Chapter II

Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

This chapter explains both theoretical framework and literature review which

are related with the process of making the book.

2.1. Literature Review

This literature review is made to review of earlier products or studies. The

aims of this study are to find not only the weaknesses but also the strengths to

complete the previous ones. In this section several sources are used which is linked to

the topic of mine.

The final project written by Nurulina (2009) is a guide book consists of

pictures and information about the tourism places in Setia Budhi, Sukajadi and

Cihampelas. Having good information about the tourism places such as addresses,

contact information, facilities and also the prices are good points in this guide book.

However, the descriptions are not attractive, the theories are not reliable since some

theories are taken from Wikipedia, the pictures are not attractive and also the product

background is disturbing the description. Those things will make people take less

interest in reading the book.

Another final project is written by Nurfitriyani (2009). This product explains

the tourism places. This product shows culinary places and also handicrafts which

consist of information about each thing. Besides, the project has not enough

information with no description for each product. The pictures that are included in

this book are also not really clear. It takes people less interest in reading this product.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thirdly is the catalogue written by Masri (2011). This book is really

interesting. It consists of raw materials that can be used to make lamps. In this book,

there are many quotation words about creativity. Pictures, explanation about the

items, and problems and solution when making the items are provided in this book.

This book is quite good and clear enough from many sides. However, this book is in

Bahasa Indonesia.

In addition, since Bandung is my scope in making a book, I have reviewed a

book written by Sudirman (2009) that consists of culinary places in Bandung. I use

this book as my reference since this book is written in descriptive writing style. The

content of the book is 30 culinary places in Bandung completed with locations, menu

lists, price lists and the atmosphere. This book is good in describing each place.

However, this book is written in Bahasa Indonesia. The picture in this book is also

less attractive as this book is black and white.

The catalogue from The Body Shop (2009) which explains the raw material of

its products is the other source. This catalogue is about the best raw materials used for

best products.

My other reference is the catalogue from Cupumanik (West Java Handy

Craft). This catalogue is quite really good. Since this shop is sells Wayang Golek

(Wooden Puppet) as the product, this catalogue tells the history of Wayang Golek as

the introduction of the catalogue. The pictures of the product are good. There are

sizes from each picture to describe the product. This catalogue is written.

Unfortunately, the descriptions of the product are lack. There are no price and color

available.

In conclusion, the gaps that have been discussed previously are my concern in

producing a book which contains of handicrafts produced in Bandung. In addition,

the book will have brief description, the accuracy information and also clear pictures

to attract readers’ attention to my product.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.2 Theoretical Framework

In developing the book which is about handicrafts produced in Bandung, there

are some theories used. The theories are, essay writing theories, advertisement

theories, the technique of writing history, persuasive language theories, descriptive

theories, and language of advertisement.

1.2.1 Writing

Writing can be the way to communicate with others. According to Siahaan

(2008), a paragraph can be seen from the process of writing. There are some steps in

writing process:

Step 1: Creating a main topic Step 5: Making the concluding sentence

Step 2: Creating a controlling idea Step 6: Writing the outline of the

paragraph

Step 3: Making a topic sentence Step 7: Revising the paragraph

Step 4: Data gathering

Furthermore, essay as written by Leo, et al (2007) is written text which has

more than one paragraph and it is written one topic for one essay. Paragraph also only

discuss one topic; however, essay is more complex. It is because essay has many

discussions. Writing an essay also has organization to make it clear and well

organize. They are introductory paragraph, a body, and conclusion paragraph.

1.2.1.1 Element of Good Writing

The element of good writing is SPA. SPA stands for Subject, Purpose and

Audience. SPA should be arranged earlier before writing an essay. This three-

important elements will help the writer focus on writing (Blanchard & Root, 2004).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Subject is what the writer is writing about. Purpose is someone’s reasons on writing

an essay. It helps someone focus on organizing the writing. There are eleven different

types of purpose, they are:

No Types of Purpose Meaning

1 To express To put thoughts and feeling on the writing.

Usually, expressive writing is informal.

e.g. Personal letter and Poetry (although not all

poetry is expressive writing).

2 To describe To allow the audience to feel as thought by the

writer.

e.g. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 cm and

consist of eight step like stone terrace.

