Chapter 5 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES - · PDF fileChapter 5 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES. 2 ... Large Herbivores...
Transcript of Chapter 5 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES - · PDF fileChapter 5 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES. 2 ... Large Herbivores...
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Outline
• Terrestrial Biomes
Tundra
Coniferous, Deciduous and Rain Forest
Grassland, Savanna, Chaparral
Desert
• Marine Ecosystems
Coasts, Open Ocean
• Freshwater Ecosystems
Lakes, Rivers, Wetlands
• Human Disturbance
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TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
• BIOME – an area sharing similar climate,
topographic and soil conditions, and thus the
same general type of biological communities
• TEMPERATURE and PRECIPITATION are
among the most important abiotic factors
determining biome distribution.
Many temperature-controlled biomes occur in
latitudinal bands.
Vegetation is also affected by altitude.
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• Temperature and precipitation also change with altitude. As you go UP a mountain, it gets cooler and wetter. VERTICAL ZONATION is a term applied to vegetation zones defined by altitude.
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TUNDRA
• LATITUDE/ALTITUDE:
ARCTIC - High Latitudes 600N/S
ALPINE - High Altitudes (mountaintops)
• AVERAGE RAINFALL: <10cm/year
• SEASONAL VARIATIONS: below freezing most of the year, midsummer growth. -20 - 100C
• SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: poor in nutrients, slow decomposition, **PERMAFROST
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TUNDRA• DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS:
TREELESS, Lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, Herbaceous plants, small low growing to conserve heat, 2-3 month growing season
ALPINE plants have deep pigmentation and leathery leaves to protect against UV radiation
• DOMINANT ANIMAL SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS
Seasonal insects, migratory birds, migratory herbivores (caribou, sheep)
Predators (fox, wolves, bear, owl)
Many rodents (hare, mice, voles) burrows
Color change for seasons (white – brown)
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TUNDRA• HUMAN DISTURBANCE:
Global climate change – affecting permafrost and seasonal growing time
Oil & gas drilling – pipelines, roads, vehicles
Air pollution gathers in high latitude areas
• OTHER:
Low productivity - short growing season
Arctic – 24 hr daylight in summer
PERMAFROST – soil is ALWAYS frozen, inhibits large roots/large plant growth
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CONIFEROUS / BOREAL FOREST / TAIGA
• LATITUDE/ALTITUDE:
ARCTIC (Boreal) - High Latitudes 500-600N Northern Hemi. ONLY!
ALPINE - High Altitudes (Below tundra)
• AVERAGE RAINFALL: 50-250cm/year – varies greatly depending on region
• SEASONAL VARIATIONS: mostly cold, very short growing season. -5 - 150C
• SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: poor, acidic, slow decomposition, frozen most of year
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• DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS:
LOW diversity, Cone bearing, Pines, evergreens (hemlock, spruce, cedar, fir) California Redwoods
Cold & drought tolerant, Needles are leaves –thin and waxy to reduce water loss
May contain some deciduous trees (birch, aspen)
• DOMINANT ANIMAL SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS
Migratory songbirds, owls, woodpeckers
Moose, deer, wolves, lynx, bear – thick coats, hibernate, herbivores feed on moss & lichen in winter months
Small rodents store food, burrow under snow
CONIFEROUS / BOREAL FOREST / TAIGA
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CONIFEROUS / BOREAL FOREST / TAIGA• HUMAN DISTURBANCE:
Deforestation – most wood in NA
Spotted Owl controversy in Redwoods
Mining, dams
• OTHER:
Temperate Rainforest – Redwoods of west coast – high rainfall
Some conifers require fire to open cones and reduce competition for light
TAIGA – ecotone between Boreal Forest and the Tundra – some trees, thinning toward tundra
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TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
• LATITUDE/ALTITUDE: 300-550N/S
• AVERAGE RAINFALL: 75-250 cm/year
Distributed equally throughout the year
• SEASONAL VARIATIONS: usually 4 distinct seasons 00-200C
• SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: HIGH in nutrients, RICH, good amount of humus, leaf litter
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TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST• DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS:
Deciduous – leaves fall off in the winter
Broadleaf trees, hardwood trees – oaks, maples, beech
Dormant period in winter, regrowth of leaves in the spring required a lot of energy (stored)
Ferns, lichens, mosses on moist ground
• DOMINANT ANIMAL SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS
High diversity of songbirds, insects, amphibians
Fox, bear, deer, rabbits, squirrels, bobcat
Animals may migrate, store food, hibernate in winter months
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TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST• HUMAN DISTURBANCE:
Deforestation – since arrival of settlers –lumber, firewood, development, agricultural lands and industrial uses
• OTHER:
Re-growth after disturbance tends to be fast due to long growing season
Vernal (springtime) ponds support amphibian & insect populations
THIS IS OUR BIOME!!!
