- If you find a wallet, it should be returning to the owner

immediately.

Passive Voice- BE + PAST PARTICIPLE1) correct verb tense2) correct form

be + PAST PARTICIPLE

The residence of the president of the United States

is called the White House.

The current White House was built in 1818.

By 1815, the original White House

had been destroyed

in a fire.

Active Voice X Passive Voice- Active Voice

1) Common sentence pattern: Subject + Verb + Direct Object.2) Most important topic: The person or thing doing the

action.3) The subject is the agent of the action.4) Examples:

a) The people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States.

b) Leonardo da Vinci painted the famous Mona Lisa.c) We will make a decision about our trip soon.d) The people reelected George Washington for a second term in

1792.

Active Voice X Passive Voice- Passive Voice

1) Common sentence pattern: Subject + Verb to be + Past Participle.

2) Most important topic: The person or thing receiving the action.

3) The subject is the receiver of the action.4) Examples:

a) The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the people of France .

b) The famous Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.c) A decision about our trip will be made soon.d) George Washington was reelected for a second term in 1792.

Passive Voice – Verb Tenses Verb Tenses

Active

Passive

Present Simple

People buy candies at the supermarket.

Candies are bought at the supermarket.

Present Cont.

People are buying candies at the supermarket.

Candies are being bought at the supermarket.

Present Perfect

People have bought candies at the supermarket.

Candies have been bought at the supermarket.

Past Simple

People bought candies at the supermarket.

Candies were bought at the supermarket.

Past Cont.

People were buying candies at the supermarket.

Candies were being bought at the supermarket.

Past Perfect

People had bought candies at the supermarket.

Candies had been bought at the supermarket.

Passive Voice – Verb Tenses Verb Tenses

Active

Passive

Future

People will buy candies at the supermarket.People are going to buy candies at the supermarket.

Candies will be bought at the supermarket.Candies are going to be bought at the supermarket.

Modal Verbs

People could buy candies at the supermarket.People should buy candies at the supermarket.

Candies could be bought at the supermarket.Candies should be bought at the supermarket.

Intransitive Verbs are never used in the passive voice, for they are never followed by a direct object.Examples: happen/die/arrive/depart

WB – page 186 and 187

Passive Voice- When is the passive voice used? Generally when the agent of the action is not the most important thing. If you need to name the agent of the passive, use the by + agent phrase. a) The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the

people of France .b) The famous Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.c) A decision about our trip will be made by us soon.d) George Washington was reelected for a second term by the

people in 1792.

- We should not name the agent if it is not new information, not important, redundant or, of course, unknown.

Passive Voice with GET

- get + past participle: It indicates change or process- be + past participle: It indicates a result, a state, a condition.

Examples: a) We were lost. (It describes our situation at a certain point.) b) We got lost. (It indicates that we were traveling and suddenly did not know our location.)

- The passive voice with get is considered informal.

Teaching the PassiveOrganize yourselves into 6 groups (pairs or trios):• Situation: You are a substitute teacher and was called in

for an emergency substitution. You only have 10 minutes to get into class. All you have is the topic and the book pages.

• What do you do? With your partner(s) come up with a quick plan to

explain the passive, using the material you have. Present your plan to the class, explaining who

your target audience is

Passive Voice used as Adjectives

- In some situations, it is possible to use a passive verb form as an adjective to describe a condition or state instead of an action.

Compare:

Adjective Passive

The windows are closed. At the end of the day, all windows are closed by the security people.

All the checks are gone. --

Don’t come in. I’m not dressed.

The child prefers to be dressed by her mother, not her nanny.

Past Participles x Present Participles- Both past participles and present participles can function as

an adjective.

Participial Form Example

Past Participle When I heard the news yesterday. I was suprised.

Present Participle The news was surprising.

- ELLs have a particularly difficult time figuring out when to use the past participle and the present participle forms as adjectives.

- Present Participles: The person or thing causes the action.- Past Participles: The person or thing suffers the action.

Past Participle + Preposition- past participles in passive voice They were married by an old minister. - past participles used as adjectives I am interested in something.

be accustomed tobe acquainted withbe ashamed ofbe bored with / bybe commited tobe composed ofbe confused aboutbe convinced ofbe dedicated tobe devoted tobe disappointed with

be divorced frombe done withbe dressed inbe excited aboutbe exhausted frombe finished withbe fed up withbe impressed by/withbe interested inbe known forbe made of/from

be married tobe opposed tobe related tobe satisfied withbe scared ofbe surprised at/bybe terrified ofbe tired of/frombe used tobe worried about

WB – page 193 ex. 3.14.19

Homework• Self – Study (review)

a) Pronunciation of –s and –ed- SB, Key 8 (pages 185 – 191)- WB (pages 155 – 161b) Passive Voice- SB, Key 14 (pages 242 – 251)- WB (pages 187 – 194)

• Preparation for June 7th F2F Classa) Modal Verbs- SB, Key 12 (pages 224 – 231)- WB (pages 176 – 180)

Moodle Weeka) Fragments, run-on

sentences and comma splices

b) Prepositions- SB, Key 6 (pages 161 – 178)- WB (pages 141 – 150)

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