3 To entertain Entertaining is often used with some other

purpose- to explain, argue, or inform in humorous

way.

e.g. For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady

with thick legs and large drawers. (taken from: http://www.ahajokes.com/ads01.html)

4 To inform To convey information as accurately and

objectively as possible.

e.g. Laboratory report, ecomonic report and

business report.

5 To Explain To gather facts and information, combine them

with the writer knowledge and experience and

clarify for the audience who/what something is,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

how it happened/should happened, why

something happen.

e.g. Analysis and synthesis articles.

6 To argue To convince the audience to believe in a certain

way.

7 To persuade To induce the audience of action.

e.g. The uniqueness you can’t get from other

companies!

8 To evaluate To judge or determine the significance, worth and

quality of assess.

9 To solve problem To persuade the audience to adopt a solution to a

particular problem.

Furthermore, audience is a number of people who read an essay. The audience

could be lecturer, mates, or any other possibilities. Audience should be prepared by

the writer because it helps the writers focusing on writing. Also, the writers’ writing

will appropriate to the audience since the writer already known earlier (Copeland, M.

n.d).

1.2.2 Informative Text

The following tables are the five elements of informational text and the

structure of informational text (Marinak, A & Grambell, B, 2009).

Elements of Informational Text

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Elements Definition Guiding Questions

Author’s Purpose The intent of the author Did the author writes to

entertain, inform and/or

persuade the audience

regarding the selected

topic?

Why did the author write

this book?

What information did the

author want to convey?

Major Ideas Key points the author wants

readers to understand

What are the major ideas

of the book/selection?

How are the major ideas

presented?

Supporting Details Information supporting and

clarifying the major ideas

What are the supporting

details for each major

idea?

How are the supporting

details presented?

Aids Pictures, photographs, graphs,

tables, charts, time lines

What aids does the author

use to convey meaning?

What information is

included in the aids (major

ideas, supporting details,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

and vocabulary)?

Vocabulary Technical words needed for full

understanding the text

What key vocabulary

words are used to convey

the major ideas?

What key vocabularies are

used in the supporting

details?

What words should you

understand to discuss or

write about this

book/selection?

(taken from http://www.personal.psu.edu)

Structures of Informational Text

Structure Definition Signal Words

Enumeration A major idea is

supported by a list of

details and examples

For instance, for example, such

as, to illustrate, another,

Time Order A major idea is

supported by details.

Both major ideas and

supporting details must

be in a particular

At, first, next, last, before, after,

finally, following

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sequence.

Compare and Contrast The supporting details

of two or more idea or

major ideas indicate

how those concepts are

similar or different.

But, different from, same as,

similar to, as opposed to,

instead of, however, compared

with, as well as, both, while

Cause and effects The supporting details

give the causes of a

major idea or the

supporting details are

the results produced by

the major ideas.

Because of, as a result of, in

order to, may be due to, effects

of, therefore, consequently, for

this reason, if…then, causing,

allow

Question and Answer The major idea is posed

as a question.

Supporting details

answer the question.

Who?what? when? where? why?

how?

(taken from http://www.personal.psu.edu)

This theory is used to help the writer write the book. Since one of the aims of

the book is to inform, this theory is useful.

1.2.3 Persuasive Language

Persuading people is a big job for advertisers in selling their products. They

should understand how to attract people/ to know their interests, so that they are able

to do their jobs well. Persuasive means we try to influence people to get into “our

way of thinking” (Landsberger, n.d, para. 1). While Cline (n.d) said persuasive are

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sometimes as a “mask” in what something we do. Persuasion, moreover, is a written

text which persuades the reader. Particularly, the structure of persuasion is thesis,

arguments, and suggestion. While in the grammatical aspects are dominantly using

simple present tense and use of psychological process e.g. feel, realize and also

material process i.e. to show what happened (Siahaan & Shinoda, 2008).

Furthermore, McCarthy (n.d) showed that pictures, symbols and slogans can

represent the way of thinking. Those things are helpful in when writing the

information about the product in order to attract reader’s interest.