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WOODLAND / SCRUBLAND / CHAPARRAL
• LATITUDE/ALTITUDE:
~ 400N/S usually coastal
• AVERAGE RAINFALL: 40-60cm/year
• SEASONAL VARIATIONS: cool moist winters, hot dry summers 00-380C
• SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: poor , shallow, rocky
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WOODLAND / SCRUBLAND / CHAPARRAL• DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS:
Drought adapted shrubs, trees, grasses
Grow in clusters
Small leathery leaves with thick waxy layers
Annual spring flowers, or after fire
• DOMINANT ANIMAL SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS
Drought tolerant – rabbits, kangaroo rats, mule deer, lizards, sheep, fox, coyote
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WOODLAND / SCRUBLAND / CHAPARRAL• HUMAN DISTURBANCE:
Human Development – climate is generally good – not too cold, not too rainy -
• OTHER:
Periodic fires necessary for plant reproduction - seeds require heat, or charring to sprout
Considered “Hot Spots” due to high biodiversity in a small area
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TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
• LATITUDE/ALTITUDE:
20-300N/S
At high altitudes called “Mist Forests”
• AVERAGE RAINFALL: 200+cm/year
• SEASONAL VARIATIONS: warm and moist all year – very little variation
• SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: poor in nutrients, old, thin. Decomposition is extremely fast and nutrients are immediately taken up and stored in plants
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TROPICAL RAIN FOREST• DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS:
Broadleaf evergreens – photosynthesize all year
Epiphytic plants, vines
Multi-story canopy – trees are shade tolerant
Trees form BUTTRESS ROOTS for support - soil is thin, heavy rains, roots are shallow
• DOMINANT ANIMAL SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS
HIGH BIODIVERSITY – Insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals – most are ARBOREAL
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TROPICAL RAIN FOREST• HUMAN DISTURBANCE:
Deforestation – agriculture, mining, lumber, livestock grazing
Leads to loss of biodiversity
Leads to erosion (soil easily washes
away)
• OTHER:
90% of nutrients are in biomass!!
Multilayered forest
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SAVANNAS
• LATITUDE/ALTITUDE: 20–30 0N/S
• AVERAGE RAINFALL: 50 -150 cm/year
• SEASONAL VARIATIONS: dry most of the year, rainy season 8–20 0C
• SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: generally rich
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SAVANNAS• DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS:
Dominated by grasses – When trees are present it is called Savanna - trees are sparse and clustered
Thorny acacia trees – small leaves, thorns on branches, drought resistant
• DOMINANT ANIMAL SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS
Large Herbivores – migratory – follow rains and new grasses – wildebeest, antelope, bizon, zebra
Predators follow herbivores – lions, hyena, vultures
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SAVANNAS• HUMAN DISTURBANCE:
Overgrazing by livestock
Poaching of large animals – elephant, rhino, lion, leopard
• OTHER:
Fires during dry season – kill young trees –maintain grassland balance
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TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
• LATITUDE/ALTITUDE: 30–50 0N/S
• AVERAGE RAINFALL: 25-100cm/year
• SEASONAL VARIATIONS: variable throughout the year and daily variations
• SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: RICH SOIL, lots of decaying plant material, high amounts of humus hold moisture in soil
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TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS• DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS:
Mixed grasses and herbaceous flowering plants (FORBS – wildflowers)
Deep root adaptations for drought and fire
Root system creates “sod” - thick mat which reduces erosion of top soil
• DOMINANT ANIMAL SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS
Animals tend to burrow (no trees) – rodents, prarie dogs, ferrets, owls, fox, coyote
Large herbivores – migrate – bison, antelope, deer
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TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS• HUMAN DISTURBANCE:
Conversion for Agriculture – corn, wheat, soy
Conversion for pasture/grazing of livestock –overgrazing leads to killing of grass roots and soil erosion. Weeds and poor quality plants will persist
• OTHER:
FIRE ADAPTED COMMUNITY – needs fire to maintain grassland ecosystem.
Fire returns nutrients to soil
Fire suppression leads to shrub and tree growth which cause fires to burn hotter and longer
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DESERTS
• LATITUDE/ALTITUDE:
HOT - 300N/S in central regions of continents
COLD – some consider tundra areas a desert due to lack of water
• AVERAGE RAINFALL: <30cm/year rains are unpredictable and non-seasonal
• SEASONAL VARIATIONS: -50 - 300C
Daily variations: can be extremely cold at night
• SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: poor in nutrients, extremely slow to form, NOT resilient
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DESERTS• DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS:
SUCCULENTS - plants that store water in their leaves and/stems
Stems are green and can photosynthesize
Spines/needles are leaves – provide shade
Bloom & produce seeds rapidly (dormancy)
Absorb CO2 at night to reduce water loss
• DOMINANT ANIMAL SPECIES & ADAPTATIONS
NOCTURNAL to avoid heat, deep burrows
Get moisture from plants they eat
Concentrated urine, dry feces
ESTIVATE – hibernate to avoid extreme heat
Reptiles have thick skin to reduce dehydration
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DESERTS• HUMAN DISTURBANCE:
Off road vehicles damage sensitive soils
Overgrazing – reduces roots – sands dry up quickly – blow away
• OTHER:
ALLELOPATHIC – Allelopathy – plants release chemicals/toxins from their roots to keep other plants away. This reduces competition.
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HUMAN DISTURBANCE
• By some estimates, humans preempt about 40% of net terrestrial primary productivity.
• Conversion of habitat to human use is single largest cause of biodiversity loss.
• Temperate deciduous forests are the most completely human-dominated biome.
• Tundra and Arctic Deserts are the least disturbed.