The above theories are linked to the topic, persuasive language is useful in making an

advertisement. The persuasive language is needed since it will influence the readers

when reading the book

1.2.4 Descriptive

It will be easily understood if the way in describing something is good and

clear. Siahaan and Shinoda (2008) stated that description is a written text that the

writer explains something, it can be an object, a person, a view, place or thing. Also

they said that the grammatical aspects is dominantly using of simple present tense,

attributive and identifying processes and focus on specific participant (Siahaan &

Shinoda, 2008).

There are a number of words that is used for describing objects (Blanchard &

Root, 2003), they are:

Color: Black, orange, purple, yellow, and etc.

Texture: Rough, sharp, smooth, silky, etc.

Shape: Oval, rectangular, round, square, etc.

Size: Average, big, huge, small, etc.

Smell: fresh, fruity, pungent, smokey, strong, etc.

Taste: Bitter, bland, fruity, nutty, salty, etc.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The above things are used for describing objects. Those theories are use since

those words can make sentences more beautiful and people can imagine the objects

while they are reading.

This theory will support my topic in making a good book which consists of

description of the products. The book will include the handicraft items and the

description of color, texture, and shape and size.

1.2.5 Advertisement

Advertisement is a business of persuading the reader to pay money for some

products or even services (Cambridge Dictionary, 2011). Advertisement is also called

a communication which means that the advertising delivers a point. In printed media,

communication that is used to promote product is called space advertising. Media

itself are divided into some parts. Those parts are (Buhalis & Costa, 2006):

Printed Media, such as, newspaper, magazines, journals, newsletters and

promotion brochures.

Outdoor media, such as, billboards, sports panels, planes, buses and trains.

Electronic media, such as, television, radio, internet, CD, DVD, VCD, CP3,

and cinema.

Curtis (2011) said that there are lots of ways to communicate with others.

Through writing and reading communication can be done. These ways are done by

many media such as letter, newspaper, magazines, brochures, bulletins, and books. In

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

understanding the theories, the writer decides to make one of written communication

that is book. Hopefully, the readers will read much information.

1.2.6 Language of Advertisement

Language can be one of important things in persuading people. There are

some words used to explain or describe object, they are; color, texture, shape, size,

smell and taste (Blanchard & Root, 2003). Hook is a sentence which can grab

readers’ attention. The “common attention-getting hooks” described by Lopez (2004)

shows some hooks to get the readers’ attention. According to Peter and Gonzalez

(2003), “advertising language is characterized by the following features”, they are:

Hyperbole: figure of speech which exaggeration is used for emphasis.

e.g. I have a million things to do. (Meaning: A lot)

Weasel Words: The words which suggest a meaning without actually being

specific.

e.g. “Brown;s Boots Are Better” (posing the question “better than what?”)

Ambiguity: The words which have two or more possible meanings.

e.g. The lady hit the man with an umbrella. (Is the lady using an umbrella to

hit or is she hitting a man who is carrying an umbrella?)

Glamorization: The words which makes something glamorous.

e.g. This compact house is very beautiful. (Meaning: Small)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The use of this theory is to describe the pictures in the product. As mentioned earlier,

shape, size, color and material are included in describing the objects. In addition, the

use of hooks in each product in the book is provided. For instance, “A Fresh

Variation from Existing Items”. This is one of the hooks of the items in the

product. All the sentence is the hook which is combine with hyperbole. The word

“Fresh” is represented hyperbole which means “new”.

1.2.7 Theory Writing Profile

The objective of writing someone’s profile is to publish or to let the readers

know the good sides of someone. The good sides that have been written will have a

big impact on person social life. There are three points should be followed in writing

someone’s profile (Sitohang, 2009).

1. Introduction. In this part, the current information or event should be put.

2. Body. In the second part, write someone’s background such as marriage,

education and work.

3. Concluding. In this last part, put the important side of someone to give a

good impression.

Furthermore, Seponada (2010) in his article titled Rahasia Menulis Profil,

wrote that there are some steps in writing someone’s profile.

1. Looking for someone who is needed for.

2. Sending question lists about biodata, if the person agrees to be interviewed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Surfing the internet to enrich information about the person interviewed.

4. Combining the data from interview and internet.

5. Bundling all the data into a sentence that is worth to be read.

This theory is used in writing about the craftsmen’s profile. As stated in the

above theory, the good side which is written in the book about someone’s background

will have a big impact on both their social and economic.